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Figure 1 Sustainable City Environment (UN, 2010)
Figure 1 Sustainable City Environment (UN, 2010)
Figure 2 Eco City (ecotownpenang.com)
Figure 2 Eco City (ecotownpenang.com)
Figure 3 Smart City (Smartcity.com) Digital & Smart City - The term Digital Community or Digital City (Smart Community, information city and e-city are also used) refers to a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses (as shown in figure 3). (Ishida, 2000)
Figure 3 Smart City (Smartcity.com) Digital & Smart City - The term Digital Community or Digital City (Smart Community, information city and e-city are also used) refers to a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses (as shown in figure 3). (Ishida, 2000)
Figure 4 Zero Carbon City (http://www.baca.uk.com/LifE/pages/lifeapproach-6.html) Today, many city mayors are working to get their cities focused on the environmental movement. For many of those mayors, their goal is to convert their city into a green city. By thriving to achieve green city status, leaders are acting to improve the quality of the air, lower the use of non-renewable resources, encourage the building of green homes, offices, and other structures, reserve more green space, support environmentally-frendly methods of transportation, and offer recycling programs. (Philip James, 2008)
Figure 4 Zero Carbon City (http://www.baca.uk.com/LifE/pages/lifeapproach-6.html) Today, many city mayors are working to get their cities focused on the environmental movement. For many of those mayors, their goal is to convert their city into a green city. By thriving to achieve green city status, leaders are acting to improve the quality of the air, lower the use of non-renewable resources, encourage the building of green homes, offices, and other structures, reserve more green space, support environmentally-frendly methods of transportation, and offer recycling programs. (Philip James, 2008)
Figure 5 Estimated W orld Population (1950-2100) (UN, 2012) Almost all of this growth is expected to be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed world. Cities embody the values of the civilizations which created and transformed them. They have been defined as places in which the human genius is expressed, a palette of possibilities, a melting pot of potential that has not yet been exploited. Environmental issues were thought of as local problems. Writers, politicians, scientists, and activists have recorded the polluted, disease- producing conditions of urban centres for centuries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Estimates and Projection Section mentioned in its report of world population in 2012 that the total world population ,which is shown in figure 5, will be 16 billion in 2100 (United Nations, 2012).
Figure 5 Estimated W orld Population (1950-2100) (UN, 2012) Almost all of this growth is expected to be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed world. Cities embody the values of the civilizations which created and transformed them. They have been defined as places in which the human genius is expressed, a palette of possibilities, a melting pot of potential that has not yet been exploited. Environmental issues were thought of as local problems. Writers, politicians, scientists, and activists have recorded the polluted, disease- producing conditions of urban centres for centuries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Estimates and Projection Section mentioned in its report of world population in 2012 that the total world population ,which is shown in figure 5, will be 16 billion in 2100 (United Nations, 2012).
Figure 6 Greenhouse Effects, ( http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/radiate.gif) ee ee — EE — ——— ee eee Atmospheric scientists first used the te rm ‘green house effect’ in the early 1800s. At that time, it was used to describe the naturally occurring functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any nega that the term greenhouse effect was coupled wi decades, the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms. The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an enh anced g on earth would not be possible without the green tive conn otations. It was not until the mid-1950s th concern over climate change. In recent reenhouse effect. On the other hand, Life house effect. (IPCC, 2007) In the atmospheric greenhouse effect (as shown in fi ters is the most important factor. Forests, grass ice caps, deserts, and cities all absorb, reflect, and radi k into space, sunlight firs falling on a heating of tl strongly absorbed, o and lower a the amount of solar L encoun white glacier su he surface and n the oth re. Clou radiation rface strongly tmosphe d cover also ai radiation en percentage o ower atmosphere. Sunligh er hand, and contributes to significant house wari reaching the earth's surface and by reduci reflects bac ate radiation t falling on ffects green f solar energy re ergy emitted into space. Sci gure 6), the type of surface faces, ng the amou entists use the term Albedo to define flected back by a surface. Understanding local, regional, and global Albedo effects is critical to predicting global climate change. (www.ucar.edu)
Figure 6 Greenhouse Effects, ( http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/radiate.gif) ee ee — EE — ——— ee eee Atmospheric scientists first used the te rm ‘green house effect’ in the early 1800s. At that time, it was used to describe the naturally occurring functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any nega that the term greenhouse effect was coupled wi decades, the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms. The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an enh anced g on earth would not be possible without the green tive conn otations. It was not until the mid-1950s th concern over climate change. In recent reenhouse effect. On the other hand, Life house effect. (IPCC, 2007) In the atmospheric greenhouse effect (as shown in fi ters is the most important factor. Forests, grass ice caps, deserts, and cities all absorb, reflect, and radi k into space, sunlight firs falling on a heating of tl strongly absorbed, o and lower a the amount of solar L encoun white glacier su he surface and n the oth re. Clou radiation rface strongly tmosphe d cover also ai radiation en percentage o ower atmosphere. Sunligh er hand, and contributes to significant house wari reaching the earth's surface and by reduci reflects bac ate radiation t falling on ffects green f solar energy re ergy emitted into space. Sci gure 6), the type of surface faces, ng the amou entists use the term Albedo to define flected back by a surface. Understanding local, regional, and global Albedo effects is critical to predicting global climate change. (www.ucar.edu)
