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Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects FIGURE 21. Affordability in kilograms an average monthly salary can buy of beef and bread in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009 — Figure 21 Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects FIGURE 21. Affordability in kilograms an average monthly salary can buy of beef and bread in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Related Figures (91)

Countries contributing to the AMPHORA Eastern Europe book

Source: European health for all database (HFA-DB), WHO Euro, August 2012 FIGURE 1. Real GDP in the study countries and in the EU as of 1995 in 1989-2011 in terms of USD PPP per capita in 2011 values

Source: European health for all database (HFA-DB), WHO Euro, August 2012

mortality rates of liver diseases and cirrhosis, they were still among our study countries the second highest after Romania, surpassing 80 deaths per 100 000 inhabitants which is nearly four times the average level in the old EU member states. Trends in Eastern Euro- pean countries are in contrast with Western Europe, where mortality level due to chron- ic liver diseases and cirrhosis has clearly diminished since the beginning of the 1990s and was in 2010 about 50% lower than the level in 1991.

FIGURE 4. Standardized death rate of chronic liver deceases and cirrhosis in the study counties and in the EU a of 1995 in 1991, 2000 and 2010 per 100 000 inhabitants

The size of Russia’s population has been in overall decline since 1992, largely as a con- sequence of a mortality rate that rose steeply in the early 1990s. In 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) described the public health crisis in Russia as unprece- dented for an industrially developed country in peace time. From 1987 to 1994 the life expectancy at birth among Russian males fell by more than 7 years, down to 57.6 years. The life expectancy of females also fell, but to a lesser degree, meaning that in 1995 there was a more than 13-year difference in life expectancy between males and females stand- ing at 12 years in 2009, and 11.3 years in 2012, which is one of the greatest known gen- der divides in life expectancy of any country (Figure 1). Alcohol has been implicated as the main driver of the historically unprecedented fluctuations in mortality, especial- ly among males of working age (Leon et al. 1997; 2007; Notzon et al. 1998; Leon 2009; Zaridze et al. 2009).

OF Various estimates of per capita alcohol consumption over the period 1980-2010 have been made (Figure 3) (Nemtsov 2009; Federal Bureau of State Statistics 2013; Rospot- rebnadzor 2009; Treml 1997). Recorded per capita alcohol consumption in Russia from the 1980s onwards are, however, only weakly related with the ups and downs of the all- cause standardised mortality rate (Figure 4). Slightly stronger correlations have been ob- served between recorded alcohol consumption and the incidence of alcoholic psychosis up until the early 1990s (Figure 5). Thereafter, following the liberalisation of the alcohol

Source: Goskomstat/RosStat; Treml V.G. (based on RosStat data) 1997; Rospotrebnadzor 2009 FIGURE 3. Estimates of alcohol consumption in litres of 100% alcohol per capita in the Russian Federation by different sources, 1980-2010

Source: Goskomstat/Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat); WHO HFA

Source: Goskomstat/Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat); Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat) Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects

Source: Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat) 2012

Source: WHO's Global Information System on Alcohol and Health (GISAH) tries is known to be the highest in the world, which is associated with the popularity of

Note: The categories of alcoholic products/beverages with an alcohol content of more than 9% ethanol by volume or 9% or less ethanol do not include beer, wines, fruit wines, sparkling wines (champagnes) and wine-based drinks. Wines and beers are separate categories of alcoholic products/beverages that are taxed. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects

Note: The categories of alcoholic products/beverages with an alcohol content of more than 9% ethanol by volume or 9% or less ethanol do not include beer, wines, fruit wines, sparkling wines (champagnes) and wine-based drinks. Wines and beers are separate categories of alcoholic products/beverages that are taxed.

