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Laser granulometric analysis results for CFA are reported both as absolute and cumulative volumetric distributions (Figure 7). From the cumulative distributions, the following values for d10, d50 and d90 can be observed: 4,994, 15.575 and 52.526 ym, respectively.

Figure 7 Laser granulometric analysis results for CFA are reported both as absolute and cumulative volumetric distributions (Figure 7). From the cumulative distributions, the following values for d10, d50 and d90 can be observed: 4,994, 15.575 and 52.526 ym, respectively.

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Table 1. Materials used in the preparation of bricks 2.3. Characterization of Materials
Table 1. Materials used in the preparation of bricks 2.3. Characterization of Materials
Table 2. Chemical composition of the waterworks waste
Table 2. Chemical composition of the waterworks waste
Figure 1. X-ray Diffraction pattern of the waterworks waste sample
Figure 1. X-ray Diffraction pattern of the waterworks waste sample
Figure 3. TG and DTG curves of waterworks waste The thermal events observed on the DTG curve are according to mass losses evidenced on the TG curve. The event which occurred at 76.1°C (T peak) was the major reaction area and represents the elimination of free water between the particles. The T peak = 275.2°C is probably related to water loss from hydroxides and to the combustion of organic matter. The T peak = 490.9°C is attributed to the dissociation of constitution water (or structural water), i.e., comprising the hydroxyl group of the kaolinite clay mineral.
Figure 3. TG and DTG curves of waterworks waste The thermal events observed on the DTG curve are according to mass losses evidenced on the TG curve. The event which occurred at 76.1°C (T peak) was the major reaction area and represents the elimination of free water between the particles. The T peak = 275.2°C is probably related to water loss from hydroxides and to the combustion of organic matter. The T peak = 490.9°C is attributed to the dissociation of constitution water (or structural water), i.e., comprising the hydroxyl group of the kaolinite clay mineral.
Figure 2 shows the scanning electron micrograph of SWTP. As shown by the result of the SEM analysis, the sludge has irregular shapes which are probably flakes of fine kaolinite clay particles [23]. In addition, a wide particle size range can be observed, in accordance with the particle size data. Figure 2. Morphology of the waterworks waste particles
Figure 2 shows the scanning electron micrograph of SWTP. As shown by the result of the SEM analysis, the sludge has irregular shapes which are probably flakes of fine kaolinite clay particles [23]. In addition, a wide particle size range can be observed, in accordance with the particle size data. Figure 2. Morphology of the waterworks waste particles
Table 3. Chemical composition of the waterworks waste The pH (in water) of the waste sample was 5.57, which can be considered as being of a medium acidity. The sample presented a value of a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 9.04 meq/100 g within the CEC range of kaolinitic clays (3 - 15 meq/100 g) [22], corroborating the kaolinitic character of the investigated waterworks waste.
Table 3. Chemical composition of the waterworks waste The pH (in water) of the waste sample was 5.57, which can be considered as being of a medium acidity. The sample presented a value of a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 9.04 meq/100 g within the CEC range of kaolinitic clays (3 - 15 meq/100 g) [22], corroborating the kaolinitic character of the investigated waterworks waste.
Figure 5. X-ray diffraction pattern of cyclone fly ash The XRD analysis of CFA powder revealed the presence of quartz crystallite and mullite as a major component of ash and some amounts of hematite, anhydrite and albite. The presence of amorphous phases are identified as a broad diffraction ‘hump’ in the region between 18 to 30 degrees 20 (Figure 5). The intensity of quartz is very strong, with mullite forming a chemically stable and dense glassy surface layer.
Figure 5. X-ray diffraction pattern of cyclone fly ash The XRD analysis of CFA powder revealed the presence of quartz crystallite and mullite as a major component of ash and some amounts of hematite, anhydrite and albite. The presence of amorphous phases are identified as a broad diffraction ‘hump’ in the region between 18 to 30 degrees 20 (Figure 5). The intensity of quartz is very strong, with mullite forming a chemically stable and dense glassy surface layer.
Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectrum for SWTP. The FTIR spectrum of the raw sludge showed the presence of kaolinite, quartz, goethite and muscovite identified by XDR (Figure 1) and some organic matter. The assignments for FTIR spectrum has been reported elsewhere [24]. The SWTP sample had an FTIR spectrum consistent with previous reports in the literature [25].
Figure 4 shows the FTIR spectrum for SWTP. The FTIR spectrum of the raw sludge showed the presence of kaolinite, quartz, goethite and muscovite identified by XDR (Figure 1) and some organic matter. The assignments for FTIR spectrum has been reported elsewhere [24]. The SWTP sample had an FTIR spectrum consistent with previous reports in the literature [25].
Figure 7. Particle size distribution of cyclone fly ash
Figure 7. Particle size distribution of cyclone fly ash
Table 5. Average resistance to compression and average absorption of water
Table 5. Average resistance to compression and average absorption of water
unburned carbon particles tended to be in the upper end of the size distribution (Figure 8B). Figure 8. SEM micrographs of cyclone fly ash (a) particles of irregular size and spherical morphology; (b) hollow sphere (plerosphere) containing smaller hollow and empty spheres (cenospheres)
unburned carbon particles tended to be in the upper end of the size distribution (Figure 8B). Figure 8. SEM micrographs of cyclone fly ash (a) particles of irregular size and spherical morphology; (b) hollow sphere (plerosphere) containing smaller hollow and empty spheres (cenospheres)
The brick appearance is another important parameter of brick quality. The BW3 samples were reddish brown color, free of surface stains, efflorescence (soluble salts), and defects (Figure 9). Figure 9. The appearance of the brick specimens (BW3 samples) after curing at 28 days
The brick appearance is another important parameter of brick quality. The BW3 samples were reddish brown color, free of surface stains, efflorescence (soluble salts), and defects (Figure 9). Figure 9. The appearance of the brick specimens (BW3 samples) after curing at 28 days
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Adsorption and wastewater treatmentSynthesis of ZeolitesCoal ash
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