1.1.1.1 Carbon Dioxide (Oz) is one of th together, the carbon dioxide molecule can starts will 1 emissi the su The p ther to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating kely be absorbed by yet another resence of CO2 in the atmosphere on-absorption cycle serves to keep th face from the cold of space. CO2 represents 0.03% of the volu nefits for all organisms like th tmosphere. On th e greenhouse gases. It co atom with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms absorb inf molecule wi greenhouse e heat near rared radiatio the rad: gas molecule. 1 emit nsists of on n and the iation agai produces be hotosynthesis process if it is kept in the natural proportion i hand, the increase of percentage of it in the air leads to the suffocation of livin rganisms and causes severe harms to the environment as well as global warming an imate change. (IPCC, 2007) n the the surface, ef fectively i me of atm a osphe e carbon are bonded tightly molecule n, and it This absorption- nsulatin tas 2.0 Oo OD
1.1.1.1 Carbon Dioxide (Oz) is one of th together, the carbon dioxide molecule can starts will 1 emissi the su The p ther to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating kely be absorbed by yet another resence of CO2 in the atmosphere on-absorption cycle serves to keep th face from the cold of space. CO2 represents 0.03% of the volu nefits for all organisms like th tmosphere. On th e greenhouse gases. It co atom with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms absorb inf molecule wi greenhouse e heat near rared radiatio the rad: gas molecule. 1 emit nsists of on n and the iation agai produces be hotosynthesis process if it is kept in the natural proportion i hand, the increase of percentage of it in the air leads to the suffocation of livin rganisms and causes severe harms to the environment as well as global warming an imate change. (IPCC, 2007) n the the surface, ef fectively i me of atm a osphe e carbon are bonded tightly molecule n, and it This absorption- nsulatin tas 2.0 Oo OD
Figure 7 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2005 (Greenhouse emission.com)
Figure 7 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2005 (Greenhouse emission.com)
CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions are responsible of the global warming and climate change which will identify its impacts on the following;
CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions are responsible of the global warming and climate change which will identify its impacts on the following;
Figure 9 Global warming indicators (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010)
Figure 9 Global warming indicators (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010)
Figure 10 The annual mean growth rate in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1959 through 2012, as measured atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii (Discovermagazin.com) as ce Climate change is the i Traditionally, carbon however human activi in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, as illustrated in Figure 10, illustrates the way in which the su increase in average te increase in the Earth's average temperature caused by the release of carbon dioxide molecules and other greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. dioxide molecules have helped to regulate temperatures on Earth; ties have affected the natural processes of CO2 molecules, resulting n’s heat becomes trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in an mperatures over time. Forests and other ecosystems consume CO2 molecules through photosynthesis, producing oxygen. Decisions af fecting forests and the use of fossil fuels can directly influence the amount of CO2 molecules released into the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide rise in 2012
Figure 10 The annual mean growth rate in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1959 through 2012, as measured atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii (Discovermagazin.com) as ce Climate change is the i Traditionally, carbon however human activi in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, as illustrated in Figure 10, illustrates the way in which the su increase in average te increase in the Earth's average temperature caused by the release of carbon dioxide molecules and other greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. dioxide molecules have helped to regulate temperatures on Earth; ties have affected the natural processes of CO2 molecules, resulting n’s heat becomes trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in an mperatures over time. Forests and other ecosystems consume CO2 molecules through photosynthesis, producing oxygen. Decisions af fecting forests and the use of fossil fuels can directly influence the amount of CO2 molecules released into the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide rise in 2012
The graph above (figure 10) tells the tale: in 2012, concentra dioxide in the atmosphere ju tions of heat-trapping carbon mped by the second highest amount since modem monitoring began in 1959. According to Pieter Tans, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist who leads the effort to track CO2 levels, mostly by increasi ng emissions of the greenhouse gas, thanks in la the rise was driven rge measure to more coal-burning power plants in the developing world. As reported by the Associated Press, Tans said th warming to less than 2 degrees C over preindustrial levels are threshold, the odds of dangerous climatic impacts rise significantly, e new findings suggest that the prospects for lim scientists. Figure 1 iting average global fading. Beyond that in the view of many shows the world CO2 emissions per capita (W orl d Bank, 2012).