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data FIGURE 10. Affordability of alcoholic beverages in litres an average monthly salary can buy by bevera- ge categories in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 11. Affordability of alcoholic beverages in litres an average monthly salary can buy by bevera- ge category in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009, as indices when 1998=100

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 12. Affordability in litres an average monthly salary can buy and per capita consumption of cognac in the Russian Federation, 1998-2011

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects FIGURE 13. Affordability in litres an average monthly salary can buy and per capita consumption of beer in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 14. Affordability in litres an average monthly salary can buy and per capita consumption o wine in the Russian Federation, 1998-2011

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 15. Affordability in litres an average monthly salary can buy and per capita consumption c vodka in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 16. Cost of a single unit of alcohol (10 grams of pure ethanol) in different categories of alco- holic beverages in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Since there was no correlation observed for cognac, the linear regression analysis ha: been performed for beer and wine only. The linear regression model for beer employed consumption of beer per capita as the dependent variable and cost per unit of ethano! in beer relative to the cost per unit of alcohol in vodka as the independent variable. The model was statistically highly significant (p=0.002) and explained 62% of the total vari- ation in the dependent variable. In the case of wine, the independent variable explained 75.1% of the total variation in the dependent variable with the linear regression mod- el being highly valid (p<0.001). A single unit decrease in the relative cost of ethanol ir wine corresponded to an increase of 2.4 litres in per capita consumption of wine (Fig- ure 18). The unit decrease in the cost per unit of ethanol in beer relative to the cost pet unit of ethanol in vodka also corresponded to an increase in per capita consumption ot beer (Figure 19). FIGURE 17. Cost of a single unit of alcohol (10 grams of pure ethanol) in cognac, beer and wine relative to cost of a single unit of ethanol in vodka in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects FIGURE 18. The cost of a single unit of ethanol in cognac in relation to the cost of a single unit of ethanol in vodka and the consumption of cognac in litres of end product per capita in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 19. The cost of a single unit of ethanol in wine in relation to the cost of a single unit of ethanol in vodka and the consumption of wine in litres of end product per capita in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 20. The cost of a single unit of ethanol in beer in relation to the cost of a single unit of et- hanol in vodka and consumption of beer in litres of end product per capita in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 22. Ratio of the affordability of 1 kg of beef to the affordability of 1 litre of alcoholic bevera ge by beverage categories in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: own calculations of authors based on RosStat data. FIGURE 23. Ratio of the affordability of 1 kg of bread to the affordability of 1 litre of alcoholic bevera- ge by beverage categories in the Russian Federation, 1998-2009

Source: Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat), 2012. Alcohol consumption in Russia: affordability of alcohol, changes and effects of alcohol control policy and future prospects FIGURE 24. Number of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants by cause of death (all causes, cardiovascular diseases and external causes) and consumption of vodka in litres of end product per capita in the Russian Federation, 1998-2011

FIGURE 25. Number of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants by cause of death (suiside, murder and acci: dental alcohol poisoning) in the Russian Federation, 1998-2011

Source: Federal Service of State Statistics (RosStat), 2012 FIGURE 26. Rates of alcoholism and of alcoholic psychosis per 100 000 inhabitants and consumptior of vodka in litres of end product per capita in the Russian Federation, 1998-2011

FIGURE 1. Trends in vodka affordability in litres of vodka that an average monthly salary could buy and alcohol sales in litres per capita in Belarus, 1990-2010 cil A Spearman correlation analysis suggests a rather strong association between the two variables (r=0.80; p<0.0005). Therefore, a linear regression model was applied in further analysis. The relationship between the affordability of vodka and alcohol sales per cap- ita is described by the linear regression equation y = 5.97 + 0.09*x, where y is the alco- hol sales per capita and x is the affordability of vodka. The linear regression model de- scribes 76.2% of the total dispersion of the dependent variable and is characterised by its high validity (p<0.0005). So, we should expect that the increase in vodka affordability would result in growth in alcohol sales per capita. This case can be described by the elas- ticity coefficient, which is derived from the following equation: E=B, x ly = 0.32. This

