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Copulative and locative verbs. The present set of copulas are enclitics similar to the indicative set of personal suffixes. The root hass- is optionally employed. See examples (1) and (2), above. The past and subjunctive stems are respectively bi- (< *bud-) and bu- (< *baw-), as deduced from the paradigms organized in Table 9; they serve as auxiliary in perfect periphrastic tenses. The command form is bos in the singular. The pluperfect subjunctive has the additional element bi, which is the past participle of ‘be’: bavard bi bum/buam/bam ‘I might have carried’ or ‘maybe I had carried’. The variation in form suggests the diminishing status of this tense in the dialect due to contact with Persian, which does not have a parallel tense.

Table 9 Copulative and locative verbs. The present set of copulas are enclitics similar to the indicative set of personal suffixes. The root hass- is optionally employed. See examples (1) and (2), above. The past and subjunctive stems are respectively bi- (< *bud-) and bu- (< *baw-), as deduced from the paradigms organized in Table 9; they serve as auxiliary in perfect periphrastic tenses. The command form is bos in the singular. The pluperfect subjunctive has the additional element bi, which is the past participle of ‘be’: bavard bi bum/buam/bam ‘I might have carried’ or ‘maybe I had carried’. The variation in form suggests the diminishing status of this tense in the dialect due to contact with Persian, which does not have a parallel tense.

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Table 3. Personal Pronouns with Postpositions Verbal Morphology Possessive determiners tend to coalesce with various postpositions, leading to the paradigms shown Table 3. There are opposing views whether these forms can be treated as formal cases.!2 Additionally, we find in Pahnekolai forms such as amdja and Samaja!3 that combine subject pronouns and the ablative postposition to convey a collective territory, e.g.,
Table 3. Personal Pronouns with Postpositions Verbal Morphology Possessive determiners tend to coalesce with various postpositions, leading to the paradigms shown Table 3. There are opposing views whether these forms can be treated as formal cases.!2 Additionally, we find in Pahnekolai forms such as amdja and Samaja!3 that combine subject pronouns and the ablative postposition to convey a collective territory, e.g.,
Table 2. Independent Personal Pronouns
Table 2. Independent Personal Pronouns
In accordance with other Mazandarani varieties, Pahnekolai expresses the present perfect normally using the preterit tense. There are however forms for the stative verb ‘sleep’28 in my data that resemble the present perfect in Persian: baxdtua, baxdtuna, baxdtuma ‘he is, they are, I am asleep/sleeping’, corresponding to Pers. x“ab ast or xWabide ast, etc. This forms correspond to what Yoshie proposes as present perfect for stative verbs.”? On the other hand, Stilo holds the opinion that Caspian varieties all lack a present perfect and resultative forms in Caspian should not be confused with a true dynamic perfect.3°
In accordance with other Mazandarani varieties, Pahnekolai expresses the present perfect normally using the preterit tense. There are however forms for the stative verb ‘sleep’28 in my data that resemble the present perfect in Persian: baxdtua, baxdtuna, baxdtuma ‘he is, they are, I am asleep/sleeping’, corresponding to Pers. x“ab ast or xWabide ast, etc. This forms correspond to what Yoshie proposes as present perfect for stative verbs.”? On the other hand, Stilo holds the opinion that Caspian varieties all lack a present perfect and resultative forms in Caspian should not be confused with a true dynamic perfect.3°
Modals. The Mazandarani defective modals véna (present) and vésse (past) ‘must’ are followed by the subjunctive and imperfect forms of the main verb respectively, e.g., vena buram ‘I must go, I had better go’, vesse Sima (for Pers. bayad/bayest/mibayest miraftam) ‘I was expected/supposed to go’. These only examples in my documentation differ from the usage of vesse in other Mazandarani dialects, which do not employ the imperfect after it.52 It is possible that the Pahnekolai phrase is a calque translation from Persian. * Alternative forms: dayma, dai, dayya, daymi, dayni, dayna.
Modals. The Mazandarani defective modals véna (present) and vésse (past) ‘must’ are followed by the subjunctive and imperfect forms of the main verb respectively, e.g., vena buram ‘I must go, I had better go’, vesse Sima (for Pers. bayad/bayest/mibayest miraftam) ‘I was expected/supposed to go’. These only examples in my documentation differ from the usage of vesse in other Mazandarani dialects, which do not employ the imperfect after it.52 It is possible that the Pahnekolai phrase is a calque translation from Persian. * Alternative forms: dayma, dai, dayya, daymi, dayni, dayna.
Table 11. ‘Become’
Table 11. ‘Become’
Related topics:
LexicologyPersian LanguageLanguage TypologyCaspian Studies
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