The graph above (figure 10) tells the tale: in 2012, concentra dioxide in the atmosphere ju tions of heat-trapping carbon mped by the second highest amount since modem monitoring began in 1959. According to Pieter Tans, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist who leads the effort to track CO2 levels, mostly by increasi ng emissions of the greenhouse gas, thanks in la the rise was driven rge measure to more coal-burning power plants in the developing world. As reported by the Associated Press, Tans said th warming to less than 2 degrees C over preindustrial levels are threshold, the odds of dangerous climatic impacts rise significantly, e new findings suggest that the prospects for lim scientists. Figure 1 iting average global fading. Beyond that in the view of many shows the world CO2 emissions per capita (W orl d Bank, 2012).
Figure 13 shows the CO2 emissions in the World & Arab Countries in 2012. (Abdel- Gelil, 2013)
Figure 13 shows the CO2 emissions in the World & Arab Countries in 2012. (Abdel- Gelil, 2013)
all Climate change has been identified as having a number of potentially catastrophic implications, if measures are not implemented to regulate and reduce humankind's impact on the environment. More immediate impacts include unpredictable and extreme weather events and crop damage associated with prolonged drought. Coastal settlements could also potentially be compromised if polar ice caps continue to melt, causing sea levels to rise. Other concerns exist relating to the collapse of ecosystems, as the temperatures affect the equilibrium between animals in the food chain, and the roles of these creatures within it. The overarching concern of climate change is that it will result in a disintegration of the Earth’s capacity to provide for, and support, human life (Campanella, 2008). Earth's average temperature over the past 100 years is shown in the black line. Predictions of the amount of warming in the future are shown by the red, green, and purple lines. These predictions, developed with computer models, make different assumptions about how many greenhouse gases we release into the atmosphere in the future. Figure 14 is according to the 4 Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change "IPCC" in Paris, Francs, 2007.
all Climate change has been identified as having a number of potentially catastrophic implications, if measures are not implemented to regulate and reduce humankind's impact on the environment. More immediate impacts include unpredictable and extreme weather events and crop damage associated with prolonged drought. Coastal settlements could also potentially be compromised if polar ice caps continue to melt, causing sea levels to rise. Other concerns exist relating to the collapse of ecosystems, as the temperatures affect the equilibrium between animals in the food chain, and the roles of these creatures within it. The overarching concern of climate change is that it will result in a disintegration of the Earth’s capacity to provide for, and support, human life (Campanella, 2008). Earth's average temperature over the past 100 years is shown in the black line. Predictions of the amount of warming in the future are shown by the red, green, and purple lines. These predictions, developed with computer models, make different assumptions about how many greenhouse gases we release into the atmosphere in the future. Figure 14 is according to the 4 Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change "IPCC" in Paris, Francs, 2007.
Figure 15 Projected increases in residential and commercial building sector greenhouse gas emissions
Figure 15 Projected increases in residential and commercial building sector greenhouse gas emissions
eee ee ee eS lL ee LS eS Green space per capita is one view on quality of life. Green spaces are parks and gardens that exist inside a city spaces to play, exercise or enjoy the day. These spaces contribute to the quality of life of the people of a city by increasing air quality, reducing the heat island effect, and improving the health of people in the community, among other benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concem for public health, produced a document on the subject stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per person. In London the average in 20m2, in Shanghai it is 10m2 while in the sprawl of Los Angeles it is less than 7m2. (wordpress.com, 2011)
eee ee ee eS lL ee LS eS Green space per capita is one view on quality of life. Green spaces are parks and gardens that exist inside a city spaces to play, exercise or enjoy the day. These spaces contribute to the quality of life of the people of a city by increasing air quality, reducing the heat island effect, and improving the health of people in the community, among other benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concem for public health, produced a document on the subject stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per person. In London the average in 20m2, in Shanghai it is 10m2 while in the sprawl of Los Angeles it is less than 7m2. (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 17 Green Space M? per person in Colima City (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 17 Green Space M? per person in Colima City (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 18 Urban Green Space Coverage in European Cities. (www.rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org) Proportional green space coverage in the cities increased with latitude. Per capita green space provision varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4m? per person in Cadiz, Fuenlabrada and Almera (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to more than 300m? in Liege (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France). This variation formed a clear spatial pattern at country level, with lowest provision in the south and east of Europe, increasing to the north and northwest (As shown in figure 18).
Figure 18 Urban Green Space Coverage in European Cities. (www.rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org) Proportional green space coverage in the cities increased with latitude. Per capita green space provision varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4m? per person in Cadiz, Fuenlabrada and Almera (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to more than 300m? in Liege (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France). This variation formed a clear spatial pattern at country level, with lowest provision in the south and east of Europe, increasing to the north and northwest (As shown in figure 18).
