Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 6 – uploaded by Brayan Arias

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
1 In this report, one unit (U) of pectinase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme which reduced the initial viscosity by 50% in 10 min. * Original values were reported, where the Enzymatic Unit is expressed by the amount of product released in pg/min instead of pmol/min. ° See the original value in Table 4 but on a wet substrate base (gws). A 65% (m/m) of moisture content at the end was assumed to calculate the pectinases activity on dry substrate (gds). Table 5. Some SSF processes leading to pectinase production by Aspergillus spp. and their characteristics.

Table 4 1 In this report, one unit (U) of pectinase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme which reduced the initial viscosity by 50% in 10 min. * Original values were reported, where the Enzymatic Unit is expressed by the amount of product released in pg/min instead of pmol/min. ° See the original value in Table 4 but on a wet substrate base (gws). A 65% (m/m) of moisture content at the end was assumed to calculate the pectinases activity on dry substrate (gds). Table 5. Some SSF processes leading to pectinase production by Aspergillus spp. and their characteristics.

Related Figures (9)

Figure 1. Diagram of the experimental installation, composed of three tray-type SSF bioreactors, with temperature and relative humidity controls. The SSF experiments were carried out in tray-type bioreactors, in three similar devices made of wood, with dimensions of 30 x 33 x 40 cm (width x depth x height) and a glass on the front side. Each bioreactor had temperature and relative humidity sensors (DHT11) coupled to an Arduino controller that allowed the precise setting of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) of each treatment, with precision of +1 °C and +2%, respectively (Figure 1). The system were coupled to three compressors and fans to provide wet, water- saturated, and homogeneous aeration inside the box in case the relative humidity inside the enclosure fell below the predetermined value. An electric heater allowed maintaining the temperature inside each bioreactor around the predetermined value in each treatment.
Figure 1. Diagram of the experimental installation, composed of three tray-type SSF bioreactors, with temperature and relative humidity controls. The SSF experiments were carried out in tray-type bioreactors, in three similar devices made of wood, with dimensions of 30 x 33 x 40 cm (width x depth x height) and a glass on the front side. Each bioreactor had temperature and relative humidity sensors (DHT11) coupled to an Arduino controller that allowed the precise setting of the temperature and relative humidity (RH) of each treatment, with precision of +1 °C and +2%, respectively (Figure 1). The system were coupled to three compressors and fans to provide wet, water- saturated, and homogeneous aeration inside the box in case the relative humidity inside the enclosure fell below the predetermined value. An electric heater allowed maintaining the temperature inside each bioreactor around the predetermined value in each treatment.
1 Average + standard deviation (n = 3). * The corresponding Ecuadorian technical standard (NTE) is shown in parentheses. Table 1. Physical-chemical analysis of dehydrated samples of coffee residues. Samples of dehydrated (DH) coffee residues (husk and pulp) after washing, dry- ing, grinding, sieving, and packing (Figure 1) were analyzed to determine the content of reducing sugars, moisture, acidity, and ashes, according to established and accepted methodologies (Table 1).
1 Average + standard deviation (n = 3). * The corresponding Ecuadorian technical standard (NTE) is shown in parentheses. Table 1. Physical-chemical analysis of dehydrated samples of coffee residues. Samples of dehydrated (DH) coffee residues (husk and pulp) after washing, dry- ing, grinding, sieving, and packing (Figure 1) were analyzed to determine the content of reducing sugars, moisture, acidity, and ashes, according to established and accepted methodologies (Table 1).
Table 2. Coded and actual factors and responses consisting in spore count (#sp.) and enzymatic activity in international units (IU) per gram of the wet substrate (gws) obtained from experiments of 3-level factorial RSM.
Table 2. Coded and actual factors and responses consisting in spore count (#sp.) and enzymatic activity in international units (IU) per gram of the wet substrate (gws) obtained from experiments of 3-level factorial RSM.
