Soil phosphorus

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the solubilization of soil P without external fertilizer application to rice ADT(R) 45 as test crop. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design with three factors and three replications. Four soil samples (low labile and non-labile P, low labile high non-labile P, high labile low non-labile P and high labile and non-labile P) were collected from PAJANCOA & RI, Karaikal Institute farm and tested under two moisture regimes (Continuous submergence and Alternate wetting and drying) and two levels of P solubilizers (Without and with Phosphobacteria). It was figured out that low and high non-labile P in rice plants resulted in taller plants with more tillers and high dry matter production(DMP),while soils with low labile and high non-labile P remained similar. The application of P-solubilizers like phosphobacteria with alternate wetting and drying led to higher number of filled grains/ panicle and higher grain yield, in soils with low labile and high non-labile P in comparison with continuous submergence. The study found that nutrient P availability, solubilization, absorption, and translocation within plants are a factor-driven phenomenon, affecting plant growth and yield. Soil with low labile and high non-labile P showed a higher response during early growth stages, while high labile and non-labile P showed equal responses at later stages. The study suggests that continuous P fertilization over and above crop demand alters nutrient availability, plant growth, and yield.

Compared to discharge into waterways, land application of treated municipal effluent (TME) can reduce the need for both inorganic fertilizers and irrigation. However, TME irrigation may result in the accumulation of phosphorus (P) or trace elements in soil, and increased salinity and sodicity, which could damage soil structure and reduce infiltration. TME irrigation can also result in groundwater contamination through nitrate leaching or surface water contamination through runoff. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing TME irrigation rates on quantity and quality of leachate and pasture growth in a lysimeter experiment using a Fluvial Recent soil and a Fragic Pallic soil. Pasture growth in the lysimeters was up to 2.5-fold higher in the TME treatments compared to the non-irrigated treatments. There were no signs of toxicity or accumulation of B, Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, As, and Zn. TME significantly increased the concentration of P and Na in the pasture. Nitrogen leaching...

Background and Objective: Soil properties play a key role in ecosystem processes and carbon sequestration, but their variation by forest type and depth has not been explored in Cambodia. This study aimed to analyze key soil properties, such as nitrogen (N (%)), pH, organic matter (OM (%)), organic carbon (SOC (%)), and exchangeable hydrogen (H meq/g) in three forest types: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous forests. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from three depth intervals (0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm) by forest type. Standard laboratory methods were used to determine soil properties, including SOC and OM content, bulk density, and exchangeable hydrogen. Descriptive stats, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation (p<0.05) were performed in Excel and R to analyze soil properties. Results: Evergreen forests showed the highest OM (4.0% at 0-10 cm) and SOC (2.35% at 0-10 cm), resulting in lower pH (4.80) and more acidic soils with the highest exchangeable hydrogen (23.57 meq/g). Across all forest types, OM and SOC decreased with depth, reaching the lowest SOC values at 20-30 cm (evergreen: 1.74%, semi-evergreen: 1.65%, deciduous: 1.64%). Bulk density increased with depth, with the lowest values observed in evergreen forests (1.08 g/cm 3 at 0-10 cm), indicating better soil structure and porosity. Soil carbon stocks were highest in the 0-10 cm layer (semi-evergreen: 26.07 Mg/ha) and declined at 20-30 cm (semi-evergreen: 19.59 mg/ha). Conclusion: The study revealed a significant effect of forest type and soil depth on soil carbon storage and nutrient accumulation. High SOC and OM in evergreen forests contribute to improved soil quality but also increase soil acidity. These findings provide important insights for sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation efforts, emphasizing the importance of maintaining soil carbon stocks in forest ecosystems.

is one of several metals that have come under suspicion in recent years as environmental contaminants potentially harmful to human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of Cd in soil and its distribution in root, stem and leaf of lettuce plants grown in a soil contaminated with Cd. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Piracicaba-SP. Lettuce plants (two plants/pot) were cultivated in pots filled with 3/dm 3 of Oxisol samples using a randomized block design in a factorial scheme (5 x 2) with three replicates. The treatments consisted of: 0.0; 0.5; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg/dm 3 rates of Cd (as CdCl 2 ), based on the guideline established by the Environmental Agency of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil -Cetesb. The external loading of Cd increased available Cd in soil as estimated by three extractors: DTPA, Mehlich-1 and CaCl 2 . The concentration of Cd accumulated in different parts of plants was positively related to available Cd in the soil and to Cd application rates. The current "prevention" values of soil contamination for Cd proposed by Cetesb were somewhat restrictive but may still result in Cd concentration in the edible part of lettuce above the permitted value by food legislation.

This study examines the resource use efficiency of cassava and maize production on two soil series in Oyo State. Data collected from 200 cassava/maize farmers using multistage sampling procedure were analyzed using the descriptive statistics (to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers) and budgetary analysis (to determine the costs and returns structure of cassava/maize production). The result of the budgetary analysis revealed that farmers cultivating cassava/maize on the Iwo soil series earned more profit than cultivating on the Egbeda soil series in terms of net farm income between total revenue and cost. This study has thus revealed that the Iwo cassava/maize soil series farmers performed better than their Egbeda counterpart.

a Conservation Science Program, World Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th St. NW, Washington D.C. 20037, United States b Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States c Department of Economics, Bowdoin College, 9700 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, United States d Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States e Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, 1954 Buford Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States

