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SUMMARY OF THE ONLINE CHARGER DISPATCH STRATEGIES. ocations for wireless chargers. Moreover, the order of ap- proximation has been theoretically characterized, under the condition that all the target sensors are evenly distributed. The authors also introduced a shifting strategy to prove the performance lower bound of the proposed partition algorithm. However, there was no simulation evaluation to examine its performance. where, it incurs an infinite number of constraints. The authors demonstrated that searching for the optimal activation set of chargers to maximize the overall charging throughput, under the imposed constraints, is NP-hard in general. By applying constraint conversion and constraint reduction techniques, the authors showed that the original problem can be transformed into two traditional problems, namely multidimensional 0/1 knapsack problem [341] and Fermat-Weber problem [342]. Then an approximation algorithm with provable near optimal- ity was proposed as a solution, which was shown to outperform a PSO-based heuristic algorithm by around 35%. However, the proposed solution is essentially centralized, which results in high complexity with the increase in number of chargers.

Table 7 SUMMARY OF THE ONLINE CHARGER DISPATCH STRATEGIES. ocations for wireless chargers. Moreover, the order of ap- proximation has been theoretically characterized, under the condition that all the target sensors are evenly distributed. The authors also introduced a shifting strategy to prove the performance lower bound of the proposed partition algorithm. However, there was no simulation evaluation to examine its performance. where, it incurs an infinite number of constraints. The authors demonstrated that searching for the optimal activation set of chargers to maximize the overall charging throughput, under the imposed constraints, is NP-hard in general. By applying constraint conversion and constraint reduction techniques, the authors showed that the original problem can be transformed into two traditional problems, namely multidimensional 0/1 knapsack problem [341] and Fermat-Weber problem [342]. Then an approximation algorithm with provable near optimal- ity was proposed as a solution, which was shown to outperform a PSO-based heuristic algorithm by around 35%. However, the proposed solution is essentially centralized, which results in high complexity with the increase in number of chargers.

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Fig. 1. An outline of the scope of this survey. power transfer covering the progress in theoretical foundation, technical breakthroughs as well as recent commercialization development in Section II. Then, in Section III, we present an overview of existing wireless charging techniques and their applications, followed by the introduction of magnetic-field propagation models. We also review the hardware implemen- tation of these wireless charging technologies. Subsequently, in Section IV, the specifications of the leading international wireless charging standards are described in details. The ex- isting implementations of those standards are also outlined. We then survey the network applications including static charger scheduling strategies, mobile wireless charger dispatch strate- gies, and wireless charger deployment strategies in Sections V, Vi and VIL, respectively. Furthermore, in Section VIII, we shed light on some open research directions in implementing wire- less charging technologies. Additionally, we envision some future network applications. Finally, Section IX concludes the survey. The abbreviations used in this article are summarized in Table II.
Fig. 1. An outline of the scope of this survey. power transfer covering the progress in theoretical foundation, technical breakthroughs as well as recent commercialization development in Section II. Then, in Section III, we present an overview of existing wireless charging techniques and their applications, followed by the introduction of magnetic-field propagation models. We also review the hardware implemen- tation of these wireless charging technologies. Subsequently, in Section IV, the specifications of the leading international wireless charging standards are described in details. The ex- isting implementations of those standards are also outlined. We then survey the network applications including static charger scheduling strategies, mobile wireless charger dispatch strate- gies, and wireless charger deployment strategies in Sections V, Vi and VIL, respectively. Furthermore, in Section VIII, we shed light on some open research directions in implementing wire- less charging technologies. Additionally, we envision some future network applications. Finally, Section IX concludes the survey. The abbreviations used in this article are summarized in Table II.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
Fig. 3. Illustrations of wireless power transmission systems. a) Tesla coil [18], b) Wardenclyffe Tower [19], c) Microwave-powered airplane [20], d) JPLs Goldstone Facility [23], e) Witricity system [26], f) Powercaster transmitter and harvester [29], g) Qi charging pads [33]-[35], h) Magnetic MIMO system [36]. (IEEE Copyright)
Fig. 3. Illustrations of wireless power transmission systems. a) Tesla coil [18], b) Wardenclyffe Tower [19], c) Microwave-powered airplane [20], d) JPLs Goldstone Facility [23], e) Witricity system [26], f) Powercaster transmitter and harvester [29], g) Qi charging pads [33]-[35], h) Magnetic MIMO system [36]. (IEEE Copyright)
Fig. 5. Models of wireless charging systems for inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling. ensured safety. Therefore, it is applicable and popular for mobile devices. Very recently, MIT scientists have announced the invention of a novel wireless charging technology, called MagMIMO [36], which can charge a wireless device from up to 30cm away. It is claimed that MagMIMO can detect and cast a cone of energy toward a phone, even when the phone is put inside the pocket. t [ t d 39], [53]- emonstrated to achieve the maximum power transfer effi- ciency of 92.6% over the distance of 0.3cm. Due to the property o he advantage of immunity to neighboring environment and line-of-sight transfer requirement. Previous demonstrations f resonance, magnetic resonance coupling also has [55] of magnetically coupled resonators have shown he capability to transfer power over longer distance than that of inductive coupling, with higher efficiency than that of RF radiation a can be applied between one transmitting resonator and many receiving resonators. Therefore, it enables concurrent charging of multiple devices [53], [56]-[59]. pproach. Additionally, magnetic resonance coupling 2) Magnetic Resonance Coupling: Magnetic resonance coupling [51], as shown in Figure 5b, is based on evanescent- wave coupling which generates and transfers electrical energy between two resonant coils through varying or oscillating magnetic fields. As two resonant coils, operating at the same resonant frequency, are strongly coupled, high energy transfer efficiency can be achieved with small leakage to non-resonant externalities. For instance, an up-to-date prototype [52] was
Fig. 5. Models of wireless charging systems for inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling. ensured safety. Therefore, it is applicable and popular for mobile devices. Very recently, MIT scientists have announced the invention of a novel wireless charging technology, called MagMIMO [36], which can charge a wireless device from up to 30cm away. It is claimed that MagMIMO can detect and cast a cone of energy toward a phone, even when the phone is put inside the pocket. t [ t d 39], [53]- emonstrated to achieve the maximum power transfer effi- ciency of 92.6% over the distance of 0.3cm. Due to the property o he advantage of immunity to neighboring environment and line-of-sight transfer requirement. Previous demonstrations f resonance, magnetic resonance coupling also has [55] of magnetically coupled resonators have shown he capability to transfer power over longer distance than that of inductive coupling, with higher efficiency than that of RF radiation a can be applied between one transmitting resonator and many receiving resonators. Therefore, it enables concurrent charging of multiple devices [53], [56]-[59]. pproach. Additionally, magnetic resonance coupling 2) Magnetic Resonance Coupling: Magnetic resonance coupling [51], as shown in Figure 5b, is based on evanescent- wave coupling which generates and transfers electrical energy between two resonant coils through varying or oscillating magnetic fields. As two resonant coils, operating at the same resonant frequency, are strongly coupled, high energy transfer efficiency can be achieved with small leakage to non-resonant externalities. For instance, an up-to-date prototype [52] was
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNIQUES.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT WIRELESS CHARGING TECHNIQUES.