Table 3 International sustainable building rating systems
Table 3 International sustainable building rating systems
Table 4 National sustainable building rating systems
Table 4 National sustainable building rating systems
Figure 19 International Certification Systems for ecological buildings (EGBC, 2010)
Figure 19 International Certification Systems for ecological buildings (EGBC, 2010)
1.2.6 Comparison between International & National Sustainable Buildings & Cities Rating Systems
1.2.6 Comparison between International & National Sustainable Buildings & Cities Rating Systems
1.3.1 Sustainable Site & Smart Infrastructures
1.3.1 Sustainable Site & Smart Infrastructures
Figure 21 Jeju Island Smart Grid, South Korea (nuritelecom.com) Different from a traditional monitoring instant condition adjustment. Not limited onl emergence of more and mo gridis designed to be able (Reepedia.com) s of thee re differen grid, whose function is only electricity transmission and distribution, asmart grid can reduce energy loss and increase the grid efficiency by ectricity supply and application then make a quick y by steam turbine generator and high voltage transmission, t sources of energy and methods of energy storage motivates encourages the growth of smart grid. Among various energy sources, the smart to pick the most efficient one and put it into operation. Figure 21 displays an examp argest Smart Grid communi transportation system, smart deployment of smart grid wil e of smart city’s infrastructures ] $58 million project supported by the government with an ai ty and achieving 30% of global years. Five parts of the system are: smart power grid system, m of building tl smart place sys renewable system and smart elec costs and will reduce the coun save the country about $10 billion a year in ene try’s CO2 level by 30%. (http://www.reepedia.com) eju Island Smart Grid is a he world’s smart grid market in 20 tem, smart tricity service system. The rgy import
Figure 21 Jeju Island Smart Grid, South Korea (nuritelecom.com) Different from a traditional monitoring instant condition adjustment. Not limited onl emergence of more and mo gridis designed to be able (Reepedia.com) s of thee re differen grid, whose function is only electricity transmission and distribution, asmart grid can reduce energy loss and increase the grid efficiency by ectricity supply and application then make a quick y by steam turbine generator and high voltage transmission, t sources of energy and methods of energy storage motivates encourages the growth of smart grid. Among various energy sources, the smart to pick the most efficient one and put it into operation. Figure 21 displays an examp argest Smart Grid communi transportation system, smart deployment of smart grid wil e of smart city’s infrastructures ] $58 million project supported by the government with an ai ty and achieving 30% of global years. Five parts of the system are: smart power grid system, m of building tl smart place sys renewable system and smart elec costs and will reduce the coun save the country about $10 billion a year in ene try’s CO2 level by 30%. (http://www.reepedia.com) eju Island Smart Grid is a he world’s smart grid market in 20 tem, smart tricity service system. The rgy import
Table 6 Photovoltaic panel’s emissions, UK
Table 6 Photovoltaic panel’s emissions, UK
Figure 23 Nano-solar Panels (guntherportfolio.com, 2012) Figure 23 & 24 explains the cost versus production ramp progression. With 115 MWp production capacities, Nano-solar Utility Panel cost is $1.10 to $1.20 per Wp (Watt-peak) at 1 to 2 MW production per month. Moving to 5 to 10 MW per month in 1Q12, Nano- solar module production cost will be below $1.00 per Watt ($/W). By yearend 2012 after around 75 MW of production, Nano-solar expects to be producing at $0.80 to $0.85 per Wp. (guntherportfolio.com, 2012)
Figure 23 Nano-solar Panels (guntherportfolio.com, 2012) Figure 23 & 24 explains the cost versus production ramp progression. With 115 MWp production capacities, Nano-solar Utility Panel cost is $1.10 to $1.20 per Wp (Watt-peak) at 1 to 2 MW production per month. Moving to 5 to 10 MW per month in 1Q12, Nano- solar module production cost will be below $1.00 per Watt ($/W). By yearend 2012 after around 75 MW of production, Nano-solar expects to be producing at $0.80 to $0.85 per Wp. (guntherportfolio.com, 2012)
Figure 24 Nano-solar panels’ module cost, efficiency (http://quntherportfolio.com,2012)
Figure 24 Nano-solar panels’ module cost, efficiency (http://quntherportfolio.com,2012)
PIQULG 4) OVlal HOL Walter oy olelll LINOLIOIK, GULI) http://www.solartubs.com/ebayphotos/1236658906solar_hot_water_system.jpg
PIQULG 4) OVlal HOL Walter oy olelll LINOLIOIK, GULI) http://www.solartubs.com/ebayphotos/1236658906solar_hot_water_system.jpg
Figure 26 Wind Turbine, Large and Small Scale (Allen, 2008) 1.3.3 Water Management
Figure 26 Wind Turbine, Large and Small Scale (Allen, 2008) 1.3.3 Water Management
Figure 27 how Water works & Grey Water Systems (Low-energy house, 2011) As per a recent study, by the year 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. Water resources will not be sufficient anymore around the world. Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than a third of 1% of this is available to humans. The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps, or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach (as shown in figure 27). So an environmental approach is not only a good thing, it is necessary if we want our children to have water when they grow up (FAO, 2009). Water consumption is becoming increasingly important as a demand for water increase especially in hot arid regions. Reduction and reuse of water are considered as main elements to achieve zero-carbon cities. A number of conservation measures can be used in cities such as grey water systems and water capture technologies. It’s a waste to irrigate with great quantities of drinking water when plants thrive on used water containing small bits of compost. (Abdel-All, M., 2012)