Garden egg is a common vegetable with low yield due to high phosphorus fixation and nutrient mining in traditional land-use systems on many tropical soils. The amelioration of phosphorus deficiency in soil using Single Super Phosphate (SSP) fertiliser requires appropriate application levels to mitigate insufficiency or toxicity that could impair crop yield and soil health. Consequently, the influence of SSP fertiliser on garden egg performance and changes in soil microbial populations were investigated. Single Super Phosphate fertilisers at 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P2O5/ha were evaluated in completely randomised design and randomised complete block design
in pot and field conditions, respectively, with three treatment replicates. Data on growth, yield and microbes were analysed at p<0.05. The highest growth parameters observed were at 30 kg P2O5/ha, while the control had the lowest values. Applying 30 kg P2O5/ha significantly (p<0.05) enhanced garden egg fruit yield compared to the other treatments in the pot experiment. In the field, the respective fruit yield of 10695.00 and 12235.74 kg/ha at 30 and 45 kg P2O5/ha were significantly higher than the control (4763.70 kg/ha) but similar to 15 kg P2O5/ha (9313.80 kg/ha). The 30 kg
P2O5/ha treatment resulted in a 14.82% yield increase compared to the 15 kg P2O5/ha treatment. Bacterial and fungal communities were higher at 30 kg P2O5/ha (7.0 × 104 and 0.5 × 106 cfu/g of soil) and lower at 45 kg P2O5/ha (4.5 × 104 and 0.2 × 106 cfu/g of soil). Application of single super phosphate at 30 kg P2O5/ha improved garden egg performance and associated microbial populations, and it is therefore recommended.

Garden egg is a common vegetable with low yield due to high phosphorus fixation and nutrient mining in traditional land-use systems on many tropical soils. The amelioration of phosphorus deficiency in soil using Single Super Phosphate (SSP) fertiliser requires appropriate application levels to mitigate insufficiency or toxicity that could impair crop yield and soil health. Consequently, the influence of SSP fertiliser on garden egg performance and changes in soil microbial populations were investigated. Single Super Phosphate fertilisers at 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P2O5/ha were evaluated in completely randomised design and randomised complete block design in pot and field conditions, respectively, with three treatment replicates. Data on growth, yield and microbes were analysed at p<0.05. The highest growth parameters observed were at 30 kg P2O5/ha, while the control had the lowest values. Applying 30 kg P2O5/ha significantly (p<0.05) enhanced garden egg fruit yield compared to the other treatments in the pot experiment. In the field, the respective fruit yield of 10695.00 and 12235.74 kg/ha at 30 and 45 kg P2O5/ha were significantly higher than the control (4763.70 kg/ha) but similar to 15 kg P2O5/ha (9313.80 kg/ha). The 30 kg P2O5/ha treatment resulted in a 14.82% yield increase compared to the 15 kg P2O5/ha treatment. Bacterial and fungal communities were higher at 30 kg P2O5/ha (7.0 × 10 4 and 0.5 × 10 6 cfu/g of soil) and lower at 45 kg P2O5/ha (4.5 × 10 4 and 0.2 × 10 6 cfu/g of soil). Application of single super phosphate at 30 kg P2O5/ha improved garden egg performance and associated microbial populations, and it is therefore recommended.

Phosphorus is a key irreplaceable nutrient that plays a major role in crop nutrition. The mineral form of phosphorus fertiliser is a mined resource and its supply comes predominantly from geopolitically sensitive parts of the world. A renewable source of phosphorus such as biosolids therefore offers a sustainable option. Nevertheless, continuous application of biosolids needs to be managed to ensure that soil is not saturated with nutrients which can then become a cause for concern in terms of enrichment of water bodies in the event of an erosion. Existing field trials have demonstrated the efficacy of biosolids as phosphorus fertiliser to meet crop demand whilst maintaining an environmentally safe amount in the soil. However, field trials are expensive, and an alternative would be a geospatial tool that builds on such information to act as a decision support tool to determine suitability of land to receive biosolids whilst ensuring that phosphorus levels are in environmentally safe limits. Thus, a novel and evidence-based decision support method for assessing land suitability for biosolids application at a national scale known as the Phosphate Acceptance Map (PAM) is described here. It provides a sound basis for addressing this need, layering over the model the means to capture a range of realistic scenarios, developed with industry practitioners, to allow exploration of the consequences of different land management strategies. The research method has involved the development and application of a modelling approach for phosphate acceptance, drawing from a collation of the core geographical and descriptive data themes required. These data describe both the environmental characteristics of the land under assessment, as well as the expression of nominal stakeholder values and protected areas. In considering the methods, it may be noted that the modelling drew upon key empirical data themes as a pragmatic approach. A number of key national datasets have been utilised such as the National Soil Map (Natmap), the 'National Soil Inventory' (NSI), geology and land use, as well as topography and prevailing climatic data. Demographic data was used to calculate potential arising nationally which was coupled together in the context of fertiliser recommendations. The issues addressed in the PAM modelling span borders and thus, where the data required is forthcoming, the methods demonstrated also have the potential to support wider application in other national contexts.

Los objetivos principales del estudio fueron cuantificar el nivel óptimo de P y la forma de aplicación del fertilizante soluble superfosfato triple (SFT) y determinar la dinámica del P inorgánico (Pi) y orgánico (Po) en sus diferentes &quot;Pools&quot; en el suelo a través del tiempo, en la altillanura plana, en un suelo ácido altamente meteorizado (Oxisol) de baja fertilidad y alta capacidad de fijación de P, en un ensayo satélite al Ensayo Culticore, denominado P residual en un sistema de cultivo rotacional de maíz (primer semestre) y soya (segundo semestre), establecido en 1993 y hasta 1997. Se compararon aplicaciones anuales de P: 0, 20, 30 y 50 kg/ha contra una única aplicación realizada al inicio del establecimiento del ensayo. Las dosis evaluadas de P residual fueron 80, 120 y 200 kg/ha. Se utilizó la técnica del fraccionamiento secuencial de P modificada por l-ledley et al. (1982) y Tiessen y Moir (1993), en la diferenciación de los diferentes &quot;Pools&quot; de P en el su...