Source: Ministry of Statistics of Belarus between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 2). A Spearman correlation analysis suggests a statisti- cally significant negative relationship between these two variables (r=-0.67; p<0.0005). The results from these analyses indicate the presence of a statistically significant asso- ciation between vodka affordability and alcohol sales in Belarus. This research evidence suggests that the increase in alcohol sale resulted largely from an increase in alcohol af- fordability. In this context it should be mentioned that in spite of extensive evidence that raising alcohol prices reduces alcohol consumption, the real price of alcoholic beverag- es has nevertheless been decreasing over the last decades in many countries, resulting in increases in the affordability of alcoholic beverages (Rabinovich et al. 2009). The afford- ability of alcohol in Belarus has increased significantly since the early 1990s: the aver- age salary in 1993 could buy 7.3 litres of vodka compared with 73.9 litres in 2010 (Fig- ure 1). The increase in affordability of alcohol was driven mainly by an increase in real disposable income, as the average income rose faster than alcohol prices, as well as by changes in the relative price of alcohol (Figure 2). In the early 1990s vodka became much more affordable because of a dramatic drop in its relative price, when price liberalisa- tion caused most prices to soar, but the nominal price of vodka rose much more slowly In the most recent decade, the affordability of vodka has once again surged, mostly be- cause of the growth of real income as the economy has recovered. These results replicate findings from neighbouring Russia, demonstrating the increasing demand for alcoho!

Source: Ministry of Statistics of Belarus

FIGURE 4. Trends in vodka affordability in litres of vodka that an average monthly salary could bu and alcohol dependence prevalence per 100 000 inhabitants in Belarus, 1990-2010 In the period 1990-2010, the prevalence of alcohol dependence in Belarus increased ry 42.6% (from 1419 to 2024 per 100 000 of the population). As can be seen in Figure 4, rends in the affordability of vodka and in the prevalence of alcohol dependence follow ach other across the 1990-2010 time series. A Spearman correlation analysis suggest- da high degree of co-variation between the two variables (r=0.92; p<0.0005). The re- ationship between the affordability of vodka and the prevalence of alcohol dependence s described by the linear regression equation y = 1046.4 + 13.4*x. The linear regression nodel describes 90% of the total dispersion of the dependent variable and is character-

Source: Author's own calculations based on Ukrainian legislative acts FIGURE 2. Excise duty rate for a litre of beer in Ukraine in UAH in 1996-2012 and in ECU 1996-2000 CACISE (da Ol) spirits alla dlCOPOps edi) dil CQUdi lEVer UW) ters OF UE specie dATMoOuUunt per 1% of alcohol content. The lower taxation of alcopops increased their affordability. Since 1995, beer in Ukraine has not been considered an alcoholic beverage in legal terms. It meant that no license was required to sell beer. Up until 2010 selling beer to per- sons of any age was not punished. Excise tax for beer was very low. In 1993-1995, it was 25-30% of the wholesale price for domestic beer and 150% of the custom price for im- ported beer. In 1996, excise tax for beer was established at ECU 0.04 per litre, which was then equal to 0.09 Ukrainian Hryvna (UAH) or 6% of the average retail price of beer. In August 1998, the government increased beer excise tax to ECU 0.11, which at that point was UAH 0.26 or about 12% of the average retail price. However, in late August 1998, the national currency exchange rate collapsed and ECU 0.11 became equal to UAH 0.43 (Figure 2). Beer producers claimed that the beer excise tax rate had become too high and in December 1998, Parliament reduced beer excise tax to ECU 0.02, which was then

FIGURE 3. Real (inflation-adjusted) prices in UAH for beer and vodka in Ukraine in 1995-2011

Source: Author's own calculations based on Ukrainian legislative acts

FIGURE 5. Total alcohol consumption in Ukraine in litres of 100% alcohol per capita, 1980-2011

In 1995-2007, the prevalence of beer drinking among boys in Ukraine increased two- ‘old, and among girls three-fold. In 2007, the prevalence of beer drinking for both gen- lers was 63%. The ESPAD average for 35 countries was 49%. In 1995 the respective fig- ires had been 25% and 44%. The policy decision adopted in 1995 to cancel restrictions yn beer sales and marketing as beer was not legally considered to be an alcoholic bever- 1ge, in conjunction with the low excise rates greatly increased beer consumption among eenagers, with some not even considering beer to be an alcoholic beverage. However, in 2011 the prevalence of beer drinking greatly declined as a result of policies that intro- luced some limits on young people’s access to beer (Figures 6 a and 6 b). TL. .........1 2... .. .f£ 2.24. J. ..1,-° 2 Ci... 2 th]. ] . 1°. ] £...w ee OdAITNNO t. ANN C.......FNN CC...