Figure 27 how Water works & Grey Water Systems (Low-energy house, 2011) As per a recent study, by the year 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. Water resources will not be sufficient anymore around the world. Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than a third of 1% of this is available to humans. The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps, or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach (as shown in figure 27). So an environmental approach is not only a good thing, it is necessary if we want our children to have water when they grow up (FAO, 2009). Water consumption is becoming increasingly important as a demand for water increase especially in hot arid regions. Reduction and reuse of water are considered as main elements to achieve zero-carbon cities. A number of conservation measures can be used in cities such as grey water systems and water capture technologies. It’s a waste to irrigate with great quantities of drinking water when plants thrive on used water containing small bits of compost. (Abdel-All, M., 2012)
Green roofing has become increasing green areas and attrac roof provide an excell also act as a natural fi absorb CO2 gas fro (Greenroofstoday.UK, energy by reducing i fidure 28). ent insulation of Iter of rainwater m air and prod ts wildlife includi 2013). Thermal insu y popular in c ng butterflies a the bu ts losses through ilding whi and plants abso uce O2 throug ch reduces gas consumption rb 50% of rain water. Green ities because it creates additi nd birds. The plants that cover th but i roof: h the photosynthesis phenomen ation is th out the building’s walls and roofs (as shown e main key to save the bu ildin Figure 28 Green Roofs & Thermal Insulation (greenroofstoday.com)
Green roofing has become increasing green areas and attrac roof provide an excell also act as a natural fi absorb CO2 gas fro (Greenroofstoday.UK, energy by reducing i fidure 28). ent insulation of Iter of rainwater m air and prod ts wildlife includi 2013). Thermal insu y popular in c ng butterflies a the bu ts losses through ilding whi and plants abso uce O2 throug ch reduces gas consumption rb 50% of rain water. Green ities because it creates additi nd birds. The plants that cover th but i roof: h the photosynthesis phenomen ation is th out the building’s walls and roofs (as shown e main key to save the bu ildin Figure 28 Green Roofs & Thermal Insulation (greenroofstoday.com)
Figure 29 Waste Management Processes (gogreenamricatv.com)
Figure 29 Waste Management Processes (gogreenamricatv.com)
Figure 30 Projected CO2 Emissions for New Cars in Selected Countries/Regions (Global Climate, 2007) See ee ee ee ee Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei: ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec urban sprawl and reduced dependence upon car based infrastructure. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 30 Projected CO2 Emissions for New Cars in Selected Countries/Regions (Global Climate, 2007) See ee ee ee ee Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei: ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec urban sprawl and reduced dependence upon car based infrastructure. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 31 Recommended Sound Levels (Alexandria-V irginia, 2012) 1.3.7.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (US Environmental P mould can result in alle ts. Moulds produce tiny spores that reproduce. Mould spores float through nd outdoor ai carpet, and foods. There is r environment; th comp indoo indoo Lead health environm 2008, EP preventin ain axel Se Pee Mould - Exposure to The older bui hazards by exposu ent or are ai A issued a rule req r continual e best dings way whic re to ttached to d g lead poiso Se ee a ee Se) Le a een. i tee Lae cee es ae ning. y. There al no practical way to control in rotection A gency, 2012) rgic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory re moulds that can grow on wood, paper, to eliminate all mould and its spores in the door mold growth is to control moisture. h have paint paint flakes or chips that ust particles in the air. To protect agai uiring the use of lead-safe practices and other actions aimed at contains lead can potentially pose serious are introduced into the nst this risk, in Le TS nS ea eT! eet meee
Figure 31 Recommended Sound Levels (Alexandria-V irginia, 2012) 1.3.7.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (US Environmental P mould can result in alle ts. Moulds produce tiny spores that reproduce. Mould spores float through nd outdoor ai carpet, and foods. There is r environment; th comp indoo indoo Lead health environm 2008, EP preventin ain axel Se Pee Mould - Exposure to The older bui hazards by exposu ent or are ai A issued a rule req r continual e best dings way whic re to ttached to d g lead poiso Se ee a ee Se) Le a een. i tee Lae cee es ae ning. y. There al no practical way to control in rotection A gency, 2012) rgic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory re moulds that can grow on wood, paper, to eliminate all mould and its spores in the door mold growth is to control moisture. h have paint paint flakes or chips that ust particles in the air. To protect agai uiring the use of lead-safe practices and other actions aimed at contains lead can potentially pose serious are introduced into the nst this risk, in Le TS nS ea eT! eet meee
Figure 32 Zero / low Carbon City Planning Cycle (wri.org.cn/en/news)
Figure 32 Zero / low Carbon City Planning Cycle (wri.org.cn/en/news)
Figure 33 Sydney 2030 (City of Sydney, 2008)
Figure 33 Sydney 2030 (City of Sydney, 2008)
Figure 34 London, 2050 http://www.standar
Figure 34 London, 2050 http://www.standar
