Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 3 – uploaded by Chris Mays

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Fig. 3. Geological map of Waihere Bay. This figure is the complementary inset map for Fig. 1. This map includes the fossil localities reported in this study.

Figure 3 Geological map of Waihere Bay. This figure is the complementary inset map for Fig. 1. This map includes the fossil localities reported in this study.

Related Figures (13)

There are only a few reports of Mid-Cretaceous macrofloral assem- blages from South Island, New Zealand, by Ettingshausen (1887), McQueen (1956) and Daniel (1989). Daniel (1989) illustrated several cryptogams (pls. 10-11) from the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian/Cenomanian) strata of the Clarence Valley, South Island, and included a comparison of various informally described fossil pinnules of the extinct osmundaceous Phyllopteroides; several of these were regarded as species by Parrish et al. (1998), but without formal taxonomic descriptions. Pole and Philippe (2010) reported dispersed gymnosperm and angiosperm leaf cuticle taxa from the Cenomanian-Turonian Tupuangi Formation of the Chatham Islands. Recent fieldwork on the Chatham Islands has yielded an extensive macroflora, which serves as the basis for the present study — the first of a series of contributions to document this floral Fig. 1. Geography of eastern Zealandia and the Chatham Islands. A) Map of modern eastern Zealandia. Bold black outline = modern coastline; fine grey outline = 2000 m isobath. B) Mar of Chatham Islands. A detailed map of the studied fossil localities is provided in Fig. 3. Adapted from Campbell et al. (1993) with permission. The Tupuangi Formation is the oldest sedimentary stratigraphic unit exposed on the Chatham Islands (Campbell et al., 1993). On the basis of spore-pollen biostratigraphy, the formation was originally correlated to the Motuan to Mangaotanean New Zealand chronostratigraphic stages (upper Albian to Turonian; R.A. Couper in Hay et al., 1970), but Mildenhall (1994) proposed a correlation to the Teratan New Zealand stage (Coniacian) for the uppermost strata. The biostratigraphic range was later refined to Ngaterian to Mangaotanean (Cenomanian to Turonian; Mays and Stilwell, 2013), as no autochthonous Motuan or
There are only a few reports of Mid-Cretaceous macrofloral assem- blages from South Island, New Zealand, by Ettingshausen (1887), McQueen (1956) and Daniel (1989). Daniel (1989) illustrated several cryptogams (pls. 10-11) from the Mid-Cretaceous (Albian/Cenomanian) strata of the Clarence Valley, South Island, and included a comparison of various informally described fossil pinnules of the extinct osmundaceous Phyllopteroides; several of these were regarded as species by Parrish et al. (1998), but without formal taxonomic descriptions. Pole and Philippe (2010) reported dispersed gymnosperm and angiosperm leaf cuticle taxa from the Cenomanian-Turonian Tupuangi Formation of the Chatham Islands. Recent fieldwork on the Chatham Islands has yielded an extensive macroflora, which serves as the basis for the present study — the first of a series of contributions to document this floral Fig. 1. Geography of eastern Zealandia and the Chatham Islands. A) Map of modern eastern Zealandia. Bold black outline = modern coastline; fine grey outline = 2000 m isobath. B) Mar of Chatham Islands. A detailed map of the studied fossil localities is provided in Fig. 3. Adapted from Campbell et al. (1993) with permission. The Tupuangi Formation is the oldest sedimentary stratigraphic unit exposed on the Chatham Islands (Campbell et al., 1993). On the basis of spore-pollen biostratigraphy, the formation was originally correlated to the Motuan to Mangaotanean New Zealand chronostratigraphic stages (upper Albian to Turonian; R.A. Couper in Hay et al., 1970), but Mildenhall (1994) proposed a correlation to the Teratan New Zealand stage (Coniacian) for the uppermost strata. The biostratigraphic range was later refined to Ngaterian to Mangaotanean (Cenomanian to Turonian; Mays and Stilwell, 2013), as no autochthonous Motuan or
Fig. 2. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Cenomanian (~95 Ma), south polar perspective. Polar circle latitude is based on modern value (66° 33’ 44”S). Ant. = Antarctica; Aus. = Australia; M. = Madagascar; S.A. = South America; Zeal. = Zealandia. Compiled from Mukasa and Dalziel (2000), Schellart et al. (2006) and Veevers (2006). Emergent land areas are modified from Markwick et al. (2000).
