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Table 23.12: Summary of the age ranges associated with the unfused aurochs remains from Star Carr, using Grigson (1982).

Table 23 12: Summary of the age ranges associated with the unfused aurochs remains from Star Carr, using Grigson (1982).

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Table 23.1: Mammals and birds identified by Fraser and King (Clark 1954). In the faunal remains chapter in the original monograph (Clark 1954), the total number of identified speci- mens (hereafter NISP) were not provided but the minimum number of individuals (hereafter MNI) per species were listed (Table 23.1) with the note that no human or fish remains were found. A description of the remains for each species was given and the discussion drew attention to the size of some species, notably red deer which were much larger than modern Scottish counterparts. In addition, Clark requested that the analysts should consider the season of occupation (Clark 1972, 22). This was determined, based on red deer, elk and roe deer antlers and when these are shed, with the conclusion that people must have inhabited the site during the winter until spring, notably April.
Table 23.1: Mammals and birds identified by Fraser and King (Clark 1954). In the faunal remains chapter in the original monograph (Clark 1954), the total number of identified speci- mens (hereafter NISP) were not provided but the minimum number of individuals (hereafter MNI) per species were listed (Table 23.1) with the note that no human or fish remains were found. A description of the remains for each species was given and the discussion drew attention to the size of some species, notably red deer which were much larger than modern Scottish counterparts. In addition, Clark requested that the analysts should consider the season of occupation (Clark 1972, 22). This was determined, based on red deer, elk and roe deer antlers and when these are shed, with the conclusion that people must have inhabited the site during the winter until spring, notably April.
Figure 23.1: Differences in the MNI between the analyses presented in Clark (1954, 15) and Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.1: Differences in the MNI between the analyses presented in Clark (1954, 15) and Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Table 23.2: Birds reclassified by Harrison (1987).
Table 23.2: Birds reclassified by Harrison (1987).
Figure 23.2: Photograph of an example of a percussion breakage, and clear percussion point, on the fauna remains from Star Carr (red deer radius <109242>) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0). of the bone found. The prevalence of anthropogenic modification in this area is most likely due to the large numbers of bone found as opposed to a real pattern: loss of bone elsewhere on site means the areas are not directly comparable. Spiral fractures and percussion breaks are found in all areas of the site and are the result of people using heavy objects, such as stones or rocks, to break into the central cavity of the bones in order to retrieve the marrow (Figures 23.2 and 23.3). Although it should be possible to achieve this goal by producing
Figure 23.2: Photograph of an example of a percussion breakage, and clear percussion point, on the fauna remains from Star Carr (red deer radius <109242>) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0). of the bone found. The prevalence of anthropogenic modification in this area is most likely due to the large numbers of bone found as opposed to a real pattern: loss of bone elsewhere on site means the areas are not directly comparable. Spiral fractures and percussion breaks are found in all areas of the site and are the result of people using heavy objects, such as stones or rocks, to break into the central cavity of the bones in order to retrieve the marrow (Figures 23.2 and 23.3). Although it should be possible to achieve this goal by producing
Figure 23.3: An example of longitudinal splitting on a red deer tibia <110290> (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.3: An example of longitudinal splitting on a red deer tibia <110290> (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Table 23.3: Total number (and percentage) of the types of taphonomy exhibited for the excavated faunal remains within each area of the site.
Table 23.3: Total number (and percentage) of the types of taphonomy exhibited for the excavated faunal remains within each area of the site.
Table 23.4: Number of fragments of bone exhibiting evidence of heat exposure (excavated and bone recovered from flotation).
Table 23.4: Number of fragments of bone exhibiting evidence of heat exposure (excavated and bone recovered from flotation).