TABLE 1. Prevalence of alcohol drinking at least once a week among young people in Ukraine in 2002, 2006 and 2010, according to HBSC surveys, %

FIGURE 7. Direct alcohol-related mortality per 100 000 inhabitants in Ukraine, 1980-2011.

Alcohol-related and all-cause mortality in Ukraine started to decline in the second half of 2008, just when the economic recession started in Ukraine. Economic recessions have paradoxical effects on mortality trends. Contrary to what might have been expect- ed, economic downturns during the 20th century were associated with declines in mor- tality rates (Bezruchka, 2009). In the USA and Western Europe, for example, there is ev- idence that mortality actually falls during recessions, with the decreased use of alcohol (World Health Organization 2009). For example, in Finland deaths from alcohol-relat- ed diseases and poisoning decreased during the recession, especially in the lowest educa- tional group (Herttua et al. 2007). Research demonstrated that reduced income signifi- cantly affects hard liquor consumption because of adult drinkers’ tendency to economise (Ruhm 1995). Thus the consumption decrease occurring during difficult economic pe- riods is concentrated among heavy consumers, with light drinking actually rising (Ruhm & Black 2002).

Oe Se Se es Fe See Pe A a Fe et ee, See ee, Se ee ee Estonians purchased only legal alcohol while in 1998 the corresponding figure was 64% Based on a study in 2006 people consumed a range of alcohol-containing substances not intended for consumption (Lang et al. 2006). These comprised medicinal products aftershaves, illegally produced spirits, and fire-lighting fuel. The medicinal compounds contained on average 67% ethanol by volume; the aftershaves contained slightly less. The illegally produced alcohol contained on average 43% ethanol by volume, ranging from 32 to 53%. However, many also contained detectable quantities of long chain alcohols. These substances were half the price or less of commercial vodka, with fire lighting fuels especially inexpensive. Illicit alcohol market was very profitable indeed and one of the main sources of illegal alcohol for Estonia was Russia. For instance in 2008 a pipeline was discovered. The illegal pipeline was submerged in a water reservoir located betweer Russia and Estonia near the north-eastern Estonian border town of Narva. The opera- tion was profitable as the price of vodka in Russia was nearly one third cheaper than in Estonia at that time.

Sources: The Law on Excise Duties; the Law on Alcohol Excise Duties FIGURE 1. Changes in alcohol excise duty rates for vodka, wine and beer in LVL per litre, 1994-2011.

FIGURE 2. Proportion of 15—16-year-old students who perceive alcohol as easily available, %

n.d.a—no data available Sources: ESPAD report 1999; 2003; 2007; 2011 TABLE 1. Beverage proportions of estimated alcohol consumption on the last drinking day among 15-16-year-old students in 1999-2011, %

FIGURE 2. Proportion of 15—16-year-old students who perceive alcohol as easily available, %

economic downturn, the average monthly salary decreased in 2009 and 2010, and slight- ly increased in 2011. Affordability for vodka expressed in litres per net monthly sala- ry gradually increased up to 2008, with decreases in 2009 and 2010. In 1995 net month- ly salary could purchase 23.9 litres of vodka, in 2008 it had increased to 51.9 litres, but in 2009 and 2010 it decreased to 43.2 and 39.1 litres, respectively. The 2011 data show a slight increase in vodka affordability compared with 2010.