ANOVA for Quadratic Model of Transformed Spore Count (#sp./gws) ANOVA for Quadratic Model of Transformed EA (IU/gws)
ANOVA for Quadratic Model of Transformed Spore Count (#sp./gws) ANOVA for Quadratic Model of Transformed EA (IU/gws)
Figure 2. Analysis of the quadratic models of the transformed responses for spore count (upper part, al,c1) and enzymatic activity (lower part, a2,c2) per gws. (a1,a2) Normality of the residuals for the models shown in Equations (2) and (3), respectively. (b1,b2) Student’s t external distribution of the residuals. (c1,c2) Correspondence between the real values of the responses with the values obtained with the models shown in Equations (2) and (3), respectively.
Figure 2. Analysis of the quadratic models of the transformed responses for spore count (upper part, al,c1) and enzymatic activity (lower part, a2,c2) per gws. (a1,a2) Normality of the residuals for the models shown in Equations (2) and (3), respectively. (b1,b2) Student’s t external distribution of the residuals. (c1,c2) Correspondence between the real values of the responses with the values obtained with the models shown in Equations (2) and (3), respectively.
Figure 3. 3D and contour plots for the quadratic models of the transformed responses expressed by Equations (2) and (3) for spore count (upper) and Enzymatic Activity (lower), respectively. (a1,a2) 3D plots for spore count and enzyme activity, respectively. (b1,b2) Contour plots for spore count and enzyme activity, respectively. Figure 3. 3D and contour plots for the quadratic models of the transformed responses expressed by
Figure 3. 3D and contour plots for the quadratic models of the transformed responses expressed by Equations (2) and (3) for spore count (upper) and Enzymatic Activity (lower), respectively. (a1,a2) 3D plots for spore count and enzyme activity, respectively. (b1,b2) Contour plots for spore count and enzyme activity, respectively. Figure 3. 3D and contour plots for the quadratic models of the transformed responses expressed by
Figure 4. Graphics of a single suggested value of the desirability function for the simultaneous a a PONE Lee eo EA, LM MT fee eC LTE, EE alt Ege MES ee mE On, SM cece ET Deer eRe mm SE fy OP ee eer ty
Figure 4. Graphics of a single suggested value of the desirability function for the simultaneous a a PONE Lee eo EA, LM MT fee eC LTE, EE alt Ege MES ee mE On, SM cece ET Deer eRe mm SE fy OP ee eer ty
1 For transformed responses, the predicted mean and median might differ on the original scale. 7 For transform: responses, the data mean was calculated on the transformed scale. Table 4. Results of the three confirmatory experiments to validate the models of the desirability function and the quadratic models for the transformed responses of number of spores and AE per gws. 4. Discussion Table 4. Results of the three confirmatory experiments to validate the models of the desirability Aspergillus it is a fungus perfectly adapted to various ecosystems thanks to its well- stocked enzymatic machinery that allows it to use the available plant biomass. Possibly, although it must be confirmed with complementary studies, the secretion of pectinolytic enzymes is associated, or partially associated, with the growth of the fungus. In fact, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7529 was obtained between untransformed S and AE (raising to a value of —0.8729 for transformed S and AE), indicating a possible correlation between S and EA.
1 For transformed responses, the predicted mean and median might differ on the original scale. 7 For transform: responses, the data mean was calculated on the transformed scale. Table 4. Results of the three confirmatory experiments to validate the models of the desirability function and the quadratic models for the transformed responses of number of spores and AE per gws. 4. Discussion Table 4. Results of the three confirmatory experiments to validate the models of the desirability Aspergillus it is a fungus perfectly adapted to various ecosystems thanks to its well- stocked enzymatic machinery that allows it to use the available plant biomass. Possibly, although it must be confirmed with complementary studies, the secretion of pectinolytic enzymes is associated, or partially associated, with the growth of the fungus. In fact, a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.7529 was obtained between untransformed S and AE (raising to a value of —0.8729 for transformed S and AE), indicating a possible correlation between S and EA.
Related topics:
Food ScienceSolid State Fermentation
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved