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Nutrients (kg ha ') bound in the soil, tree stand and ground vegetation* * Presented by treatment. Table 3

Table 3 Nutrients (kg ha ') bound in the soil, tree stand and ground vegetation* * Presented by treatment. Table 3

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Fig. 1. Leppiniemi ash experiment in 1988: (a) AshO plot; (b) Ash8 plot. An understorey of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) has emerged on the two ash-treated plots during the past 20 years. In 1976, the ash-fertilised plots were divided into four by digging shallow drains across the plots. One of these subplots was then fertilised with urea at the rate of 200 kg ha}, but that did not have a significant impact on the vegetation nor on tree growth (Silfverberg and Hotanen, 1989).
Fig. 1. Leppiniemi ash experiment in 1988: (a) AshO plot; (b) Ash8 plot. An understorey of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) has emerged on the two ash-treated plots during the past 20 years. In 1976, the ash-fertilised plots were divided into four by digging shallow drains across the plots. One of these subplots was then fertilised with urea at the rate of 200 kg ha}, but that did not have a significant impact on the vegetation nor on tree growth (Silfverberg and Hotanen, 1989).
Fig. 2. The total production of the tree stand during the period 1947-1994. Ash treatment was found to have led to a substantial and long-term increase in the stem volume growth of Scots pine. In 1994 the growing stocks amounted to 26, 162 and 236 m*ha~' (AshO, Ash8 and Ash16, respectively). The corresponding annual volume growth figures were 1.2, 6.9 and 10.9 m? ha’. Inclu- sive of the wood removed in thinnings, the total wood production during 1947-1994 had been correspond- ingly 27, 360 and 470 m* ha _' (Fig. 2, Table 1). The measurements of gas fluxes (CO2, NO and NH,) from the peat substrate were carried out in 1997 (Maljanen et al., 1999). Gas samples were taken from cylinders by means of plastic syringes 5, 15 and 25 min after putting the metal cylinder on the soil surface. The collecting times were 9 June, 16 July, and 18 August. Four metal cylinders (diameter 30 cm, height 35 cm) were placed on the soil surface in plots AshO and Ash8. The gas concentrations were analysed
Fig. 2. The total production of the tree stand during the period 1947-1994. Ash treatment was found to have led to a substantial and long-term increase in the stem volume growth of Scots pine. In 1994 the growing stocks amounted to 26, 162 and 236 m*ha~' (AshO, Ash8 and Ash16, respectively). The corresponding annual volume growth figures were 1.2, 6.9 and 10.9 m? ha’. Inclu- sive of the wood removed in thinnings, the total wood production during 1947-1994 had been correspond- ingly 27, 360 and 470 m* ha _' (Fig. 2, Table 1). The measurements of gas fluxes (CO2, NO and NH,) from the peat substrate were carried out in 1997 (Maljanen et al., 1999). Gas samples were taken from cylinders by means of plastic syringes 5, 15 and 25 min after putting the metal cylinder on the soil surface. The collecting times were 9 June, 16 July, and 18 August. Four metal cylinders (diameter 30 cm, height 35 cm) were placed on the soil surface in plots AshO and Ash8. The gas concentrations were analysed
Characteristics of the Scots pine stand in 1994 Table 2 Table 1
Characteristics of the Scots pine stand in 1994 Table 2 Table 1
Foliar nutrient concentrations in the understorey (Norway spruce, rowan) in 1994
Foliar nutrient concentrations in the understorey (Norway spruce, rowan) in 1994
Fig. 3. Dry mass and nutrient concentrations in pine needles during the period 1978-1998. M. Moilanen et al./ Forest Ecology and Management 171 (2002) 321-338
Fig. 3. Dry mass and nutrient concentrations in pine needles during the period 1978-1998. M. Moilanen et al./ Forest Ecology and Management 171 (2002) 321-338
Fig. 4. Nutrient concentrations in pine litter compared to nutrient concentrations in living, current year’s needles (>100 denotes concentrations higher in litter than in needles).
Fig. 4. Nutrient concentrations in pine litter compared to nutrient concentrations in living, current year’s needles (>100 denotes concentrations higher in litter than in needles).
Nutrient concentrations in the ground vegetation in the summer of 1994 Table 4
Nutrient concentrations in the ground vegetation in the summer of 1994 Table 4
Nutrient concentrations in different depths of substrate by treatments in 1992 Table 5
Nutrient concentrations in different depths of substrate by treatments in 1992 Table 5
Fig. 5. Mean groundwater table depth during summer in 1996. The precipitation values were recorded at Oulu airport.
Fig. 5. Mean groundwater table depth during summer in 1996. The precipitation values were recorded at Oulu airport.
Fig. 7. Release of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from peat in the summer of 1997. emissions of N»O on Ash8 remained modest. Lhe emissions of nitrous oxide UN»O) and methane (CH) were clearly smaller on the Ash8 plot than on Ash0O, while the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO>) were higher on Ash8 (Fig. 7; see also Maljanen et al., 1999). The results indicate an increase in organic decomposition due to ash fertilisation and they support earlier results reported by Silvola et al. (1985). The emissions of N.O on Ash8 remained modest.
Fig. 7. Release of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane from peat in the summer of 1997. emissions of N»O on Ash8 remained modest. Lhe emissions of nitrous oxide UN»O) and methane (CH) were clearly smaller on the Ash8 plot than on Ash0O, while the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO>) were higher on Ash8 (Fig. 7; see also Maljanen et al., 1999). The results indicate an increase in organic decomposition due to ash fertilisation and they support earlier results reported by Silvola et al. (1985). The emissions of N.O on Ash8 remained modest.
Fig. 6. Weight losses of cellulose sheets in peat.
Fig. 6. Weight losses of cellulose sheets in peat.
Appendix A. (Continued )
Appendix A. (Continued )
Appendix B. Nutrient concentrations (mg 1‘) anc pH values of the ground water in October 1998 References
Appendix B. Nutrient concentrations (mg 1‘) anc pH values of the ground water in October 1998 References
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NutritionWood ProductsORGANIC SOILLife-FormPeat BogPeat SoilWood Ash
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