Figure 35 New Y ork 2030 (k
Figure 35 New Y ork 2030 (k
The ambition of the Roadmap 2050 project in European cities is to attain fully decarbonised power sector by 2050. As other mitigation studies, the power sector is assumed to implement essentially carbon free technologies. By 2050, 95% is assumed to be possible. t is assumed that CCS power plants will continue to emit some CO2 (only 90% is assumed to be captured) and probably highly flexible open gas-cycle turbines remain needed for system balancing. In industry, however, meeting a similar emission reduction is much harder. The technical analysis has assumed a large share of ef. ficiency improvements to be possible, a rollout of CCS is possible, covering 50% o f heavy industry in Europe. The European power system in 2030 in the 450 ppm scenario “as shown in table 12” is clearly upon its way towards carbon neutrality, which is fully in line with the CO2 emissions in the power sector in 2030 could reduce by 70% related to 1990 “from 4000 Million ton in 1990 to 2270 Million ton in 2030” (P.A. Boot, Roadmap 2050, “20 0”) European power generation is already for 80% carbon free by 2030. Parallel with CO2 reduction in the power sector, due to strong policies the transport sector is being decarbonised. CO2 intensity of new cars decreases due to credible standards from 170 Gco2/km in 2007 to 110 g in 2020 and 80 g in 2030. In this way only 40% of new passenger cars in 2030 are driven by internal combustion engines, hybrid take up 30% and the remaining part is plug in hybrid and electric. (P.A. Boot, 2010; p. 19)
The ambition of the Roadmap 2050 project in European cities is to attain fully decarbonised power sector by 2050. As other mitigation studies, the power sector is assumed to implement essentially carbon free technologies. By 2050, 95% is assumed to be possible. t is assumed that CCS power plants will continue to emit some CO2 (only 90% is assumed to be captured) and probably highly flexible open gas-cycle turbines remain needed for system balancing. In industry, however, meeting a similar emission reduction is much harder. The technical analysis has assumed a large share of ef. ficiency improvements to be possible, a rollout of CCS is possible, covering 50% o f heavy industry in Europe. The European power system in 2030 in the 450 ppm scenario “as shown in table 12” is clearly upon its way towards carbon neutrality, which is fully in line with the CO2 emissions in the power sector in 2030 could reduce by 70% related to 1990 “from 4000 Million ton in 1990 to 2270 Million ton in 2030” (P.A. Boot, Roadmap 2050, “20 0”) European power generation is already for 80% carbon free by 2030. Parallel with CO2 reduction in the power sector, due to strong policies the transport sector is being decarbonised. CO2 intensity of new cars decreases due to credible standards from 170 Gco2/km in 2007 to 110 g in 2020 and 80 g in 2030. In this way only 40% of new passenger cars in 2030 are driven by internal combustion engines, hybrid take up 30% and the remaining part is plug in hybrid and electric. (P.A. Boot, 2010; p. 19)
2.1 Barcelona City, Spain (Existing City) 2020 This part aims to form an understanding of zero carbon and carbon neutral development forms, as relevant to the coastal built environment. This is to be achieved through the exami assist built e ifficu eighb resen ade he ef: pa SHE'D eir annronniateness for the Alexandra. Favnt hui nvironment. The case studies will be used ties and issues associated with carbon ourhood and citywide scales. The plan ted by such issues will be discussed, and fu for zero carbon or neutral carbon development fectiveness of these examples in achieving carbon neutral nation of four case studies of existing and proposed development cities, and will in demonstrating precisely how carbon neutrality can, and to explore and highlight some of the neutral development on a small ning implica has been achieved in the tions and opportunities rther considered in recommendations t in the thesis last part. ity will be assessed, and t anvironment will he further exnlored The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC. The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of
2.1 Barcelona City, Spain (Existing City) 2020 This part aims to form an understanding of zero carbon and carbon neutral development forms, as relevant to the coastal built environment. This is to be achieved through the exami assist built e ifficu eighb resen ade he ef: pa SHE'D eir annronniateness for the Alexandra. Favnt hui nvironment. The case studies will be used ties and issues associated with carbon ourhood and citywide scales. The plan ted by such issues will be discussed, and fu for zero carbon or neutral carbon development fectiveness of these examples in achieving carbon neutral nation of four case studies of existing and proposed development cities, and will in demonstrating precisely how carbon neutrality can, and to explore and highlight some of the neutral development on a small ning implica has been achieved in the tions and opportunities rther considered in recommendations t in the thesis last part. ity will be assessed, and t anvironment will he further exnlored The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC. The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of