Westmoreland County Industrial Development Corporation (WCIDC) contracted with GAi Consultants to conduct a Phase IA archaeological study of a 143.3-acre parcel for the proposed Westmoreland Technology Park II project in East Huntingdon and Hempfield Townships, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (Figure 1). The project area is located in the northwest corner of the intersection of Technology Drive and SR 3093 (Figure 2). The purpose of this Phase IA study is to conduct background research and ground truth preliminary assessments of archaeological potential based on this research in order to identify those locations within the project area that have a high to moderate potential for archaeological site locations. Those locations will require a Phase IB survey with subsurface testing and, possibly, surface collecting.
In a letter to GAi Consultants, Inc. dated December 8, 2005 (Appendix A), the Pennsylvania Historic and Museum Commission (PHMC) Bureau for Historic Preservation (BHP) indicated that a Phase I archaeological survey was recommended prior to construction. In their letter of December 8, 2005, the PH MC-BHP determined that no evaluation of historic structures was necessary in the project area. (The only structure within the study area was an abandoned structure that was less than 40-years old.) This study followed the Guidelines for Archaeological Investigations of the Pennsylvania Bureau of Historic Preservation (1991 ). The Area of Potential Effect (APE) for archaeological resources is the 143.3-acre project area.
The 143.3-acre parcel included all or part of three hilltops (see Figure 1 ). A large agricultural field was located in the southern portion of the project area. Woods cover much of the remainder of the study area. Background research for this project indicated that no previously recorded sites are present in the project area. Historic map research suggested that there are two areas with a potential for historic archaeological remains within the project area. These maps indicate the presence of a former 19th century house along the eastern edge of the project area; another 19th century house may have once stood just outside of the southern project limits. It appears likely that construction of SR3093 and Technology Drive destroyed any archaeological remains associated with these former structures.
Following background research, GAi's crew chief, Marina Davis, conducted a Phase IA field overview on the 143.3-acre parcel to ground truth preliminary assessments of archaeological potential. Conducted on December 4, 2005, this study assessed slope, surface disturbances, topographic setting and other factors that may affect the archaeological potential across the project area. Steep slopes, wetlands, and disturbed areas were considered to have low to no potential for archaeological sites.
Based on Phase IA findings, GAi recommends that a Phase IB survey in the form of subsurface testing be undertaken within six Areas (Areas B, C, D, G, H, and K) in the 143.3- acre parcel. These six areas, which cover nearly 93 acres, have moderate to high potential for containing intact prehistoric archaeological sites. The remainder of the study area (about 51 acres) consists of wetlands, steep slopes, or disturbed settings with low to no archaeological site potential and no additional archaeological work is recommended in these areas.

www.abelloncleanenergy.com Abstract: Climatic changes influence various abiotic and biotic factors affecting agricultural productivity. Current report is first investigation for Aravali district of North Gujarat, India considered semi-arid region having extreme climatic conditions. Physico-chemical, micro and macro nutritional parameters of 20 soil samples were analyzed by biochemical methods and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). Screening of potassium, phosphorus and zinc solubilizing bacteria was performed and 8 bacterial isolates displayed mineral solubilization activity. Mineral solubilizing bacteria were identified by 16s rDNA technology. SPSS software was used to perform statistical analysis. Significant variations were noted between the 20 samples in particle size distribution, bulk density, WHC, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, calcium and chloride (p&l...

Humid tropical forests contain some of the largest soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on Earth. Much of this SOC is in subsoil, yet variation in the distribution of SOC through the soil profile remains poorly characterized across tropical forests. We used a correlative approach to quantify relationships among depth distributions of SOC, fine root biomass, nutrients and texture to 1 m depths across 43 lowland tropical forests in Panama. The sites span rainfall and soil fertility gradients, and these are largely uncorrelated for these sites. We used fitted b parameters to characterize depth distributions, where b is a numerical index based on an asymptotic relationship, such that larger b values indicate greater concentrations of root biomass or SOC at depth in the profile. Root b values ranged from 0.82 to 0.95 and were best predicted by soil pH and extractable potassium (K) stocks. For example, the three most acidic (pH < 4) and Kpoor (< 20 g K m -2 ) soils contained 76 ± 5% of fine root biomass from 0 to 10 cm depth, while the three least acidic (pH > 6.0) and most K-rich (> 50 g K m -2 ) soils contained only 41 ± 9% of fine root biomass at this depth. Root b and SOC b values were inversely related, such that a large fine root biomass in surface soils corresponded to large SOC stocks in subsoils (50-100 cm). SOC b values were best predicted by soil pH and base cation stocks, with the three most base-poor soils containing 34 ± 8% of SOC from 50 to 100 cm depth, and the three most base-rich soils containing just 9 ± 2% of SOC at this depth. Nutrient depth distributions were not related to Root b or SOC b values. These data show that large surface root biomass stocks are associated with large subsoil C stocks in strongly weathered tropical soils. Further studies are required to evaluate why this occurs, and whether changes in surface root biomass, as may occur with global change, could in turn influence SOC storage in tropical forest subsoils.