Fig. 2. Palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Cenomanian (~95 Ma), south polar perspective. Polar circle latitude is based on modern value (66° 33’ 44”S). Ant. = Antarctica; Aus. = Australia; M. = Madagascar; S.A. = South America; Zeal. = Zealandia. Compiled from Mukasa and Dalziel (2000), Schellart et al. (2006) and Veevers (2006). Emergent land areas are modified from Markwick et al. (2000).
Fig. 4. Composite stratigraphic column of the Tupuangi Formation succession at Waihere Bay, Pitt Island, with expanded stratigraphic logs of the coastal fossil localities reported in this study. The stratigraphic column has been divided into lower (A) and upper (B) sub-sections. Lithofacies are after the unit names of Hay et al. (1970), as discussed by Campbell et al. (1993). New Zealand chronostratigraphic stages are defined by Crampton et al. (2004). Ngat. = Ngaterian; Man. = Mangaotanean; ?Piri. = ?Piripauan; NZCS = New Zealand Chrono- stratigraphic Stage; SST = sandstone. Stratigraphic columns and chronostratigrapnhic correlations are adapted from Mavs and Stilwell (2013). Marchantiopsida or Jungermanniopsida, but the features necessary (e.g. sporophytic remains, cellular structure, rhizoids) to satisfactorily attribute it to either of these extant classes are not preserved. The grad- ual lightening of colour from the midribs suggests that the original tis- sue was thinner away from the costal regions and in the thallus apices; this feature is similar to Hepaticites undulatus Drinnan and Chambers, 1986 but the thalli of the present taxon are much smaller. Hepaticites minutus Cantrill, 1997 and Hepaticites arcuatus (Lindley and Hutton, 1837) Harris, 1942 both feature similar branching patterns, but the thalli of the former are consistently smaller, whilst those of the latter are larger, and both lack the apical notches that characterise The present taxon is assigned to the fossil-genus Hepaticites, which includes all fossil taxa having an apparent relationship to the “Hepaticae”, following the system employed by Oostendorp (1987). Recent phylogenetic reviews of extant liverworts have disbanded Hepaticae, and recognised three distinct classes under Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniopsida, Haplomitriopsida and Marchantiopsida (Crandall- Stotler and Stotler, 2000; Crandall-Stotler et al., 2009). The thalloid orga- nisation of the present taxon is most similar to extant members of
Fig. 4. Composite stratigraphic column of the Tupuangi Formation succession at Waihere Bay, Pitt Island, with expanded stratigraphic logs of the coastal fossil localities reported in this study. The stratigraphic column has been divided into lower (A) and upper (B) sub-sections. Lithofacies are after the unit names of Hay et al. (1970), as discussed by Campbell et al. (1993). New Zealand chronostratigraphic stages are defined by Crampton et al. (2004). Ngat. = Ngaterian; Man. = Mangaotanean; ?Piri. = ?Piripauan; NZCS = New Zealand Chrono- stratigraphic Stage; SST = sandstone. Stratigraphic columns and chronostratigrapnhic correlations are adapted from Mavs and Stilwell (2013). Marchantiopsida or Jungermanniopsida, but the features necessary (e.g. sporophytic remains, cellular structure, rhizoids) to satisfactorily attribute it to either of these extant classes are not preserved. The grad- ual lightening of colour from the midribs suggests that the original tis- sue was thinner away from the costal regions and in the thallus apices; this feature is similar to Hepaticites undulatus Drinnan and Chambers, 1986 but the thalli of the present taxon are much smaller. Hepaticites minutus Cantrill, 1997 and Hepaticites arcuatus (Lindley and Hutton, 1837) Harris, 1942 both feature similar branching patterns, but the thalli of the former are consistently smaller, whilst those of the latter are larger, and both lack the apical notches that characterise The present taxon is assigned to the fossil-genus Hepaticites, which includes all fossil taxa having an apparent relationship to the “Hepaticae”, following the system employed by Oostendorp (1987). Recent phylogenetic reviews of extant liverworts have disbanded Hepaticae, and recognised three distinct classes under Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniopsida, Haplomitriopsida and Marchantiopsida (Crandall- Stotler and Stotler, 2000; Crandall-Stotler et al., 2009). The thalloid orga- nisation of the present taxon is most similar to extant members of
Fig. 4 (continued).