Figure 37 Barcelona, 2013 (Barcelona, 2013) between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km? (310 sq mi), being the sixth- Madrid and Milan. It is lo 512 m/1,680 ft). (World eading tourist, economic influence in commerce, ed contribute to its status as world (after Moscow, b Union and 35th in the wo city was ranked Europe's most populous urban areain theEuropean Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, cated on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the efore Dubai) an (Globalization and World Cities, 2007) Urban Areas, , trade fair/ex ucation, entertain one of the wo cultural and economic centre in south-wes d Mar and Gran Via). It is the fourth economi rid with an outpu third and one of the world's most successful as a city brand. d's major global cities. Indeed, it is a major rivers Llobregat and Besos and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge 2010) Barcelona is today one of the world's hibitions and cultural- sports centres, and its ment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all tem Europe (Iberian Peninsula), 26th in the a growing financial centre (Diagonal cally powerful city by GDP in the European t amounting to €177 billion. As of 2009 the
Figure 37 Barcelona, 2013 (Barcelona, 2013) between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km? (310 sq mi), being the sixth- Madrid and Milan. It is lo 512 m/1,680 ft). (World eading tourist, economic influence in commerce, ed contribute to its status as world (after Moscow, b Union and 35th in the wo city was ranked Europe's most populous urban areain theEuropean Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, cated on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the efore Dubai) an (Globalization and World Cities, 2007) Urban Areas, , trade fair/ex ucation, entertain one of the wo cultural and economic centre in south-wes d Mar and Gran Via). It is the fourth economi rid with an outpu third and one of the world's most successful as a city brand. d's major global cities. Indeed, it is a major rivers Llobregat and Besos and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge 2010) Barcelona is today one of the world's hibitions and cultural- sports centres, and its ment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all tem Europe (Iberian Peninsula), 26th in the a growing financial centre (Diagonal cally powerful city by GDP in the European t amounting to €177 billion. As of 2009 the
Figure 38 Barcelona City Tourism and Sports (http://g.gazetaprawna. barcelona.jpg ) Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of thelberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besos river to the north. This plain covers an area of 170 km? (66 sq mi), of which 101 km? (38.9 sq mi) are occupied by the city itself. It is 120km (75mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France. (Barcelona, 2009)
Figure 38 Barcelona City Tourism and Sports (http://g.gazetaprawna. barcelona.jpg ) Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of thelberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besos river to the north. This plain covers an area of 170 km? (66 sq mi), of which 101 km? (38.9 sq mi) are occupied by the city itself. It is 120km (75mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France. (Barcelona, 2009)
Figure 39 Barcelona Districts (http://www.barcelona-travel-guide.info/images/barcelona-districts-map) Population Density
Figure 39 Barcelona Districts (http://www.barcelona-travel-guide.info/images/barcelona-districts-map) Population Density
————— Figure 41 The Port ort Vell, Barcelona City (wikipedia. org /Barcelona, 2013)
————— Figure 41 The Port ort Vell, Barcelona City (wikipedia. org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 42 Barcelona Transportations Systems (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013) cn nnn nee EE EEE Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate modem tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. In 2007, Barcelona's City Council started the Biking service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station as shown in figure 42. (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 42 Barcelona Transportations Systems (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013) cn nnn nee EE EEE Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate modem tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. In 2007, Barcelona's City Council started the Biking service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station as shown in figure 42. (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 43 Renewable Energy & Water Management in Barcelona (Barcelona 2020, 2012) The role of cities in the natural cycle of water is crucial. Managing water resources in a global focus throughout the water cycle in a responsible manner is essential and includes the supply of water available, sewer and storm water retention, and public fountains ornamental lakes, beaches and water consumption in the city as shown in figure 43.
Figure 43 Renewable Energy & Water Management in Barcelona (Barcelona 2020, 2012) The role of cities in the natural cycle of water is crucial. Managing water resources in a global focus throughout the water cycle in a responsible manner is essential and includes the supply of water available, sewer and storm water retention, and public fountains ornamental lakes, beaches and water consumption in the city as shown in figure 43.
2.1.3.4 Waste Management & Cleaning dl ee -_ al The cleanliness of public areas and the collection of litter is a municipal responsibility. These municipal services include quality and sustainability criteria and the necessary instruments accompanied by a respect for the environment. Citizens also have to collaborate actively, adopting good habits in litter management and cleanliness of public areas because, as people say: so clean is who cleans as the one that it doesn't dirty!
2.1.3.4 Waste Management & Cleaning dl ee -_ al The cleanliness of public areas and the collection of litter is a municipal responsibility. These municipal services include quality and sustainability criteria and the necessary instruments accompanied by a respect for the environment. Citizens also have to collaborate actively, adopting good habits in litter management and cleanliness of public areas because, as people say: so clean is who cleans as the one that it doesn't dirty!