Pneumatic manure evacuators aerate manure while transferring it from the barn to the storage facility. To determine if pneumatic evacuatorsenhance the composting process of stored dairy manures, thetemperature of a pneumatically evacuated soliddairymanure pile was monitored during twowinters. Themonitored manure pilemain tained a temperature of 25 to 30°C from mid-October to mid-November. Thistemperature exceeded theaverage outside tem perature by 10°C to 20°C. As the average outside temperature dropped below 0°C by mid-November, the pile temperature also dropped to 20°C, 10°C, and 5°C for the remainder of November, December, and January, respectively. The low temperatures indi cated poor microbial activity despite the aeration effect of the pneumatic evacuator. This lack of aerobic activity was attributed to the high moisture content of the manure and its lackof porosity as well as the poor air distribution from the evacuator. The moisture level remained at 80%overthe storage period, but nitrogen losses of 50 to 60% were observed. Lessystemesd'dvacuationpneumatique aere touten d£placantles fumiers de Fetable a l'entrepoL Pour verifier si les 6vacuateurs pneumatiques peuvent composter les fumiers en entreposage, la temperature d'un amas 6vacue" par systeme pneumatique, fut ob served pendant deux hi vers consecutives, d'octobre a feVrier, inclusivemenL L'amas de fumieratteignait une temp6rature de 20 a 30°C de la mi-octobre a la mi-novembre, soit une temperature ex-c&iant celle de l'extSrieur, de 10 a 20°C. Quand la temperature ambiante moyenne est tombee sous 0°C, apres la mi-novembre, la temperature de l'amasest descendu a 20, 10et 5°Crespectivement pour le reste du mois de novembre et pour les mois de ctecembre et Janvierainsi que fevrier. Ces faibles temperatures, firent preuve du peud'activite" microbiologique dans l'amas en depitde l'effet d'a£ration de l'6vacuateur pneumatique. Ce manque d'activite" microbiologique fut relief au haut taux d'humidite" des fumiers, a leur faible porosis une fois eVacue" et au manque ainsi qu'a la mauvaise distribution d'air fourni par l'6vacuateur. La qualite" des fumiers fut suivi a l'6tat frais dans 1'Stable et dans l'amas en entreposage, pendant la p6riode explrimentale, le taux d'humidite est demeuri a 80% pendant la penode d'entreposage alors que les fumiers perdaient de 40 a 50% de leur contenu en azote.

Increased environmental awareness has prompted the need for improved feedlot runoff control. Vegetative treatment systems (VTSs) provide a cost effective option that may enhance environmental security. Vegetative treatment systems are typically designed on the basis of hydraulic performance, which may result in over-application of nutrients, especially phosphorus. This study assessed the retention, accumulation, and movement of phosphorus in vegetative treatment areas used for runoff control on six Iowa feedlots over a four year period. Phosphorus loadings and retention were calculated based on measured settled feedlot effluent, or vegetative infiltration basin, and vegetative treatment area runoff volumes and phosphorus concentrations. Results indicated that between 61 and 89% of all applied phosphorus was retained within the treatment area, resulting in phosphorus loadings of 124 to 358 kg P/ha-yr. Measurements of harvested vegetation phosphorus concentration and yield indicated that between 13 and 61 kg P/ha-yr were removed with vegetation harvest. However, this only accounted for 6 to 13% of all applied phosphorus, which suggests that these systems have potential for rapid phosphorus accumulation in surface soil, which could potentially lead to reduced treatment and loss of soluble phosphorus. Projected soil phosphorus accumulation was compared to annual measurements of soil Melich-3 phosphorus concentrations increases. Both approaches found similar increases in soil phosphorus levels, indicating that the majority of the phosphorus retained in vegetative treatment areas was due to interaction and retention in the surface soil. Deep soil sampling (0 to 122 cm) was utilized to evaluate vertical phosphorus movement of phosphorus through the soil profile. Sampling indicated that most accumulation was in the surface soil, but that signs of vertical transport and leaching were occurring after four years of operation especially near the VTA inlet.

Panicum antidotale is a promising grass species for use as fodder and forage using non-conventional agricultural practices. It was therefore grown using brackish water irrigation to determine the optimal spacing and fertilizer treatment required for sustainable growth, ion relations and photosynthesis. Planting distance of 1.5 ft 2 resulted in higher biomass yield. Composite NPK fertilizer (NPK120) @ 120 kg ha -1 supported better plant growth rather than N, P, K individually or their various combinations (NP, NK, PK, NPK). Addition of fermented farmyard manure (NPK120+FM) improved ion regulation (lower Na + uptake, higher K + /Na + ratio), photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency but did not improve biomass production compared to NPK120. However, higher Na + uptake with NPK120 would result in lower ion accumulation in the root zone and delayed soil degradation. We conclude that NPK120 could support sustainable growth of Panicum antidotale in our cropping system by keeping leaf Na + within safe limits for CO 2 assimilation and reducing the need for frequent re-planting of salinized root stock.

The soils in index 4 have relatively high soil P concentrations. Such concentrations are not of economic benefit to the farmer. These sites are also likely to be more at risk of P loss from soil to water compared to sites in the lower index categories (Sharpley and Rekolainen, 1997). Discussion The linear relationship between CaCl 2 P and Morgan P indicates that both of these tests provide comparable results for the soil types examined in this experiment. In the UK, Williams and Cooke (1962) found that the Morgan and CaCl 2 tests tended to be closely correlated. The absence of a linear relationship between Morgan or C a C l 2 tests with the Olsen P test indicates that the Olsen test provided a comparatively low estimation of soil P levels at the higher soil P concentrations included in this study. The relationship between the CaCl 2 test and the Olsen test, presented in this study, is similar to that demonstrated by Johnston and Poulton (1993).

