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Figure 39. Photomicrograph of the edge of the split ball showing cloth fragments embedded in the lead

Figure 39 Photomicrograph of the edge of the split ball showing cloth fragments embedded in the lead

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; Figure 1. The high-speed camera being calibrated for a shot at a wall panel. The high-speed camera setup consisted of a Fastec Imaging TS3 Cine camera mounted on a tripod (Figure 1) and connected by various cables to a laptop computer. The camera was remotely controlled and collected data on the shot. The camera was set to record at 2500 frames per second. The data were downloaded to the computer and field processed in Cine Viewer and saved on an external hard drive. Boxer LED spotlights with appropriate filters/gels were employed as necessary to better light the targets (Figure 2). These data were backed up on two additional external hard drives after the conclusion of the shooting day.
; Figure 1. The high-speed camera being calibrated for a shot at a wall panel. The high-speed camera setup consisted of a Fastec Imaging TS3 Cine camera mounted on a tripod (Figure 1) and connected by various cables to a laptop computer. The camera was remotely controlled and collected data on the shot. The camera was set to record at 2500 frames per second. The data were downloaded to the computer and field processed in Cine Viewer and saved on an external hard drive. Boxer LED spotlights with appropriate filters/gels were employed as necessary to better light the targets (Figure 2). These data were backed up on two additional external hard drives after the conclusion of the shooting day.
Figure 2. Videographer John Beck field processing data from the high-speed camera after a shot.
Figure 2. Videographer John Beck field processing data from the high-speed camera after a shot.
Figure 5. Jay Waller preparing to fire the Pattern 1756 Long Land musket that was used during the live- fire shooting.
Figure 5. Jay Waller preparing to fire the Pattern 1756 Long Land musket that was used during the live- fire shooting.
Figure 6. Lead balls used during the live-fire events.
Figure 6. Lead balls used during the live-fire events.
Table 1. Recorded Velocity of Shots Fired During the Validation Study
Table 1. Recorded Velocity of Shots Fired During the Validation Study
Figure 7. The Jason Russell house, home of the Arlington Historical Society.
Figure 7. The Jason Russell house, home of the Arlington Historical Society.
Figure 8. A bullet exit hole in the interior wall sheathing of the Jason Russell house upstairs parlor. The laser dot is aligned on a trajectory rod in a bullet hole in the interior paneling across the room. There is little doubt that the wall panel hole and the interior wall paneling hole across the room originated with the same shot.
Figure 8. A bullet exit hole in the interior wall sheathing of the Jason Russell house upstairs parlor. The laser dot is aligned on a trajectory rod in a bullet hole in the interior paneling across the room. There is little doubt that the wall panel hole and the interior wall paneling hole across the room originated with the same shot.
Figure 9. Wall 1 and interior paneling setup prior to shooting.
Figure 9. Wall 1 and interior paneling setup prior to shooting.
Figure 10. Still frame from the high-speed video showing wood splintering as the ball exits Wall Section
Figure 10. Still frame from the high-speed video showing wood splintering as the ball exits Wall Section
Figure 13. Positive presumptive lead test on the Wall 1, shot 1. The hole was swabbed on the interior. The paint is modern latex.
Figure 13. Positive presumptive lead test on the Wall 1, shot 1. The hole was swabbed on the interior. The paint is modern latex.
Figure 14. Joel Bohy and Douglas Scott discussing the trajectory angle on a ball strike on an interior wall panel of the Jason Russell house downstairs parlor.
Figure 14. Joel Bohy and Douglas Scott discussing the trajectory angle on a ball strike on an interior wall panel of the Jason Russell house downstairs parlor.
Figure 16. A positive presumptive lead test on the interior panel. This panel was never painted.
Figure 16. A positive presumptive lead test on the interior panel. This panel was never painted.
Figure 18. The Elisha Jones shed currently attached to the original house. The bullet strike is to the immediate right of the window in the center of the image.