Source: Central Statistical Bureau 2012; authors’ calculations FIGURE 5. Index of affordability for vodka, beer, and milk in 2003-2011 counted in litres per net salary, 2003=100 er compared with alcoholic beverages, with vodka and beer having become more afford.

FIGURE 6. Alcohol consumption per population aged 15 years and older in litres of absolute alcohol, 1991-2011.

Source: The National Health Service 2011; The Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (unpublished data); authors’ calculations It is not clear to what extent the recent decrease in alcohol consumption has had an impact on the decreasing number of people seeking alcohol treatment, but probably the

Sources: World Health Organization; State Revenue Service; Central Statistical Bureau; authors’ calculations

Source: Statistics Lithuania; Drug, Tobacco and Alcohol Contro! Department; National Health Program 2010 ta, where the basic data source is statistical forms from retail sales com panies (sample- based methodology). Meanwhile, the Department of Drugs, Tobacco and Alcohol Con- trol’ independently estimate alcohol consumption using official tax statistics (excise tax, value added tax and customs duty, i.e. using full countrywide data), and it was estimat- ed that in 2007 pure alcohol consumption was 14.3 litres per capita (leg al consumption only) i.e. three litres higher than the official estimates of Statistics Lithuania. Regardless of the methodologies used for estimating pure alcohol consumption in Lithuania, there was clearly a significant increase in alcohol consumption during the period 2000-2007. Looking back to the 1990s, according to Statistics Lithuania, the sup + 4: #64 Y, Te 1 iia ply of strong al-

FIGURE 2. Accessibility of alcoholic beverages: amount of litres of alcoholic beverage that can be purchased by a monthly average disposable income, by beverage category, 2001-2010

Source: Institute of Hygiene FIGURE 3. Mortality per 100 000 inhabitants from four important alcohol-related causes, 2000-2010

FIGURE 5. Wholly alcohol attributable Potential Life Years Lost in the age group 15-75 year olds, 2003-2009

TABLE 1. Consumption of alcoholic beverages according to surveys in litres of 100% alcohol per capita according to beverage categories in Poland, 2002-2003

* Statistically significant p<0.05. TABLE 2. Frequency of drinking by beverage categories according to surveys in Poland, 2002-2003

TABLE 3. Distribution of the quantity of consumption on a single occasion (percentage among consu- mers of a particular beverage) and average quantity by single occasion, 2002-2003 TABLE 4. Alcohol consumers according to level of annual consumption of alcohol beverages as 100% alcohol, percent of respondents, 2002-2003

*™ Statistically significant p<0.05. Purchases of unrecorded alcohol beverages — survey data

* Statistically significant p<0.05. ages for those who had purchased spirits or wine illegally had not significantly changed. However, the percentage of people who had bought beer illegally had decreased, while the frequency of beer purchases also declined.

TABLE 6. Registered consumption of spirits, beer and wine in litres of 100% alcohol per capita, 1999-2005

FIGURE 1. Recorded alcohol consumption and consumption of spirits, wine and beer in terms of 100% alcohol per inhabitant aged 15 years and over, 1980-2009

FIGURE 3 The real price of alcoholic beverages by beverage category as indices in 1989-2010, when 1989=100 in 1989, and CZK 10.5 in 2010. However, not all goods or beverages increased in price at the same pace. The price of a litre of wine was CZK 30 in 1989, and it was CZK 60 in 2010, and the price of a litre of domestically produced rum was CZK 100 in 1989, and it was CZK 213 in 2010.

