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Fig. 5. View of the coupling observed between changes in the abundances of the 9 microbial groups involved in soil N dynamics studied along each fertilization gradient: (Left) N gradient; (Middle) P gradient; and (Right) NP gradient. Dark grey links indicate significant and positive relationships (link thickness proportional to correlation coefficient) while the two light grey, dotted links indicate significant negative relationships. Correlation coefficient values are presented in Tables S2—S4.

Figure 5 View of the coupling observed between changes in the abundances of the 9 microbial groups involved in soil N dynamics studied along each fertilization gradient: (Left) N gradient; (Middle) P gradient; and (Right) NP gradient. Dark grey links indicate significant and positive relationships (link thickness proportional to correlation coefficient) while the two light grey, dotted links indicate significant negative relationships. Correlation coefficient values are presented in Tables S2—S4.

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Changes in soil characteristics along the 3 fertilization gradients. Data are means + SE (n = 6). OC, TN, NHj-N, NO3-N and AP refer to concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and available phosphorus, respectively. AN/AP is the available nitrogen-to-available phosphorus ratio. For each soil parameter, letters indicate significant (p < 0.05) differences between fertilization levels (including control) for each fertilizer form. Note that the NOPO and N10PO treatments appear two times.
Changes in soil characteristics along the 3 fertilization gradients. Data are means + SE (n = 6). OC, TN, NHj-N, NO3-N and AP refer to concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and available phosphorus, respectively. AN/AP is the available nitrogen-to-available phosphorus ratio. For each soil parameter, letters indicate significant (p < 0.05) differences between fertilization levels (including control) for each fertilizer form. Note that the NOPO and N10PO treatments appear two times.
Fig. 1. Changes in the abundances of the four nitrifier groups (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB; ammonia oxidizing archaea AOA; Nitrobacter; and Nitrospira) in soil
Fig. 1. Changes in the abundances of the four nitrifier groups (ammonia oxidizing bacteria, AOB; ammonia oxidizing archaea AOA; Nitrobacter; and Nitrospira) in soil
Fig. 4. Changes in the abundances of N2 fixers (nifH gene copies), nitrate reducers (narG gene copies), nitrite reducers (nirK and nirS gene copies) and N20 reducers (nosZ gene copies) in soil along the P fertilizer gradient without N addition. Regression lines are significant for Nz fixers, nitrate reducers and N2O reducers.
Fig. 4. Changes in the abundances of N2 fixers (nifH gene copies), nitrate reducers (narG gene copies), nitrite reducers (nirK and nirS gene copies) and N20 reducers (nosZ gene copies) in soil along the P fertilizer gradient without N addition. Regression lines are significant for Nz fixers, nitrate reducers and N2O reducers.
Fig. 6. Synthesis of the effects of the three types of fertilization on the abundances of the different microbial groups involved in soil N dynamics, potential nitrification rate, PNR, and soil nitrate levels: (Top) N fertilization gradient without P addition; (Middle) P fertilization gradient without N addition; and (Bottom) P fertilization gradient with constant N addition. Grey colours indicate groups for which changes in abundances are correlated; white indicates groups not well correlated to other groups; and black refers to PNR and nitrate levels. Numbers nearby boxes (e.g. X 1.89) indicate the amplitude of abundance changes for the microbial group from the control, non-fertilized plots to the plots with the maximum fertilizer level.
Fig. 6. Synthesis of the effects of the three types of fertilization on the abundances of the different microbial groups involved in soil N dynamics, potential nitrification rate, PNR, and soil nitrate levels: (Top) N fertilization gradient without P addition; (Middle) P fertilization gradient without N addition; and (Bottom) P fertilization gradient with constant N addition. Grey colours indicate groups for which changes in abundances are correlated; white indicates groups not well correlated to other groups; and black refers to PNR and nitrate levels. Numbers nearby boxes (e.g. X 1.89) indicate the amplitude of abundance changes for the microbial group from the control, non-fertilized plots to the plots with the maximum fertilizer level.
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http:// x.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.023.
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http:// x.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.07.023.
Related topics:
Grassland EcologySoil ecologySoil Microbial EcologyBiological Nitrogen FixationSoil MicrobiologyNitrogen FertilizationNitrite ReductaseSoil phosphorusNitrite Oxidizing BacteriaAmmonia Oxidation
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