Figure 23.4: Plot showing the number and distribution of the hand-collected heat-affected bone compared to unburnt bone (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.4: Plot showing the number and distribution of the hand-collected heat-affected bone compared to unburnt bone (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.5: Photograph of the uneven (ragged-edge) breakage associated with carnivore gnawing on the proximal head of an ulna <109243> found in the area of the detrital wood scatter (Photograph taken by Pau Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.5: Photograph of the uneven (ragged-edge) breakage associated with carnivore gnawing on the proximal head of an ulna <109243> found in the area of the detrital wood scatter (Photograph taken by Pau Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.6: Photograph of carnivore gnawing on a red deer navicular-cuboid <108662>, from the detrital wood scatter, with clear tooth impressions (on the articular surface) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.6: Photograph of carnivore gnawing on a red deer navicular-cuboid <108662>, from the detrital wood scatter, with clear tooth impressions (on the articular surface) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.7: NISP of the taxa for the whole site (hand excavated and flotation) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). A total of 2414 specimens of bone and antler were found from the site (Figure 23.7). Of these, 1925 archaeo- logical bone and antler specimens were recovered through excavation on site (Figure 23.8), and 489 small frag- ments were recovered from flotation of soil samples. A further 12 have not been included in the analysis since they are undoubtedly intrusive (mole, rabbit, modern cattle, modern dog), or were found within re-deposited upcast from the nearby River Hertford.
Figure 23.7: NISP of the taxa for the whole site (hand excavated and flotation) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). A total of 2414 specimens of bone and antler were found from the site (Figure 23.7). Of these, 1925 archaeo- logical bone and antler specimens were recovered through excavation on site (Figure 23.8), and 489 small frag- ments were recovered from flotation of soil samples. A further 12 have not been included in the analysis since they are undoubtedly intrusive (mole, rabbit, modern cattle, modern dog), or were found within re-deposited upcast from the nearby River Hertford.
Figure 23.8: NISP for taxa from the hand-excavated faunal remains (not including flotation remains) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.8: NISP for taxa from the hand-excavated faunal remains (not including flotation remains) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.9: Number of fragments recovered by flotation and sieving of soil samples and identified to taxa (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.9: Number of fragments recovered by flotation and sieving of soil samples and identified to taxa (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.11: NISP of the elements for the large mammal category (excluding flotation data) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.11: NISP of the elements for the large mammal category (excluding flotation data) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.13: Number of fragments of bone identified to element from the flotation samples (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Figure 23.12: NISP of the elements for the medium mammal category (excluding flotation data) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.13: Number of fragments of bone identified to element from the flotation samples (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Figure 23.12: NISP of the elements for the medium mammal category (excluding flotation data) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Table 23.6: Contextual information and skeletal elements of the various fish identified in the assemblage.
Table 23.6: Contextual information and skeletal elements of the various fish identified in the assemblage.
Figure 23.15: Photograph of the northern pike posterior abdominal vertebra in situ. Scale: 9.1 mm across the greatest cranio-caudal length of the centrum (Copyright Harry Robson, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.15: Photograph of the northern pike posterior abdominal vertebra in situ. Scale: 9.1 mm across the greatest cranio-caudal length of the centrum (Copyright Harry Robson, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.16: Spatial plot of the birds found at Star Carr within the main area of excavation (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). It should be noted that during Clark’s excavations, a section cut through a bird bone was found, thought to probably represent a bead (Clark 1954, 164). Of the 20 bird bones found here, seven demonstrate signs of human modification: six demonstrate evidence of percussion breaks or spiral fractures; the seventh was found on the dry land and was charred. One of the large bird bones has a cut mark. The breakage of these bones is
Figure 23.16: Spatial plot of the birds found at Star Carr within the main area of excavation (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). It should be noted that during Clark’s excavations, a section cut through a bird bone was found, thought to probably represent a bead (Clark 1954, 164). Of the 20 bird bones found here, seven demonstrate signs of human modification: six demonstrate evidence of percussion breaks or spiral fractures; the seventh was found on the dry land and was charred. One of the large bird bones has a cut mark. The breakage of these bones is
Figure 23.17: Removal of the distal end of diver humerus <116486> by a percussion break (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.17: Removal of the distal end of diver humerus <116486> by a percussion break (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.18: Spiral fracture to one end of a common crane tibiotarsus midshaft <115281> (Photograph taker by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.18: Spiral fracture to one end of a common crane tibiotarsus midshaft <115281> (Photograph taker by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.19: Spatial plot of wild cat (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.19: Spatial plot of wild cat (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.20: Element representation for wild cat (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 1996. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.20: Element representation for wild cat (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 1996. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.21: Photograph of a tooth mark to the edge of the proximal head of the humerus <116175> (Photo- graph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.21: Photograph of a tooth mark to the edge of the proximal head of the humerus <116175> (Photo- graph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.22: Spatial plot of wolf (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.22: Spatial plot of wolf (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.23: Spatial plot of dog (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.23: Spatial plot of dog (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.24: NISP of elements represented in the dog skeleton (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0)
Figure 23.24: NISP of elements represented in the dog skeleton (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0)
Figure 23.25: Element representation for dog (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau and V. Forest 1996. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.25: Element representation for dog (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau and V. Forest 1996. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Table 23.7: NISP and element distribution of the dog skeleton between the two separate groupings of bone.
Table 23.7: NISP and element distribution of the dog skeleton between the two separate groupings of bone.
Figure 23.26: Photograph of the in situ dog skeleton (group 1= left, group 2= right) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.26: Photograph of the in situ dog skeleton (group 1= left, group 2= right) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Table 23.8: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data of the dog. The elevated 5'°N values of the dog remains from Star Carr have previously been interpreted as being indica- tive of a degree of freshwater resource and/or aquatic bird consumption, or possibly of low levels of marine protein (Schulting and Richards 2002a). The 6'°N value of 10.5%o for the newly excavated Star Carr dog falls in line with these previous interpretations. In particular, when we consider the available isotope values for ter- restrial herbivores from Star Carr (Table 23.11; Schulting and Richards 2009), it can be seen that the dog values fall more than a trophic level (3-5%o) above these, therefore indicating that there must be additional protein source(s) in the diets of the dogs. Given the isotopic data already available for the site, it seems most probable
Table 23.8: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data of the dog. The elevated 5'°N values of the dog remains from Star Carr have previously been interpreted as being indica- tive of a degree of freshwater resource and/or aquatic bird consumption, or possibly of low levels of marine protein (Schulting and Richards 2002a). The 6'°N value of 10.5%o for the newly excavated Star Carr dog falls in line with these previous interpretations. In particular, when we consider the available isotope values for ter- restrial herbivores from Star Carr (Table 23.11; Schulting and Richards 2009), it can be seen that the dog values fall more than a trophic level (3-5%o) above these, therefore indicating that there must be additional protein source(s) in the diets of the dogs. Given the isotopic data already available for the site, it seems most probable
Figure 23.27: Dog isotope data from several British Mesolithic sites (data compiled from Schulting and Richards 2000; 2002a; 2002b; 2009; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.27: Dog isotope data from several British Mesolithic sites (data compiled from Schulting and Richards 2000; 2002a; 2002b; 2009; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.28: Spatial plot of pine marten (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.28: Spatial plot of pine marten (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.29: Element representation of pine marten (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2015. Adaptec by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.29: Element representation of pine marten (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2015. Adaptec by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.30: Spatial plot of wild boar (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.30: Spatial plot of wild boar (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Table 23.9: Wild boar maximum age ranges when eruption and fusion are complete. Tooth development based on Briederman (1965) and Matschke (1967), and bone fusion based on Lesbre (1897-8).
Table 23.9: Wild boar maximum age ranges when eruption and fusion are complete. Tooth development based on Briederman (1965) and Matschke (1967), and bone fusion based on Lesbre (1897-8).