Singapore, Michigan, was a small nineteenth-century lumber
town situated on the north bank of the Kalamazoo River near
its outlet to Lake Michigan. Nestled within a vegetated coastal
dune field, Singapore enjoyed strong economic success in the
mid-nineteenth century but was entirely abandoned by the turn
of the twentieth century. Prevailing historical legend suggests
that Singapore’s dramatic downfall resulted from excessive
clear-cutting of surrounding forest that destabilized bordering
coastal dunes that then migrated inland, burying the village.
This narrative was further supported by the fact that the precise
location of Singapore remained uncertain within the dynamic
dune system. In 2017–2018, a new construction project afforded
an opportunity to search for Singapore and to determine if
intact archaeological remains persisted. Members of the Applied
Anthropology Laboratories at Ball State University designed a
unique Phase I approach combining traditional survey methods,
consideration of coastal dune dynamics and groundwater
elevations, and extensive ground-penetrating radar survey
to determine the potential presence and depth of associated
archaeological deposits. Results yielded a small number of historic
artifacts and several features believed to date to the nineteenthcentury
Singapore occupation. Despite popular myths about
the village’s location beneath coastal dunes, our work suggests
village placement in a relatively flat, interdunal area between
coastal dunes. Intact archaeological remains are present and
restricted to the upper 0.6 m (2 ft) of eolian deposits. Regional
economic factors, not environmental catastrophe, seem to best
explain the disappearance and abandonment of Singapore.

Some free living microbe in soil has capable to produce extracelluler enzyme, i.e. group of phosphatase enzyme which able to mineralized of organic P to inorganic P so that prepare high P for plant. The objective of this experiment was to examine the phosphatase activity from soil bacteria Pseudomonas mallei, Bacillus subtilis and fungi Aspergilus niger and Penicillium sp. in media containing different organic phosphorous and acidity. The result of experiment showed that the kind of organic phosphorous of medium affect phosphatase activity of Pseudomonas mallei, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergilus niger and Penicillium sp. In general, all microbe grown on medium with organic P substrate of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) showed highest phosphatase activity compare to those grown on organic P substrate from glycerophosphate disodium salt, phenil phosphate or α-Dglucose 1-phosphate dosidium salt. On the other hand, the highest dissolve P was obtained from medium which contain gl...

Singapore, Michigan, was a small nineteenth-century lumber town situated on the north bank of the Kalamazoo River near its outlet to Lake Michigan. Nestled within a vegetated coastal dune field, Singapore enjoyed strong economic success in the mid-nineteenth century but was entirely abandoned by the turn of the twentieth century. Prevailing historical legend suggests that Singapore's dramatic downfall resulted from excessive clear-cutting of surrounding forest that destabilized bordering coastal dunes that then migrated inland, burying the village. This narrative was further supported by the fact that the precise location of Singapore remained uncertain within the dynamic dune system. In 2017-2018, a new construction project afforded an opportunity to search for Singapore and to determine if intact archaeological remains persisted. Members of the Applied Anthropology Laboratories at Ball State University designed a unique Phase I approach combining traditional survey methods, consideration of coastal dune dynamics and groundwater elevations, and extensive ground-penetrating radar survey to determine the potential presence and depth of associated archaeological deposits. Results yielded a small number of historic artifacts and several features believed to date to the nineteenth-century Singapore occupation. Despite popular myths about the village's location beneath coastal dunes, our work suggests village placement in a relatively flat, interdunal area between coastal dunes. Intact archaeological remains are present and restricted to the upper 0.6 m (2 ft) of eolian deposits. Regional economic factors, not environmental catastrophe, seem to best explain the disappearance and abandonment of Singapore.

Fine roots are key to ecosystem-scale nutrient, carbon (C), and water cycling, yet our understanding of fine root trait variation within and among tropical forests, one of Earth's most C-rich ecosystems, is limited. We characterized root biomass, morphology, nutrient content, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization to 1.2 m depths across four distinct lowland Panamanian forests, and related root characteristics to soil C stocks. We hypothesized that: (H1) Fine root characteristics vary consistently with depth across seasonal tropical forests, with deeper roots exhibiting more exploratory traits, such as for deep water acquisition; (H2) fine root characteristics vary among tropical forests mainly in surface soils,

Soil productivity decline due to different factors. Blanket recommendation of fertilizer application without considering soil types and agro-ecological of the area are among the problem to obtain sustainable production. This force to site specific nutrients managements and soil test-based crop response fertilizer recommendations. The objective of the experiment was to determine economically optimum Nitrogen, Phosphorus critical (Pc) and Phosphorus requirement factor (Prf) for food barely production in Degam district. In the first year, a field experiment was conducted using, factorial combination of four N rates (0, 46, 92, and 138 kg ha1-) and five P rates (0, 10, 20 ,30 and 40) were applied to determine optimum N, the treatment laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Food barely (HB-1307 variety) was used. Soil sample before plating and intensive soil samples after 21 days of sowing were taken from each plot and analyzed for selected physicochemical properties. Phosphorus critical level (Pc) determination was done using C'ate-Nelson diagram method. Agronomic data such as plant height, Spike length, biomass and grain yield were collected and subjected to two-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) using R software while the partial budget analysis was done using CIMMYT (1998). The results indicate that combined NP fertilizer rates significantly influenced the agronomic parameters of food barely. Optimum nitrogen rate (92 N kg/ha), P critical (5.8 ppm) and P requirement factor (14.72) for food barely production in Degam District. Therefore, areas having similar soil conditions and agro-ecology is advisable to uses these finding. Farther verification of the result on farm land could be a pre-request before publicizes the technology to the user.