Figure 18. The Elisha Jones shed currently attached to the original house. The bullet strike is to the immediate right of the window in the center of the image.
Figure 21. Ball strikes in Wall 2.
Figure 21. Ball strikes in Wall 2.
Figure 22. Wood splintering around the bullet holes in Wall 2. Note the extreme splintering around the lower hole near the feather edge joint which nearly duplicates that found on the interior of the Elisha Jones shed sheathing.
Figure 22. Wood splintering around the bullet holes in Wall 2. Note the extreme splintering around the lower hole near the feather edge joint which nearly duplicates that found on the interior of the Elisha Jones shed sheathing.
Figure 23. Jay Waller stands behind the interior panel side of Wall Section 3 prior to shooting.
Figure 23. Jay Waller stands behind the interior panel side of Wall Section 3 prior to shooting.
Figure 24. The colonial-era plaster portion of Wall section 3 prior to shooting.
Figure 24. The colonial-era plaster portion of Wall section 3 prior to shooting.
Figure 25. Still frame from the high-speed video showing the plaster dust and lath splinters resulting from the ball passing through Wall Section 3.
Figure 25. Still frame from the high-speed video showing the plaster dust and lath splinters resulting from the ball passing through Wall Section 3.
Figure 26. Exit hole around the plaster of Wall Section 3, Shot 1.
Figure 26. Exit hole around the plaster of Wall Section 3, Shot 1.
Figure 28. Bullet-struck interior shutters removed from their original context and now part of th Arlington Historical Society collection.
Figure 28. Bullet-struck interior shutters removed from their original context and now part of th Arlington Historical Society collection.
Figure 29. Five bullet strikes in a salvaged indoor window shutter that replicates bullet strikes observed in surviving shutters in the Arlington Historical Society collection.
Figure 29. Five bullet strikes in a salvaged indoor window shutter that replicates bullet strikes observed in surviving shutters in the Arlington Historical Society collection.
Figure 30. Exit holes showing the wood splintering after the ball passed through the shutter.
Figure 30. Exit holes showing the wood splintering after the ball passed through the shutter.
Figure 31. The bullet-struck James Hayward powder horn on display at the Acton Historical Society. The horn was reconstructed from the fragments collected from around the target site. The shards from the wound track were not used in the reconstruction. The horn’s bullet exit area (approximately 3 inches/7.5 cm by 1.5 inches/3.5 cm) could not be reconstructed due to extreme fragmentation of the horn into small shards, some of which were carried into the wound tracks (Figure 41).
Figure 31. The bullet-struck James Hayward powder horn on display at the Acton Historical Society. The horn was reconstructed from the fragments collected from around the target site. The shards from the wound track were not used in the reconstruction. The horn’s bullet exit area (approximately 3 inches/7.5 cm by 1.5 inches/3.5 cm) could not be reconstructed due to extreme fragmentation of the horn into small shards, some of which were carried into the wound tracks (Figure 41).
Figure 32. Powder horn 1 ready to shoot. Note the cloth and ballistic gelatin block.
Figure 32. Powder horn 1 ready to shoot. Note the cloth and ballistic gelatin block.
Figure 33. The ball, seen on the right is about to strike the horn.
Figure 33. The ball, seen on the right is about to strike the horn.
Figure 34. The ball shatters the horn, is split in two, and the two wound tracks can be seen being started as the ball passes into the ballistic gelatin block.
Figure 34. The ball shatters the horn, is split in two, and the two wound tracks can be seen being started as the ball passes into the ballistic gelatin block.
Figure 35. The bullet pieces in the wound track and the shattered horn and cloth being pushed off the platform.
Figure 35. The bullet pieces in the wound track and the shattered horn and cloth being pushed off the platform.
Figure 36. Horn shards and cloth fragments before removal from the ballistic gelatin wound track.
Figure 36. Horn shards and cloth fragments before removal from the ballistic gelatin wound track.
