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Figure 2.3: Innovation entities in China’s current national innovation system

Figure 2 3: Innovation entities in China’s current national innovation system

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Figure 2.2: China’s national innovation system and universities since 1950s Under such a model, R&D work has undertaken by a research network composed of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) and a number of research institutes directly under the supervision of central government, different ministries and local governments, with projects and funds being directly deployed by the government. Universities at this time were mainly set up to train talents for other sectors. The only tie of research institutes and industries with universities was accepting graduates. At the same time, the industrial sector did not take up research responsibilities, nor did it connect with the research network directly, rather the interaction was under the guidance of government.
Figure 2.2: China’s national innovation system and universities since 1950s Under such a model, R&D work has undertaken by a research network composed of the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) and a number of research institutes directly under the supervision of central government, different ministries and local governments, with projects and funds being directly deployed by the government. Universities at this time were mainly set up to train talents for other sectors. The only tie of research institutes and industries with universities was accepting graduates. At the same time, the industrial sector did not take up research responsibilities, nor did it connect with the research network directly, rather the interaction was under the guidance of government.
Table 2.1: Major economic indicators in the republic of Korea
Table 2.1: Major economic indicators in the republic of Korea
Table 2.2: Role of the republic of Korea’s government in the national innovation system It was not until the early 1960s that national efforts for the promotion of science, technology and innovation were initiated in line with the First Five-Year Plan for Economic Development, introduced in 1962. Since then, the government has intervened very strongly in the areas of science, technology and innovation. Economic policy at this time was characterized by import substitution and export orientation. In order to carry out this economic policy effectively, an institutional framework in the area of science and technology was established, including:
Table 2.2: Role of the republic of Korea’s government in the national innovation system It was not until the early 1960s that national efforts for the promotion of science, technology and innovation were initiated in line with the First Five-Year Plan for Economic Development, introduced in 1962. Since then, the government has intervened very strongly in the areas of science, technology and innovation. Economic policy at this time was characterized by import substitution and export orientation. In order to carry out this economic policy effectively, an institutional framework in the area of science and technology was established, including:
Table 4.1: Characteristics of the study sample 4.2. Status of Interaction with Industry
Table 4.1: Characteristics of the study sample 4.2. Status of Interaction with Industry
Table 4.3: Status of interaction with industry at unit level 4.3. Types of Interaction with Industry
Table 4.3: Status of interaction with industry at unit level 4.3. Types of Interaction with Industry
Table 4.2: Status of interaction with industry at institute level
Table 4.2: Status of interaction with industry at institute level
Table 4.4: Types of interaction with industry at institute level (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) Table 4.5: Types of interaction with industry at unit level (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) there are other types of linkages. 90.9 % of the respondents ranked internship as the most widely done linkage work at the institute level while consultancy and research are rankec second with a more or less similar result. At unit level 46.9 % respondents placed internshir first while 28.1 % placed consultancy firsts and 15.6 % placed research first. This shows that internship is the priority interaction type in this case also. Taking the remaining data, it car be seen that consultancy is the second widely done interaction work at units level followec by research.
Table 4.4: Types of interaction with industry at institute level (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) Table 4.5: Types of interaction with industry at unit level (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) there are other types of linkages. 90.9 % of the respondents ranked internship as the most widely done linkage work at the institute level while consultancy and research are rankec second with a more or less similar result. At unit level 46.9 % respondents placed internshir first while 28.1 % placed consultancy firsts and 15.6 % placed research first. This shows that internship is the priority interaction type in this case also. Taking the remaining data, it car be seen that consultancy is the second widely done interaction work at units level followec by research.
For phase two of the survey (i.e. Addis Ababa university and Jimma University), five types of linkages were provided as an alternative for respondents to choose. Here 73.5 % respondents ranked internship first as a linkage work done at institute level while 57.1 % respondents ranked internship first as a linkage work at their units level. This again shows that internship is by far the main work done in the institutes attempt to interact with the industry.
For phase two of the survey (i.e. Addis Ababa university and Jimma University), five types of linkages were provided as an alternative for respondents to choose. Here 73.5 % respondents ranked internship first as a linkage work done at institute level while 57.1 % respondents ranked internship first as a linkage work at their units level. This again shows that internship is by far the main work done in the institutes attempt to interact with the industry.
Table 4.6: Types of interaction with industry at institute level (Addis Ababa and Jimma) Table 4.7: Types of interaction with industry at unit level (Addis Ababa and Jimma)
Table 4.6: Types of interaction with industry at institute level (Addis Ababa and Jimma) Table 4.7: Types of interaction with industry at unit level (Addis Ababa and Jimma)
Table 4.8: Constraints to University-Industry Interactions (Bahir Dar and Mekelle)
Table 4.8: Constraints to University-Industry Interactions (Bahir Dar and Mekelle)
4.4. Perception of academics on barriers to University-Industry interaction
4.4. Perception of academics on barriers to University-Industry interaction
Table 4.9: Constraints to University-Industry Interactions (Addis Ababa and Jimma) 4.5. Perception of academics on promotional measures to University-Industry interaction
Table 4.9: Constraints to University-Industry Interactions (Addis Ababa and Jimma) 4.5. Perception of academics on promotional measures to University-Industry interaction
Table 4.10: Perception of Academics on Promotional Measures (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) The main effective steps to promote interaction as perceived by academics are improvement of laboratory facilities, conducting of seminars, workshops for staff from industry, encouragement of industrial visits by academics and setting up of strong university-industry linkage units in universities.
Table 4.10: Perception of Academics on Promotional Measures (Bahir Dar and Mekelle) The main effective steps to promote interaction as perceived by academics are improvement of laboratory facilities, conducting of seminars, workshops for staff from industry, encouragement of industrial visits by academics and setting up of strong university-industry linkage units in universities.
‘able 4.11: Perception of Academics on Promotional Measures (Addis Ababa and Jimma)
‘able 4.11: Perception of Academics on Promotional Measures (Addis Ababa and Jimma)
7. What are the main works (specific works) done in your chair, up to this time, for the industries?
7. What are the main works (specific works) done in your chair, up to this time, for the industries?
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