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient and is deficient in most of the agricultural soils based on higher retention with soil and poor recovery from the applied fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in 2009-2012 in which different organic wastes of agricultural and industrial origin with inorganic P fertilizer to improve crop yield, P use efficiency and physic-chemical properties of soils in salt affected soils under rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included; P at farmer practice, P on soil need basis, PoM + chemical fertilizer (1:1), MSWC + chemical fertilizer (1:1), PrM + chemical fertilizer (1:1) and FM + chemical fertilizer (1:1). Analysis showed that nutrients source significantly improved vegetative and yield attributes of rice and wheat crops. However, application of PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis significantly improved the growth and yield attributes of both crops and soil physic-chemical properties than all the other treatments. The effectiveness of treatments could be arrange as PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > FM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > MSWC + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > PrM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > P on soil need basis > P at farmer practice, respectively. In conclusion, integration of organic and chemical P fertilizer resulted in well-balanced nutrient management plan. Application of PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis is recommended as an effective and economical integrated nutrient management practice enhancing productivity of rice-wheat crop and improving physical and chemical properties of salt affected soils.

Influence of soil phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms and the absorption by coffee seedlings Crops may have problems absorbing phosphorus in soils since much of this element is found as non-available fractions This research was aimed at evaluating the influence of the different bacterial and fungal strains on soil phosphorus fractions and their absorption by coffee seedlings in Palmira, Colombia. The treatments were established under three types of plant substrates: a) soil + decomposed coffee pulp (1:1) in the presence or absence of the strains; b) soil + decomposed coffee pulp (1:1) + phosphate rock with or without microorganisms; and c) soil subjected to fertilization with diammonium phosphate, DAP (absolute control). A completely randomized design was used with 23 treatments and 10 repetitions. It was found that the application of decomposed coffee pulp and microorganisms favored the availability of phosphorus and some nutrients useful for the growth of coffee seedlings which...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Beech Coal Company, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey for the IBR #9 area of the Sycamore Mine, located approximately 3.7 miles south of the town of Bicknell, Knox County, Indiana. The southeast end of the project area had been disturbed previously by mining activities and/or was of a greater than 30 percent slope. Approximately 0.6 acres were subject to overview. Testing was not conducted on the ridge slope or in the disturbed area. In total, approximately 14.7 acres of the 15.3 acre parcel were surveyed. The purposes of survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the Natio...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Crane Golf Association (CGA), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of the proposed location of improvements on the golf course at NSA Crane, Martin County, Indiana. The Crane Golf Association proposes to join two small ponds. The area of proposed effect (APE) staked by the CGA delineates the area that will be disturbed due to this improvement. The APE is approximately 4.0 acres in size. The purposes of the survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic ...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Town of Westfield, the Office of Cultural Resource Management at the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of the proposed Union Street Trail in Westfield, Hamilton County, Indiana. The Town of Westfield proposes to construct a walking/biking trail south of town. The project area consists of a single corridor approximately 1,400 meters (4,593 feet) long and 3 meters (9.8 feet) wide located on the west side of Union Street. The project area is located in Washington Township. The project area is 1.03 acres in size. Approximately 0.90 acres were tested using a shovel probe survey. The remaining 0.13 acres were subjected to an overview and were documented as disturbed due to the presence of a buried fiber-o...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)At the request of the Indiana Department of Transportation, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Office of Cultural Resource Management, Indiana University (GBL-OCRM) conducted an archaeological records review and survey of Intersection Improvements on S.R. 62 in Clark County, Indiana. A total of approximately 5.1 acres were surveyed. Approximately 1.0 acres were subject to an overview. The records check was completed on June 4, 2002 by GBL archaeologist Johnie Sanders. The records review indicated that three previously documented archaeological sites were located within a 1-1/2-mile radius of the project area in the Fourteen Mile Creek and Yankee Creek drainages. A small number of diagnostic artifacts indicate that these sites are of Archaic or unknown affiliation. According to GBL site files, no previous...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)From June 2-4, 2003, the Glenn A. Black Laboratory Office of Cultural Resource Management (GBL-OCRM), Indiana University, conducted a Phase Ia archaeological survey of the proposed improvements to the intersection of Millersburg and Green River Roads in Vanderburgh County, Indiana, under contract with the Vanderburgh County Engineering Department. The property surveyed is located northeast of Evansville, Indiana. A right-of-way allowance of 13-22 m was applied to either side of the centerlines of the two roads. A total of approximately 2.0 acres were surveyed, and approximately 0.6 acres were subject to overview (Figure 2). The purposes of survey were to: (1) identify and document all cultural resources in the project area; (2) evaluate any sites found with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National ...

Abstracts are made available for research purposes. To view the full report, please contact the staff of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology (www.gbl.indiana.edu)On 20 October 2003, the GBL-OCRM conducted an archaeological reconnaissance overview of the proposed added travel lanes on SR 64 in Princeton, Indiana (Project ST-018-2( ), Des. No. 8915400) under contract with the Indiana Department of Transportation. Existing Right-of-Way (ROW) ranges from 15.2 m (49.9 ft) to 25.6 m (83.9 ft) in width. Total additional required ROW is estimated to be a width of 26 m (85 ft). The proposed new ROW has experienced extensive subsurface disturbance as a direct result of the Princeton community downtown/urban development and expansion through the years. Commercial and residential construction are the two largest contributors to the subsurface disturbance. Additional factors include the construction of SR 64, side street construction, sidewalks, parking lots, and underground utilities (...

