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Table lV Comparison between probable age and weathering medians fo! each sampled site.

Table 4 lV Comparison between probable age and weathering medians fo! each sampled site.

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Table! Cultural chronology for the Atacama Desert.
Table! Cultural chronology for the Atacama Desert.
Figure 1 Study area (black dashed line) showing major canyons (quebradas). The towns of Pica-Matilla (square) and the oasis of Puquio Nufez (circle) are shown for reference. White dashed line corresponds to the border between Chile and Bolivia. The PDT is a large inland basin located within the hy- perarid core of the Atacama Desert where elevations reach ~1500 m above sea level (asl) on the east and ~900 m asl in the Coastal Cordillera to the west. The axis of the basin extends over 200 km between 19°17’ and 21°30’ S. latitude. Average relative humidity varies 29.2— 46.4% throughout the year, and evaporation is 2000- 3400 mm/yr (Lanino, 2005). Although this area is to- day characterized by scarce rainfall (<1 mm/yr; Lanino, 2005), recurrent coastal fog—locally called camanchaca— occurs during the austral winter and reaches the west- ern portion of the PDT (Cereceda et al., 2008). The ca- manchaca penetrates inland mostly along breaches of the Coastal Cordillera and reaches the PDT very infrequently in areas where this mountain range exceeds 1200 m asl (Rech, Quade, & Hart, 2003). Between 1995 and 2003, the mean annual temperature was 20°C with an aver- age maximum monthly temperature of 33.9°C in De- cember and a minimum of 0.2°C in June. Winds blow predominantly from the southwest (PRAMAR-DICTUC,
Figure 1 Study area (black dashed line) showing major canyons (quebradas). The towns of Pica-Matilla (square) and the oasis of Puquio Nufez (circle) are shown for reference. White dashed line corresponds to the border between Chile and Bolivia. The PDT is a large inland basin located within the hy- perarid core of the Atacama Desert where elevations reach ~1500 m above sea level (asl) on the east and ~900 m asl in the Coastal Cordillera to the west. The axis of the basin extends over 200 km between 19°17’ and 21°30’ S. latitude. Average relative humidity varies 29.2— 46.4% throughout the year, and evaporation is 2000- 3400 mm/yr (Lanino, 2005). Although this area is to- day characterized by scarce rainfall (<1 mm/yr; Lanino, 2005), recurrent coastal fog—locally called camanchaca— occurs during the austral winter and reaches the west- ern portion of the PDT (Cereceda et al., 2008). The ca- manchaca penetrates inland mostly along breaches of the Coastal Cordillera and reaches the PDT very infrequently in areas where this mountain range exceeds 1200 m asl (Rech, Quade, & Hart, 2003). Between 1995 and 2003, the mean annual temperature was 20°C with an aver- age maximum monthly temperature of 33.9°C in De- cember and a minimum of 0.2°C in June. Winds blow predominantly from the southwest (PRAMAR-DICTUC,
Figure 2 Photographs of some of the sampled locations: (a) interfluves near the Puquio Nufez oasis (view is from a wetland toward PQN3, PQN10, and PQN23 lithic clusters). (b) Canyon environment located along the lower section of Quebrada de Chacarilla (view from CH2 site). (c) Canyon environment along the middle sector of Quebrada de Chacarilla (view is from an unpaved road toward CH4 and CH5 sites).
Figure 2 Photographs of some of the sampled locations: (a) interfluves near the Puquio Nufez oasis (view is from a wetland toward PQN3, PQN10, and PQN23 lithic clusters). (b) Canyon environment located along the lower section of Quebrada de Chacarilla (view from CH2 site). (c) Canyon environment along the middle sector of Quebrada de Chacarilla (view is from an unpaved road toward CH4 and CH5 sites).
Figure 3 Aerial photograph (Earth Explorer) indicating location of sampled archeological sites.
Figure 3 Aerial photograph (Earth Explorer) indicating location of sampled archeological sites.
Table Il Geographical, surficial, and cultural characteristics of sites included in this study.
Table Il Geographical, surficial, and cultural characteristics of sites included in this study.
Weathering stage examples provided in Figure 4. Table Ill Criteria used to establish the relative weathering scale applied in this study (for similar scales, see Hiscock, 1985 and Borrazzo, 2006
Weathering stage examples provided in Figure 4. Table Ill Criteria used to establish the relative weathering scale applied in this study (for similar scales, see Hiscock, 1985 and Borrazzo, 2006
Figure 4 Weathering stages seen under a binocular microscope (focus is on ridges and edges). (a) Stage 0, experimental lithic, 20x; (b) Stage 1, 20x; (c) Stage 2, 20x; (d) Stage 3, 20x; (e) Stage 4, 20x; (f) Stage 5, 15x; (g) Stage 6, 10x; (h) in situ lithic debitage, PQN10; scale divided in 10 cm segments.
Figure 4 Weathering stages seen under a binocular microscope (focus is on ridges and edges). (a) Stage 0, experimental lithic, 20x; (b) Stage 1, 20x; (c) Stage 2, 20x; (d) Stage 3, 20x; (e) Stage 4, 20x; (f) Stage 5, 15x; (g) Stage 6, 10x; (h) in situ lithic debitage, PQN10; scale divided in 10 cm segments.
Figure 5 Weathering stages on a total of 271 samples collected from three canyon sites.
Figure 5 Weathering stages on a total of 271 samples collected from three canyon sites.
Figure 6 Weathering stages for interfluve lithic concentrations at the Puquio Nufiez site (77 samples)
Figure 6 Weathering stages for interfluve lithic concentrations at the Puquio Nufiez site (77 samples)
Figure 7 Weathering stages for interfluve sites QUI3 and CH1 (64 samples).
Figure 7 Weathering stages for interfluve sites QUI3 and CH1 (64 samples).
Figure 8 Weathering stages for canyon sites (285 samples) and interfluve sites (141 samples). Note: Figure includes 12 isolated artifacts near the canyor sites.
Figure 8 Weathering stages for canyon sites (285 samples) and interfluve sites (141 samples). Note: Figure includes 12 isolated artifacts near the canyor sites.
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Earth SciencesGeoarchaeologyHistory and archaeology
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