Fig. 7. A block diagram of non-radiative wireless charging system.
Fig. 7. A block diagram of non-radiative wireless charging system.
COMPARISON OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF INDUCTIVE COUPLING.
COMPARISON OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF INDUCTIVE COUPLING.
as straight line, circuit, curved and Y-shaped patterns [205]- [207]. The power paths can be split or combined, which allows a very malleable control of power transfer.
as straight line, circuit, curved and Y-shaped patterns [205]- [207]. The power paths can be split or combined, which allows a very malleable control of power transfer.
COMPARISON OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE COUPLING. Fig. 8. The architecture of four-coil magnetic resonance coupling based wireless charging system. TABLE V
COMPARISON OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE COUPLING. Fig. 8. The architecture of four-coil magnetic resonance coupling based wireless charging system. TABLE V
Fig. 9. Point-to-point transmission reference models.
Fig. 9. Point-to-point transmission reference models.
(b) A4WP-compliant wireless power transfer model Fig. 10. Reference models of near-field wireless power transfer protocol.
(b) A4WP-compliant wireless power transfer model Fig. 10. Reference models of near-field wireless power transfer protocol.
») Wireless powered communication Network with relay and hybrid access (d) Wireless powered communication Network with multi-antenna energy oint access point (b) Wireless powered communication Network with separated energy access point and data access point (a) Wireless powered communication Network with hybrid access point
») Wireless powered communication Network with relay and hybrid access (d) Wireless powered communication Network with multi-antenna energy oint access point (b) Wireless powered communication Network with separated energy access point and data access point (a) Wireless powered communication Network with hybrid access point
SUMMARY OF STATIC WIRELESS CHARGER SCHEDULING STRATEGIES.
SUMMARY OF STATIC WIRELESS CHARGER SCHEDULING STRATEGIES.
(b) Joint wireless energy provisioning and data gathering
(b) Joint wireless energy provisioning and data gathering
Fig. 13. Reference models of mobile charger dispatch.
Fig. 13. Reference models of mobile charger dispatch.
Fig. 14. Taxonomy of mobile charger dispatch strategies.
Fig. 14. Taxonomy of mobile charger dispatch strategies.
SUMMARY OF THE OFFLINE MOBILE CHARGER DISPATCH STRATEGIES, WHERE “CHARGING PATTERN (CP)”, “POINT-TO-POINT CHARGING (PPC)”, “POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT CHARGING (PMC)”, “NUMERICAL SIMULATION (NS)”, “SYSTEM-LEVEL SIMULATION (SS)” AND “THEORETICAL ANALYSIS (TA)”, RESPECTIVELY
SUMMARY OF THE OFFLINE MOBILE CHARGER DISPATCH STRATEGIES, WHERE “CHARGING PATTERN (CP)”, “POINT-TO-POINT CHARGING (PPC)”, “POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT CHARGING (PMC)”, “NUMERICAL SIMULATION (NS)”, “SYSTEM-LEVEL SIMULATION (SS)” AND “THEORETICAL ANALYSIS (TA)”, RESPECTIVELY
Fig. 15. Reference models of wireless charger deployment scenario.
Fig. 15. Reference models of wireless charger deployment scenario.
SUMMARY OF THE WIRELESS CHARGER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES. the impedance matching is optimally operated only within a certain range [36]. compared with inductive charging. Another limitation with magnetic resonance coupling is the relatively large size of a transmitter. The wireless charging distance is generally proportional to the diameter of the transmitter. Therefore, wireless charging over long distance typically requires a large receiver size.
SUMMARY OF THE WIRELESS CHARGER DEPLOYMENT STRATEGIES. the impedance matching is optimally operated only within a certain range [36]. compared with inductive charging. Another limitation with magnetic resonance coupling is the relatively large size of a transmitter. The wireless charging distance is generally proportional to the diameter of the transmitter. Therefore, wireless charging over long distance typically requires a large receiver size.
Related topics:
Wireless Communications and NetworkingWireless ComputingWireless Power TransmissionWireless ChargingSurface ChargingEnergy Harvesting DevicesPiezoelectric Energy HarvestingVibration Energy HarvestingWireless Charging SystemRF Energy
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