At the request of R. W. Armstrong & •Associates, Inc. (RWA), the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University (GBL) conducted a Phase Ia archaeological reconnaissance survey of land to be impacted by the proposed replacement of Lawrence• County Bridge Number 85. Approximately 0. 7 acres were surveyed. The purposes of the survey were 1) to identify and document all of the cultural resources in the project area, 2) to evaluate any sites with regard to their eligibility for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and the Indiana Register of Historic Sites and Structures (IRHSS), and 3) to make recommendations for the protection of significant and potentially significant sites. Fieldwork was conducted September 17, 1999 by GBL archaeologists Mary E. Pirkl and Devin W. Fishel. No cultural materials were discovered during survey. Cultural resource clearance is therefore recommended for the project area, provided that all earth-moving activity is limited to the currently delineated boundaries.

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient and is deficient in most of the agricultural soils based on higher retention with soil and poor recovery from the applied fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted in 2009-2012 in which different organic wastes of agricultural and industrial origin with inorganic P fertilizer to improve crop yield, P use efficiency and physic-chemical properties of soils in salt affected soils under rice-wheat cropping system. The treatments included; P at farmer practice, P on soil need basis, PoM + chemical fertilizer (1:1), MSWC + chemical fertilizer (1:1), PrM + chemical fertilizer (1:1) and FM + chemical fertilizer (1:1). Analysis showed that nutrients source significantly improved vegetative and yield attributes of rice and wheat crops. However, application of PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis significantly improved the growth and yield attributes of both crops and soil physic-chemical properties than all the other treatments. The effectiveness of treatments could be arrange as PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > FM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > MSWC + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > PrM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis > P on soil need basis > P at farmer practice, respectively. In conclusion, integration of organic and chemical P fertilizer resulted in well-balanced nutrient management plan. Application of PoM + chemical fertilizer on soil need basis is recommended as an effective and economical integrated nutrient management practice enhancing productivity of rice-wheat crop and improving physical and chemical properties of salt affected soils.

• Environmental variables were significantly correlated with seedling traits. • Soil aluminum is lower but seedling leaf nitrogen is higher in primary forests. • Opposing trends in sec forests as specialist species accrued high nutrients. • Seedling traits reflect successful strategies, not necessarily forest recovery.

GAI Consultants, Inc. conducted additional Phase I archaeological survey for seven loci (Study Areas 81 through 87) for the proposed Low Pressure East (LPE) Pipeline Upgrade Project (formerly referred to as the H-129 Pipeline Project), located in Allegheny and Washington Counties, Pennsylvania on behalf of Equitrans, L.P. between September 24 and October 1, 2012. The archaeological survey for Study Areas 81 through 87, detailed in this Addendum 2 Report, was conducted in partial fulfillment of permitting requirements for Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. These seven study areas, totaling 1.10 ha (2.74 ac), fall within one Allegheny County municipality (Forward Township) and four Washington County municipalities (Carroll Township, Fallowfield Township, West Pike Run Township, and Centerville Borough).
Background research did not identify any previously recorded cultural resources within or close to the seven new Study Areas (Study Areas 81 through 87) covered in this Addendum 2 Report. No aboveground facilities are proposed for the Project area, and as such, the Project will have no viewshed impacts on architectural or historical resources.
Phase I field investigations detailed in this Addendum 2 Report cover seven locations (extra work spaces, pipeline segments, and access roads) not covered by the original Phase I H-129 pipeline archaeological survey or the LPE Pipeline Upgrade Addendum 1 archaeological survey reports. GAI conducted a systematic reconnaissance inspection of the seven new study areas. Soil auger probes were placed in Study Area 84 to confirm the presence of disturbed soil stratigraphy. Due to the presence of steep slopes and/or previous ground disturbances, Study Areas 81 through 87 were concluded to maintain low to no potential for archaeological materials and were excluded from shovel test pit excavations.
One additional location (formerly Study Area 80) was surveyed but eliminated from consideration as an extra workspace after a prehistoric archaeological site was identified during subsurface testing. Equitrans, L.P. decided to exclude this location from the current project designs, so the site will be outside of the Area of Potential Effect.
Based on negative results, GAI recommends that the proposed Project proceed according to current design and without further cultural resources investigations. If design plans change to incorporate additional areas not addressed in the current study, additional cultural resources investigations may be required, in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission guidelines.

We suggest a mathematical interpretation of the influence of the main alloy elements over the mechanical characteristics (the hardness on the crust of the rolls) of this nodular irons, resulting the average values and average square aberration of the variables HB, and the main alloying elements (Cr, Ni, Mo), the equations of the hyper surface in the four dimensional space. For the statistical and mathematical analysis, there were used 23 industrial cases. This study analyses iron rolls cast in the simplex procedure, in combined forms (iron chill, for the crust and moulding sand, for the necks of the rolls). The research included rolls from the semihard class, with hardness, between 33...59 Shore units (219...347 Brinell units) for the 0 and 1 hardness class, measured on the crust, respectively 59...75 Shore units (347...550 Brinell units), for the class 2 of hardness. This study is required because of the numerous defects, which cause rejection, since the phase of elaboration of the...

Tuğba Bayrak ÖZBUCAK1 , Hamdi Güray KUTBAY2, Duygu KILIC3, Hasan KORKMAZ2, Ali BİLGİN4, Erkan YALÇIN2,Zeki APAYDIN5 1 University of Ordu, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Ordu/ Turkey 2 University of Ondokuz Mayıs, Faculty of Science & Arts, ...

Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion. It is the least mobile element in plant and soil contrary to other macronutrients. It precipitates in soil as orthophosphate or is adsorbed by Fe and Al oxides through legend exchange. Phosphorus solubilizing ...

The provision of farmers with proper and balanced fertilizer recommendations is becoming increasingly important, for reasons of crop productivity, food security, and sustainability. Phosphorus (P) response trials with wheat were conducted on Nitisols at 14 sites in the central Ethiopian highlands during the 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The treatments, comprising six levels of P fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg P ha −1), were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Based on a yield difference between the control and the P treatments, 90% of sites responded to P fertilizer. Application of P fertilizer increased wheat grain yield, up to 30% more than the control. Extractable soil P concentrations (Bray 2, 0-15 cm deep) 3 weeks after planting significantly responded to P fertilizer rate. The critical P concentration (for 90% relative yield) was 13.5 mg kg −1. Most sites tested had Bray 2 P values <10 mg kg −1. In the absence of a soil test, a recommendation of 40 kg P ha −1 , resulting in the best response overall, could be made for the first year of application. We also recommend that to prevent a potential loss of wheat yield, a maintenance application of at least 5-12 kg P ha −1 be applied every year, irrespective of the calculated recommended rate, in order to replace P exported from the field in produce. Further field trials are required to determine interactions between P response and the effects of climate, soil properties, and other management practices.

Andisols are distinguished by a high phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity, which is a restrictive factor for plant growth. This study, it was hypothesized that the availability of P in the different forms extracted sequentially, would vary according to the land use, and its exchange would depend on its chemical characteristics. For this purpose, sequential extraction and isotopic dilution techniques were utilized to measure the effect of land use systems and corresponding P fertilizer inputs on size of inorganic and organic P forms and their lability. An Andisol sample from a field site with a long history of P amendments and another sample from a contiguous forested area under natural vegetation were treated with applied KH232PO4. The soil samples were sequentially extracted for P fractions after 49 days (d) of incubation. Recovery of 32P in each P form was evaluated. The recovery of 32P in all soil P fractions exhibited that 32P had undergone exchange with the native P. The exchange...

Soil test based phosphorous calibration study was conducted fababean on Nitisols of farmers' fields in West Shewa, in central highlands of Ethiopia. The experiment was arranged in a complete block design with six levels of phosphorous fertilizer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1) with three replications. Results showed that grain yield of fababean were significantly affected by P fertilizer application rate. The application of phosphorous fertilizer at different rates increased grain yield, up to 58% more than the control. Extractable soil P concentrations (Bray II, 0-20 cm depth) three weeks after planting significantly responded to P fertilizer rate. Correlations of relative yield with Bray-2 soil test phosphorous values showed that the soil test phosphorous levels greater than 12.5 mg kg-1 (critical phosphorous concentration) was found to be sufficient for fababean production. The average phosphorous requirement factor (Pf) calculated from soil test phosphorous values of all treatments for the study area was 7.02.

S alt stress is the most common and serious problem of agriculture. According to Ashraf et al. (2008) 40,000 ha area of arable land in Pakistan has been lost due to salinity and is increasing quickly each year. Due to high salinity toxicity, soil water potential is decreased, so plants become incapable to absorb sufficient extent of water from soil, ultimately reduction in plant growth rate occur (Tester and Davenport, 2003). Wilting occurs by constant salinity stress alike to drought symptoms, with waxed and thickened leaves and with a greenish blue color (Fraga et al., 2010). By the osmotic effects salt stress Abstract | In Pakistan many soils out of total lands are occupied by sodic soils which in turn is upsetting farmer's income and cause soil quality decline. This trial was led to appraise the toxic consequences of NaHCO 3 on growth as well as rice yield parameters. Various levels of NaHCO 3 or Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) were developed in the normal soil. This experiment comprised of 7 treatments that were repeated three times according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD). These treatments included; T 1 = Control, T 2 = 15 SAR, T 3 = 20 SAR, T 4 = 25 SAR, T 5 = 30 SAR, T 6 = 35 SAR and T 7 = 40 SAR. Subsequently NaHCO 3 was added to the soil as per treatment plan and adequate time was allowed to accomplish chosen sodicity levels. Later on, rice nursery was transplanted in all the pots. Various agronomical operations were carried out as per crop requirement. At maturity, rice was harvested from all pots. Various yield contributing components like plant height, fertile tillers, total biomass, straw and paddy yield were noted for all pots of the experiment. Statistical analysis of all collected data was accomplished. It was noted from the results that control (T 1) proved superior with regard to plant height, fertile tillers/pot, total biomass, straw and paddy yield. All these yield contributing components indicated a declining trend in all subsequent treatment. Treatment T 7 (40 SAR) proved inferior to all others in these regards.

The transport of anhydrous NH3-solubilized soil organic matter from surface to subsurface soils may affect subsurface microbial activity. In the present study we determined the impact of anhydrous NH3-N fertilizer on organic C solubilization and the propensity of solubilized C to leach with percolating water. In fertilized treatments, anhydrous NH3 was subsurface-banded at 20 g N m-Z in ridge or valley areas of a ridge tillage system. In contol treatments, 0 g N m-2 was banded into the valley area of a ridge tillage system. Rainfall (17 cm) was applied with a drop-type artificial rainfall simulator 3, 10, and 24 days after the fertilizer application. The treatments were replicated twice. Grid lysimeters (15 by 15 cm) were placed 75 cm below the soil surface of a Brandt silty clay loam (fine-silty over sandy or sandy skeletal mixed Pachic Udic Haploboroll). Lysimeters were used to collect percolating water temporally and spatially. The application of N fertilizer increased dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water when rainfall was applied 3 days after the fertilizer application. However, when the rainfall was applied 24 days after the fertilizer application the dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water was not influenced by anhydrous NH 3 application. The smaller dissolved organic C concentrations in percolating water with a longer incubation time were most likely the result of microbial assimilation or respiration of solubilized C.