Fig. 4 (continued).
Fig. 5. Images of marchantiophyte, bryophyte and lycophyte specimens. A-C) Hepaticites sp., PL1014. A) Microphotograph of specimen taken under ethanol, scale = 5 mm. B) Line drawins of preserved thalli, dashed lines represent inferred margin, bold lines show where costae are observed, shaded areas represent thalli that do not appear to be attached to the outlined spec. imen, scale = 5 mm. C) Microphotograph taken under ethanol exhibiting notched apices (arrows), scale = 0.5 mm. D-G) Muscites gracilis Mays and Cantrill sp. nov. D-F, holotype, PL1027 scales = 2 mm. D) Composite micrograph of medial portion of stem exhibiting complex branching habit. E) Distal portion of stem. F) Line drawing of distal portion of stem (as illustrated ir E), featuring examples of both dorsiventrally (D) and laterally (L) flattened leaves, white areas represent leaves including costae where observed, dashed lines represent inferred margins, costae of missing or obscured parts, shaded area represents the stem. G) Distal portion showing costae along basiscopic margin of laterally flattened leaves, PL1034, scale = 1 mm. H Lycopodites sp., preserved medial portion, PL1002, scale = 1 mm.
Fig. 5. Images of marchantiophyte, bryophyte and lycophyte specimens. A-C) Hepaticites sp., PL1014. A) Microphotograph of specimen taken under ethanol, scale = 5 mm. B) Line drawins of preserved thalli, dashed lines represent inferred margin, bold lines show where costae are observed, shaded areas represent thalli that do not appear to be attached to the outlined spec. imen, scale = 5 mm. C) Microphotograph taken under ethanol exhibiting notched apices (arrows), scale = 0.5 mm. D-G) Muscites gracilis Mays and Cantrill sp. nov. D-F, holotype, PL1027 scales = 2 mm. D) Composite micrograph of medial portion of stem exhibiting complex branching habit. E) Distal portion of stem. F) Line drawing of distal portion of stem (as illustrated ir E), featuring examples of both dorsiventrally (D) and laterally (L) flattened leaves, white areas represent leaves including costae where observed, dashed lines represent inferred margins, costae of missing or obscured parts, shaded area represents the stem. G) Distal portion showing costae along basiscopic margin of laterally flattened leaves, PL1034, scale = 1 mm. H Lycopodites sp., preserved medial portion, PL1002, scale = 1 mm.
Fig. 6. Cladophlebis auriculipilosus Mays and Tosolini sp. nov. holotype. A, B) Compression, PL1036, scales = 10 mm. A) Possible basal portion of frond exhibiting alternating organisation c pinnae. B) Venation detail under ethanol. C-E) Counterpart impression of specimen illustrated in A, B, PL1035, scales = 2.5 mm. C) Microphotograph featuring the elongated trichom bases on rachis and rachilla. D) Medial portion of pinna impression with pinnule details, photograph taken with illumination at a low angle of incidence (from top of image) to emphasis venation and curved lamina surface, arrows indicate probable revolute sinuses on the apical sides of the auricles. Note that this impression represents the abaxial surface of the pinns E) Line drawing of pinna illustrated in D featuring pinnule basal relationships including a tendency for the auricles to underlap the decurrent basiscopic margins of the acropetal pinnule: dashed lines represent complementary details from compression, shaded area represents the rachilla.