FIGURE 5. Total number of patients treated for addictive disorders and the number of those patients addicted to alcohol in out-patient treatment by gender, 1986-2009

FIGURE 6. Number of beds and hospitalisations for alcohol disorders in psychiatric care, 1985-2008

FIGURE 7. Number of alcohol addicts in in-patient and out-patient treatment, 1992-2008

FIGURE 8. Number of sobering-up stations, beds and patients as indices in 1980-2008, when 1980=100

FIGURE 9. Mortality due to chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis, due to accidents, and due to alcohol-use-disorders-related mortality as indices in 1986-2010, when 1986=100 est effect from increased alcohol intake in the period of the 1990s. We could hypothesise that the observed peaks in the transitionary years were rather reflective of the share of the beverage type consumed - the lesser the share of spirits, the lesser would be alcohol- attributable mortality, as known from the experience of alcohol prohibition (Hall 2010: Miron 1999;, Levine & Reinarman 1991). If the recorded peak in alcohol-related mor- tality in accidents shown in 2005 is accurate, and an accumulation of alcohol disorders contributed to it, we could suggest that in 2006 and the follow-up years, alcohol-relat- ed harms decreased as a consequence of the increase in the use of sobering-up stations. While mortality data could be partially influenced by the quality of health care ser- vices, when it comes to morbidity trends, alcohol cirrhosis among hospitalised patients lowe eae cow Chew Se wean San Phew lewst Alera] AR ne Heepwe At Aleccatad seem cane wee,

SOURCE: Institute of Health Information and Statistics in the Czech Republic - annual hospitalization statistics

FIGURE 3. Number of drink-driving offences in half-years according to national-level data, 2006-2011 Local-level alcohol regulation initiatives and duty free home distillation — two lessons from Hungary

FIGURE 4. Number of drink-driving offence in cities banning off premise retail sale of alcoholic be- verages 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. in half years, arrows indicate the date of introduction of the ban on off-premise retail sale, 2006-2011

FIGURE 5. Number of road traffic accidents with personal injury between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. according to national-level data

FIGURE 6. Number of road traffic accidents with personal injury in cities banning off-premise retail sale of alcoholic beverages between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m., with arrows indicating the date of introduction of the ban

Source: National Tax and Customs Administration FIGURE 7. Annual registered spirit trade in million litres of pure ethanol, 2003-2011

TABLE 1. Excise duty tax revenues from distilled spirits in Hungary in 2009-2011 in HUF by source of taxation Summarising the direct effects of the so-called home distillation and duty-free dis- tillation at local registered distillery manufactures, we can conclude that it heavily influ- enced the registered commerce of spirits. In practice, revenues from spirit excise duties have fallen by some HUF 10 billion (approximately EUR 35 million at a HUF 290/EUR exchange rate) between 2009 and 2011. Excise duty paid by local official distillers all but disappeared, and duty paid by spirit wholesalers also decreased.

Source: World Economic Outlook, April 2012 FIGURE 1. Changes in real GDP in Romania in 1990-2010 in per cent

FIGURE 3. Lifetime alcohol abstainers in 2004, 2007 and 2010 by gender, per cent. Despite the increase in the prevalence of alcohol drinking among Romanian young people according to the 2011 ESPAD study (School Survey Project on Alcohol and Oth- er Drugs, 2011), Romania continues to be in 2011 among the countries with the lowest alcohol consumption among young people aged 16 years. Also, the estimated volume of alcohol consumed on the latest drinking occasion of 3.1 cl of 100% alcohol belongs to the lowest in Europe, bettered only by Albania at 3.0 cl and the Republic of Moldova at 2.7 cl (Figure 4).

Source: European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2011 FIGURE 4. Amount of alcohol drinking for young people on the previous drinking occasion in cl 0 100% alcohol in the 2011 ESPAD study.

FIGURE 5. Standardised death rate for chronic liver cirrhosis per 100 000 inhabitants in Romania and EU, 1990-2010 As Figures 5 and 6 show, alcohol-related mortality has varied over time. Its substan- tial growth at the beginning of the political transformations was reversed in the late 1990s, probably in response to the first economic crisis. Since the beginning of 2000, mortality has fluctuated, increasing clearly again after EU accession. So far, the most re- cent years of economic recession have not appeared to affect alcohol-related mortality.

Related topics:

Demography Alcohol Studies History of Alcohol and Drug Use Anthropology of Alcohol Alcohol Policy Alcoholism and addictions Russian Demography Alcohol Addiction Contemporary Russian Society

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