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Figure 7: Raman spectral comparisons collected using a 785nm excitation laser for (a) the Kew Garden Moghyr piuri purchased from the cowherds (68855), (b) the yellow residue from the Kew Garden urine collection pot (61960), and (c) synthetic euxanthone.

Figure 7 Raman spectral comparisons collected using a 785nm excitation laser for (a) the Kew Garden Moghyr piuri purchased from the cowherds (68855), (b) the yellow residue from the Kew Garden urine collection pot (61960), and (c) synthetic euxanthone.

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Figure 1: The original labels for samples 68855(left) and 61960 (right), with the corresponding “III” and ‘V” labels. The label for sample 68855 was folder torn into two pieces — there is a fold along the middle (and a tear through the hand-written “III”), and in the lower-right corner is detached. The image for 68855 is a composite to best show the text. Both labels have inset images to better observe the “III” and my”,
Figure 1: The original labels for samples 68855(left) and 61960 (right), with the corresponding “III” and ‘V” labels. The label for sample 68855 was folder torn into two pieces — there is a fold along the middle (and a tear through the hand-written “III”), and in the lower-right corner is detached. The image for 68855 is a composite to best show the text. Both labels have inset images to better observe the “III” and my”,
urine [28]. The comparison of all the samples and components identified are in Table 5. Table 4: Py-GC-MS peak assignments for the L. Cornelissen & Son (interior) sample (see Figure 3). All
urine [28]. The comparison of all the samples and components identified are in Table 5. Table 4: Py-GC-MS peak assignments for the L. Cornelissen & Son (interior) sample (see Figure 3). All
Figure 6: FTIR spectral comparison of the Kew (61960) pot sample, and pure euxanthone.
Figure 6: FTIR spectral comparison of the Kew (61960) pot sample, and pure euxanthone.
structures were identified that contained oxygen and magnesium, which corroborates with literature descriptions of the presence of magnesium salts of euxanthic acid. The other debris and materials on the exteriors were mainly salts, predominately potassium chloride (KCI), aluminum-silicates (i.e. clays) calcium compounds, phosp salt of euxanthic acid. The and iron; there were no rods identified in the sample. The reference samples of re pot (61960) showed mostly the earthen body, containin horus compounds, sulfur compounds, and iron-based materials. The cloth (61963) contained debris, but also showed magnesium containing rod structures, li ely the magnesiun g aluminum, silicor fined Indian yellow pigment — Forbes pigment collection 3.14.3 and Kew sample 99250 (Hill’s collection) both showed fine rod structures composed o 3.14.3 sample was not as pure as the Hill sample, and showed a small amount of si —f magnesium, oxygen, and carbon; however, the Forbes pigment collection icon, iron and calcium contamination. Synthesized euxanthone [12, 13] showed rod-like crystallites similar to euxanthic acid, though larger in scale. The results are summarized in Figure 9.
structures were identified that contained oxygen and magnesium, which corroborates with literature descriptions of the presence of magnesium salts of euxanthic acid. The other debris and materials on the exteriors were mainly salts, predominately potassium chloride (KCI), aluminum-silicates (i.e. clays) calcium compounds, phosp salt of euxanthic acid. The and iron; there were no rods identified in the sample. The reference samples of re pot (61960) showed mostly the earthen body, containin horus compounds, sulfur compounds, and iron-based materials. The cloth (61963) contained debris, but also showed magnesium containing rod structures, li ely the magnesiun g aluminum, silicor fined Indian yellow pigment — Forbes pigment collection 3.14.3 and Kew sample 99250 (Hill’s collection) both showed fine rod structures composed o 3.14.3 sample was not as pure as the Hill sample, and showed a small amount of si —f magnesium, oxygen, and carbon; however, the Forbes pigment collection icon, iron and calcium contamination. Synthesized euxanthone [12, 13] showed rod-like crystallites similar to euxanthic acid, though larger in scale. The results are summarized in Figure 9.
Samples or euxantnone consist of acicular, nexagonal crystals Of various size. |ney are pale transparent yellow and have a higher refractive index that the Meltmount medium at 1.662. The crystals are highly birefringent and anisotropic with a negative sign of elongation and parallel extinctic Samples of euxanthic acid from the Hill sample are also acicular crystals of various size. They are sligh more opaque than the euxanthone crystals but very similar. The crystals are highly birefringent and anisotropic with a negative sign of elongation, but in this case, they have an inclined extinction angle c approximately 40 degrees (Figure 10). This is unlike other refined sample (3.14.3) that have a parallel extinction similar to euxanthone. This difference might be attributed to the method of refinement (5) All the samples of Indian yellow have an irregular habit and appear marked on the surface. In many cases, they are found as bundled agglomerates of acicular crystals. A waxy component is also typically present that is isotropic, but can show strong internal reflections. Samples of euxanthic acid from the Hill sample are also acicular crystals of various size. They are slightly
Samples or euxantnone consist of acicular, nexagonal crystals Of various size. |ney are pale transparent yellow and have a higher refractive index that the Meltmount medium at 1.662. The crystals are highly birefringent and anisotropic with a negative sign of elongation and parallel extinctic Samples of euxanthic acid from the Hill sample are also acicular crystals of various size. They are sligh more opaque than the euxanthone crystals but very similar. The crystals are highly birefringent and anisotropic with a negative sign of elongation, but in this case, they have an inclined extinction angle c approximately 40 degrees (Figure 10). This is unlike other refined sample (3.14.3) that have a parallel extinction similar to euxanthone. This difference might be attributed to the method of refinement (5) All the samples of Indian yellow have an irregular habit and appear marked on the surface. In many cases, they are found as bundled agglomerates of acicular crystals. A waxy component is also typically present that is isotropic, but can show strong internal reflections. Samples of euxanthic acid from the Hill sample are also acicular crystals of various size. They are slightly
‘igure 11: Optical micrographs (PPL —left, XPL — right) of the samples from a) the pot (61960), and b) tl loth (61963). Pot showing acicular crystals bundled together in agglomerates. Cloth sample (only articles removed from the fiber are presented) showing agglomerates with small acicular crystals.
‘igure 11: Optical micrographs (PPL —left, XPL — right) of the samples from a) the pot (61960), and b) tl loth (61963). Pot showing acicular crystals bundled together in agglomerates. Cloth sample (only articles removed from the fiber are presented) showing agglomerates with small acicular crystals.
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Chemical EngineeringMaterials ScienceMaterial Culture StudiesHistory of IndiaHeritage ConservationBiologyArt ConservationArtistic ResearchPigments (Chemistry)History of Pigments
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