Fig. 6. Cladophlebis auriculipilosus Mays and Tosolini sp. nov. holotype. A, B) Compression, PL1036, scales = 10 mm. A) Possible basal portion of frond exhibiting alternating organisation c pinnae. B) Venation detail under ethanol. C-E) Counterpart impression of specimen illustrated in A, B, PL1035, scales = 2.5 mm. C) Microphotograph featuring the elongated trichom bases on rachis and rachilla. D) Medial portion of pinna impression with pinnule details, photograph taken with illumination at a low angle of incidence (from top of image) to emphasis venation and curved lamina surface, arrows indicate probable revolute sinuses on the apical sides of the auricles. Note that this impression represents the abaxial surface of the pinns E) Line drawing of pinna illustrated in D featuring pinnule basal relationships including a tendency for the auricles to underlap the decurrent basiscopic margins of the acropetal pinnule: dashed lines represent complementary details from compression, shaded area represents the rachilla.
Please cite this article as: Mays, C., et al., Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) macroflora from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand: Bryo- phytes, lycophytes and pteridophytes..., Gondwana Research (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.017
Please cite this article as: Mays, C., et al., Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) macroflora from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand: Bryo- phytes, lycophytes and pteridophytes..., Gondwana Research (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.017
Fig. 7. Artist's reconstruction of the adaxial frond surface of Cladophlebis auriculipilosus Mays and Tosolini sp. nov. Scale = 20 mm. Artist: Elyse Butterworth.
Fig. 7. Artist's reconstruction of the adaxial frond surface of Cladophlebis auriculipilosus Mays and Tosolini sp. nov. Scale = 20 mm. Artist: Elyse Butterworth.
Fig. 8. Sphenopteris sp. cf. S. warragulensis. A, B) Impression of degraded partial frond, illustrating pinna arrangement, PL1015, scales = 1 mm. A) Photograph taken with low angle light tc accentuate venation details. B) Line drawing, shaded lobe is not attached to unshaded frond. C, D) Partial pinna, PL1024, scales = 5 mm. C) Composite microphotograph, specimen has been unevenly oxidised with only partial compression preserved. D) Line drawing showing venation pattern and variably lobulate to serrate distal margins, shaded lobe may not have been attached to non-shaded pinna. E, F) Impression of partial lobe, PL1019, scales = 2.5 mm. E) Composite microphotograph. F. Line drawing.
Fig. 8. Sphenopteris sp. cf. S. warragulensis. A, B) Impression of degraded partial frond, illustrating pinna arrangement, PL1015, scales = 1 mm. A) Photograph taken with low angle light tc accentuate venation details. B) Line drawing, shaded lobe is not attached to unshaded frond. C, D) Partial pinna, PL1024, scales = 5 mm. C) Composite microphotograph, specimen has been unevenly oxidised with only partial compression preserved. D) Line drawing showing venation pattern and variably lobulate to serrate distal margins, shaded lobe may not have been attached to non-shaded pinna. E, F) Impression of partial lobe, PL1019, scales = 2.5 mm. E) Composite microphotograph. F. Line drawing.
Fig. 9. Adiantites sp. A, B) Isolated (?terminal) pinna impression, PL1007, scales = 5 mm. A) Microphotograph of specimen under ethanol. B) Line drawing, shaded areas indicate interlobate lamina areas extending to sinuses, partitioning seven separate lobes. C, D) Isolated (?terminal) pinna with preserved serrate margin details, PL1025, scales = 5 mm. C) Pho: tograph. D) Line drawing, AA = axis of alternation. E, F) Impression fossil of two leaves attached to rachis, PL1005, scales = 5 mm. E) Photograph. F) Line drawing. G) Medial portion o rachis showing arrangement of pinnae, PL1000, scale = 10 mm.
Fig. 9. Adiantites sp. A, B) Isolated (?terminal) pinna impression, PL1007, scales = 5 mm. A) Microphotograph of specimen under ethanol. B) Line drawing, shaded areas indicate interlobate lamina areas extending to sinuses, partitioning seven separate lobes. C, D) Isolated (?terminal) pinna with preserved serrate margin details, PL1025, scales = 5 mm. C) Pho: tograph. D) Line drawing, AA = axis of alternation. E, F) Impression fossil of two leaves attached to rachis, PL1005, scales = 5 mm. E) Photograph. F) Line drawing. G) Medial portion o rachis showing arrangement of pinnae, PL1000, scale = 10 mm.
Related topics:
Polar Studies
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved