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Table 1 - Water qualities water needs, temporal and spatial variations in the precip- itation, the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain, major water losses (seepage, evapora- tion, leakage, etc.) during the delivery of water to agricultural sites for irrigation and to municipal sites for domestic use (Chartzoulakis et al., 2001), coupled with the lack of proper organization and infrastructure, have led to serious water shortage problems. These problems are worse during summer, because of tourism and the increased demand for irrigation water by farmers.

Table 1 - Water qualities water needs, temporal and spatial variations in the precip- itation, the difficulty of transporting water due to the mountainous terrain, major water losses (seepage, evapora- tion, leakage, etc.) during the delivery of water to agricultural sites for irrigation and to municipal sites for domestic use (Chartzoulakis et al., 2001), coupled with the lack of proper organization and infrastructure, have led to serious water shortage problems. These problems are worse during summer, because of tourism and the increased demand for irrigation water by farmers.

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Fig. 1- Variation of the water table in a Cretan aquifer (Messara basin), as reported from a representative well (Region of Crete, 2003). Findings from the literature on the acceptability of recycled water use amongst producers and consumers are mixed. There are many factors which play a role in its acceptance, the most important of which are the extent of “disgust” over the concept, the use for which recycled water is intended, perceptions of risk from recycled water, the sources of recycled water (e.g. is it rainwater or toilet water), choice between recycled and fresh water, trust of authorities and knowledge, attitudes towards the environment, environmen- tal justice issues, the cost of recycled water and socio- demographic factors (Po et al., 2004). Furthermore, the degree of public acceptance is affected by many factors including the political context of a country (Marks, 2005), local history, the recycling terminology used with the public, the degree of public involvement in strategy development, the threat of alternatives, such as dams, river development
Fig. 1- Variation of the water table in a Cretan aquifer (Messara basin), as reported from a representative well (Region of Crete, 2003). Findings from the literature on the acceptability of recycled water use amongst producers and consumers are mixed. There are many factors which play a role in its acceptance, the most important of which are the extent of “disgust” over the concept, the use for which recycled water is intended, perceptions of risk from recycled water, the sources of recycled water (e.g. is it rainwater or toilet water), choice between recycled and fresh water, trust of authorities and knowledge, attitudes towards the environment, environmen- tal justice issues, the cost of recycled water and socio- demographic factors (Po et al., 2004). Furthermore, the degree of public acceptance is affected by many factors including the political context of a country (Marks, 2005), local history, the recycling terminology used with the public, the degree of public involvement in strategy development, the threat of alternatives, such as dams, river development
*55-64 or >65 are the age groups excluded by the dummy variables. “University graduates are excluded by the dummy variables. Table 4- Independent variables in both types of models (farmers and consumers)
*55-64 or >65 are the age groups excluded by the dummy variables. “University graduates are excluded by the dummy variables. Table 4- Independent variables in both types of models (farmers and consumers)
Table 2 - Recycled water product nomenclature Prior stratification was undertaken in the farmers’ survey with respect to the villages that were centres for significant olive tree and tomato cultivation. Farmers were approached in their houses, cafes or streets. They were informed about the research topic and were asked whether they were willing to participate in the survey. If so, they were provided with illustrated information that explained basic facts about recycled water and its potential use in agriculture. To carry out the consumers’ survey, research- ers stood in some of the busiest points in Heraklion city centre from July 2003-October 2003 and randomly selected pedestrians at different hours of the day in the morning and in the afternoon, on a first-to-pass basis.
Table 2 - Recycled water product nomenclature Prior stratification was undertaken in the farmers’ survey with respect to the villages that were centres for significant olive tree and tomato cultivation. Farmers were approached in their houses, cafes or streets. They were informed about the research topic and were asked whether they were willing to participate in the survey. If so, they were provided with illustrated information that explained basic facts about recycled water and its potential use in agriculture. To carry out the consumers’ survey, research- ers stood in some of the busiest points in Heraklion city centre from July 2003-October 2003 and randomly selected pedestrians at different hours of the day in the morning and in the afternoon, on a first-to-pass basis.
Table 3 - Dependent variables in the farmers’ models
Table 3 - Dependent variables in the farmers’ models
Table 5 - Dependent variables in consumers’ models
Table 5 - Dependent variables in consumers’ models
Table 7 -Level of paying for recycled water or products irrigated with it relative to fresh water Table 7 - Level of paying for recycled water or products irrigated with it relative to fresh water
Table 7 -Level of paying for recycled water or products irrigated with it relative to fresh water Table 7 - Level of paying for recycled water or products irrigated with it relative to fresh water
Table 6- WTU recycled water products “Don’t knows” were dropped from further analysis because they were few and random. “N/A stands for not applicable in the questionnaire.
Table 6- WTU recycled water products “Don’t knows” were dropped from further analysis because they were few and random. “N/A stands for not applicable in the questionnaire.
Table 9- WTU and WTP models for farmers and consumers Numbers in parenthesis are p-values, asterisks indicate significance at 5%
Table 9- WTU and WTP models for farmers and consumers Numbers in parenthesis are p-values, asterisks indicate significance at 5%
Table 8- WTP for recycled water or products related to it *The non-parametric mean from the DB-DC data was estimated with Turnbull self-consistency algorithm. The confidence interval was estimated with a bootstrapping technique. The Gauss code was written by Olvar Bergland and adapted by Brett Day (Bergland and Day, 2001, 2005). “The mean was adjusted for the missing values (weighted by the (1-% of missing values)).
Table 8- WTP for recycled water or products related to it *The non-parametric mean from the DB-DC data was estimated with Turnbull self-consistency algorithm. The confidence interval was estimated with a bootstrapping technique. The Gauss code was written by Olvar Bergland and adapted by Brett Day (Bergland and Day, 2001, 2005). “The mean was adjusted for the missing values (weighted by the (1-% of missing values)).
Fig. 2-Schematic comparison of cutoff points in Models 3, 4 and 5.
Fig. 2-Schematic comparison of cutoff points in Models 3, 4 and 5.
This is a double-entry table where only diagonal cells contain information. Water shortage (LACKW) appears to be the only reason why farmers would use recycled water of quality 2 on olive trees. Moreover, the “residents of Heraklion” variable (HERA) explains both WTU quality 2 on olive trees and quality 3 on tomatoes, because the Heraklion prefecture has more extensive olive tree and vegetable cultivations as well as more water shortage problems. The enhanced environmen- tal conscience, as manifested by the involvement of farmers in environmental friendly actions (ACTIONS), drives farmers to be willing to use water quality 3 on their tomatoes. This finding is further strengthened by the significance of EDU2
This is a double-entry table where only diagonal cells contain information. Water shortage (LACKW) appears to be the only reason why farmers would use recycled water of quality 2 on olive trees. Moreover, the “residents of Heraklion” variable (HERA) explains both WTU quality 2 on olive trees and quality 3 on tomatoes, because the Heraklion prefecture has more extensive olive tree and vegetable cultivations as well as more water shortage problems. The enhanced environmen- tal conscience, as manifested by the involvement of farmers in environmental friendly actions (ACTIONS), drives farmers to be willing to use water quality 3 on their tomatoes. This finding is further strengthened by the significance of EDU2
Related topics:
Applied EconomicsOlive TreeENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT
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