Figure 23.31: Element representation of wild boar (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2003. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.31: Element representation of wild boar (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2003. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.32: NISP values of wild boar (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.32: NISP values of wild boar (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.33: Spatial plot of elk specimens (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0)
Figure 23.33: Spatial plot of elk specimens (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0)
Figure 23.34: Element representation of elk (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau and J. Treuillot 2013. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.34: Element representation of elk (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau and J. Treuillot 2013. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.35: NISP for elk (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.35: NISP for elk (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.37: NISP values for red deer (including backfill and flotation finds) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.37: NISP values for red deer (including backfill and flotation finds) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.36: Spatial plot for red deer (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.36: Spatial plot for red deer (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.38: Element representation of red deer (Copyright Archeozoo.org/J.-G. Ferrié 2004. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.38: Element representation of red deer (Copyright Archeozoo.org/J.-G. Ferrié 2004. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Table 23.10: Age estimation of the Star Carr red deer remains using epiphyseal fusion after Purdue (1983) and tooth eruption after Severinghaus (1949).
Table 23.10: Age estimation of the Star Carr red deer remains using epiphyseal fusion after Purdue (1983) and tooth eruption after Severinghaus (1949).
Figure 23.39: Red deer cranium <116020> with active remodelling and infection of the cortical bone across the entirety of the frontal bone (Copyright Neil Gevaux, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.39: Red deer cranium <116020> with active remodelling and infection of the cortical bone across the entirety of the frontal bone (Copyright Neil Gevaux, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.40: Red deer cranium <116020> with remodelling of the skull and pronounced muscle attachments on the parietals (Copyright Neil Gevaux, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.40: Red deer cranium <116020> with remodelling of the skull and pronounced muscle attachments on the parietals (Copyright Neil Gevaux, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.41: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) iso- tope data from several British Mesolithic sites (data compiled from Bowen et al. 2000; Schulting 2005; Schult- ing and Richards 2002b; 2009; Schulting et al. 2013; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Table 23.11: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data for the red deer samples analysed in this study.
Figure 23.41: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) iso- tope data from several British Mesolithic sites (data compiled from Bowen et al. 2000; Schulting 2005; Schult- ing and Richards 2002b; 2009; Schulting et al. 2013; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Table 23.11: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data for the red deer samples analysed in this study.
Figure 23.42: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), aurochs (Bos primigenius), elk (Alces alces) and wild horse (Equus ferus) isotope data from Star Carr and Flixton Island 2 (data compiled from Ste- vens and Hedges 2004; Schulting and Richards 2009; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.42: Red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), aurochs (Bos primigenius), elk (Alces alces) and wild horse (Equus ferus) isotope data from Star Carr and Flixton Island 2 (data compiled from Ste- vens and Hedges 2004; Schulting and Richards 2009; this study) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.43: Spatial plot of roe deer (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Roe deer were identified in the original assemblage (Clark 1954, 79-86) and re-examined by Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9), who identified 103 fragments and estimated an MNI of 17, based on right mandibles. A total of 88 specimens were identified from the recent excavations, spread across the site, with a concentration
Figure 23.43: Spatial plot of roe deer (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). Roe deer were identified in the original assemblage (Clark 1954, 79-86) and re-examined by Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9), who identified 103 fragments and estimated an MNI of 17, based on right mandibles. A total of 88 specimens were identified from the recent excavations, spread across the site, with a concentration
Figure 23.44: NISP for the roe deer in the assemblage (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.44: NISP for the roe deer in the assemblage (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.45: Element representation for roe deer (Copyright Archeozoo.org/J.-G. Ferrié 2005. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.45: Element representation for roe deer (Copyright Archeozoo.org/J.-G. Ferrié 2005. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.46: Spatial plot of aurochs. Mandibles are used in the calculations of MNI for roe deer. Seven specimens can be sided as right, five sided as left and one cannot be sided. Twelve of the mandibles contain teeth. The majority of the elements exhibit permanent adult dentition apart from one which has a mixture of deciduous and permanent teeth. Using these data, an MNI of six is established (five adults and one young adult) as it is possible to refit two of the right mandibles to one specimen. Two of the mandibles were found above the detrital wood scatter and the remain- ing four were found in Clark’s area. Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) had an MNI of 17, also based on right mandibles. By adding together our two groups of mandibles, the total roe deer MNI for the site is 23 individuals.