Figure 37. The split ball on the cloth square next to the holes they created passing through the cloth layers. The upper hole resulted from an earlier and unrelated live-fire experiment.
Figure 37. The split ball on the cloth square next to the holes they created passing through the cloth layers. The upper hole resulted from an earlier and unrelated live-fire experiment.
Figure 40. Photomicrograph of a piece of horn embedded in the split ball body.
Figure 40. Photomicrograph of a piece of horn embedded in the split ball body.
Figure 41. Powder horn 1 reconstructed along with the split ball, cloth, and horn shards taken from the wound track.
Figure 41. Powder horn 1 reconstructed along with the split ball, cloth, and horn shards taken from the wound track.
Figure 42. Powder horn 2 set in position to be shot.
Figure 42. Powder horn 2 set in position to be shot.
Figure 43. The ball exiting the ballistic gelatin block and powder horn 2 starting to shatter.
Figure 43. The ball exiting the ballistic gelatin block and powder horn 2 starting to shatter.
Figure 44. Powder horn 2 in the process of shattering after being hit by the ball. Note the cloth flying through the air, fragments of horn being dispersed, and the end plug being blown out of the horn.
Figure 44. Powder horn 2 in the process of shattering after being hit by the ball. Note the cloth flying through the air, fragments of horn being dispersed, and the end plug being blown out of the horn.
Figure 46. Photomicrograph of the split ball surface showing fabric weave impressions from passing through the cloth.
Figure 46. Photomicrograph of the split ball surface showing fabric weave impressions from passing through the cloth.
Figure 47. The ball entry and exit holes in reconstructed powder horn 2. The ball that caused the damage is shown below the horn.
Figure 47. The ball entry and exit holes in reconstructed powder horn 2. The ball that caused the damage is shown below the horn.
Figure 48. Detail of Amos Doolittle Plate I showing Parker’s militia dispersing while being fired on as they left Lexington Green (NY Public Library, digital collections). John Robbins Wound Study
Figure 48. Detail of Amos Doolittle Plate I showing Parker’s militia dispersing while being fired on as they left Lexington Green (NY Public Library, digital collections). John Robbins Wound Study
Figure 49. Joel Bohy positioning the bust and aligning the shot angle for the shooter.
Figure 49. Joel Bohy positioning the bust and aligning the shot angle for the shooter.
Figure 50. The ball created a splash effect as it enters the gelatin bust.
Figure 50. The ball created a splash effect as it enters the gelatin bust.
Figure 51. The ball exiting the ballistic gelatin bust. Note the massive cavitation effect on the neck a ower jaw area.
Figure 51. The ball exiting the ballistic gelatin bust. Note the massive cavitation effect on the neck a ower jaw area.
Figure 52. The bust after the immediate cavitation ceased. The red areas are synthetic blood oozing fron the fractured skull.
Figure 52. The bust after the immediate cavitation ceased. The red areas are synthetic blood oozing fron the fractured skull.
Figure 53. The synthetic skull and bone fragments removed from the gelatin bust.
Figure 53. The synthetic skull and bone fragments removed from the gelatin bust.
Figure 54. The reconstructed skull and lower jaw. Note the mandible’s gonial angle is missing, shattered into many small pieces by the ball as it struck the jaw.
Figure 54. The reconstructed skull and lower jaw. Note the mandible’s gonial angle is missing, shattered into many small pieces by the ball as it struck the jaw.
Figure 56. Exit holes in sheathing from a house in Billerica that was shot by attacking Native American watriors in 1695. Billerica Historical Society collection.
Figure 56. Exit holes in sheathing from a house in Billerica that was shot by attacking Native American watriors in 1695. Billerica Historical Society collection.
Figure 57. Entrance holes in the panel board caused by the .715-inch balls fired from the 1650 English lock musket.
Figure 57. Entrance holes in the panel board caused by the .715-inch balls fired from the 1650 English lock musket.
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