Figure 23.46: Spatial plot of aurochs. Mandibles are used in the calculations of MNI for roe deer. Seven specimens can be sided as right, five sided as left and one cannot be sided. Twelve of the mandibles contain teeth. The majority of the elements exhibit permanent adult dentition apart from one which has a mixture of deciduous and permanent teeth. Using these data, an MNI of six is established (five adults and one young adult) as it is possible to refit two of the right mandibles to one specimen. Two of the mandibles were found above the detrital wood scatter and the remain- ing four were found in Clark’s area. Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) had an MNI of 17, also based on right mandibles. By adding together our two groups of mandibles, the total roe deer MNI for the site is 23 individuals.
Figure 23.47: NISP for aurochs (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.47: NISP for aurochs (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.48: Element representation of aurochs (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2009. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.48: Element representation of aurochs (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2009. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.49: Metric comparison of the right (square) and left (circle) aurochs astragali data illustrating sexual dimorphism (males within the blue ellipse, females within the red ellipse) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.49: Metric comparison of the right (square) and left (circle) aurochs astragali data illustrating sexual dimorphism (males within the blue ellipse, females within the red ellipse) (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.50: Spatial plot of beaver (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). The humerus is the most dominant element. As there are four repeating fully developed distal articular ends, one right and three left, the MNI for aurochs is three. When looking at these remains spatially, two of the left distal humeri and the one right distal humerus were located above the central platform, and the third left dis- tal humerus was found within Clark’s area. As the peat above the central platform may be of a similar date to Clark’s area, the MNI remains at three. Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) provided an MNI of 16 based on metacarpals.
Figure 23.50: Spatial plot of beaver (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0). The humerus is the most dominant element. As there are four repeating fully developed distal articular ends, one right and three left, the MNI for aurochs is three. When looking at these remains spatially, two of the left distal humeri and the one right distal humerus were located above the central platform, and the third left dis- tal humerus was found within Clark’s area. As the peat above the central platform may be of a similar date to Clark’s area, the MNI remains at three. Legge and Rowley-Conwy (1988, 9) provided an MNI of 16 based on metacarpals.
Figure 23.51: Element representation of beaver (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2003. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.51: Element representation of beaver (Copyright Archeozoo.org/M. Coutureau 2003. Adapted by Becky Knight).
Figure 23.52: NISP of beaver in the assemblage (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.52: NISP of beaver in the assemblage (Copyright Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.53: Two of the beaver mandibles (<116813> left and <115878> right) with similar modification to remove the ascending ramus, and fragmentary incisors (left to right: <117547>, <116164> and <115881>) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.53: Two of the beaver mandibles (<116813> left and <115878> right) with similar modification to remove the ascending ramus, and fragmentary incisors (left to right: <117547>, <116164> and <115881>) (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.54: Polish just below the dental arcade on the mandible <115878> and on the buccal side of one of the molars, possibly suggesting the use of leather binding to create a tool from the mandible (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.54: Polish just below the dental arcade on the mandible <115878> and on the buccal side of one of the molars, possibly suggesting the use of leather binding to create a tool from the mandible (Photograph taken by Paul Shields. Copyright University of York, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.55: MNI comparison between Legge and Rowley-Conwy analysis and the current research (Copy- right Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
Figure 23.55: MNI comparison between Legge and Rowley-Conwy analysis and the current research (Copy- right Star Carr Project, CC BY-NC 4.0).
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