In Barcelona there are currently 6 area household waste and recycling centers, 20 local household wastes and recycling centers, and 96 mobile household wastes and recycling centers. In addition, there are 2 mobile household waste and recycling centers that can be requested by schools, community centers and other associations. In general, household waste and recycling centers are intended for the disposal of waste that cannot be deposited in street containers as shown in figures 45 & 46.
In Barcelona there are currently 6 area household waste and recycling centers, 20 local household wastes and recycling centers, and 96 mobile household wastes and recycling centers. In addition, there are 2 mobile household waste and recycling centers that can be requested by schools, community centers and other associations. In general, household waste and recycling centers are intended for the disposal of waste that cannot be deposited in street containers as shown in figures 45 & 46.
Figure 46 Waste Management, Barcelona City (Barcelona 2020, 2012)
Figure 46 Waste Management, Barcelona City (Barcelona 2020, 2012)
Vancouver is known around the world as one of the best places to live and is a popular tourist attraction. Vancouver is also one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada with 52% of the population speaking a first language other than English. Vancouver has been host to many international conferences and events, including the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics. (Vacouver.com) 2.2 Vancouver City, Canada (Existing City) 2020
Vancouver is known around the world as one of the best places to live and is a popular tourist attraction. Vancouver is also one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada with 52% of the population speaking a first language other than English. Vancouver has been host to many international conferences and events, including the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics. (Vacouver.com) 2.2 Vancouver City, Canada (Existing City) 2020
Figure 48 Regional District: Greater Vancouver Mainland (V acouver.com) Geography
Figure 48 Regional District: Greater Vancouver Mainland (V acouver.com) Geography
ee Vancouver's moderate, oceanic climate makes it one of the warmest cities in Canada. Vancouver has a moderate, oceanic climate. Protected by the mountains and warmed by the Pacific Ocean currents, Vancouver is one of the warmest cities in Canada. Although Vancouver has a reputation for rain, it actually ranks as tl in Canada with Prince Rupert, Port Alberni, Chilliwack, Abbots Vancouver's wettest months are November and December with an of 182mm. And - with an average of just 41mm of precipitation - J he 9th rain driest months in Vancouver. It also ranks 34th for the least sunshin for the fewest sunny days. iest locatio ford, Campbell River Halifax, Sydney, and St. John's beating Vancouver foraverage yea e year rou ry rainfall. average precipitatio uly and August are the a y a nd and 26tl a
ee Vancouver's moderate, oceanic climate makes it one of the warmest cities in Canada. Vancouver has a moderate, oceanic climate. Protected by the mountains and warmed by the Pacific Ocean currents, Vancouver is one of the warmest cities in Canada. Although Vancouver has a reputation for rain, it actually ranks as tl in Canada with Prince Rupert, Port Alberni, Chilliwack, Abbots Vancouver's wettest months are November and December with an of 182mm. And - with an average of just 41mm of precipitation - J he 9th rain driest months in Vancouver. It also ranks 34th for the least sunshin for the fewest sunny days. iest locatio ford, Campbell River Halifax, Sydney, and St. John's beating Vancouver foraverage yea e year rou ry rainfall. average precipitatio uly and August are the a y a nd and 26tl a
Figure 50 Vancouver City plan 2020 (Vacouver.com) —— oo Te Vancouver City Council has adopted a compre to ensure that Vancouver remains a live able and resilient city in the face of climate C Ch S | S, S ange. T daptation hown in ewers, b imate ch wee ee es ee ee ee ws Wee eee eee eee lee ee Jr » te rr te Re he landmark strategy recommends ni figure 50). These actions will guide tl ange. hensive climate change adaptation strategy ne primary actions (see 2.2.3) and over 50 upporting actions that the City of Vancouver can take to incorporate climate change measures into new projects and daily operations for all City business (as he way we build and maintain City streets, uilding infrastructure, parks and green spaces to ensure they are resilient to
Figure 50 Vancouver City plan 2020 (Vacouver.com) —— oo Te Vancouver City Council has adopted a compre to ensure that Vancouver remains a live able and resilient city in the face of climate C Ch S | S, S ange. T daptation hown in ewers, b imate ch wee ee es ee ee ee ws Wee eee eee eee lee ee Jr » te rr te Re he landmark strategy recommends ni figure 50). These actions will guide tl ange. hensive climate change adaptation strategy ne primary actions (see 2.2.3) and over 50 upporting actions that the City of Vancouver can take to incorporate climate change measures into new projects and daily operations for all City business (as he way we build and maintain City streets, uilding infrastructure, parks and green spaces to ensure they are resilient to
2.2.2.2 Vancouver Towards Zero Waste /ancouver city energy plan decide to eliminate the dependence on fossil fuel in their mergy requirements gradually and start to depend on the renewable energies such as solat md wind energy as shown in figure 51.
2.2.2.2 Vancouver Towards Zero Waste /ancouver city energy plan decide to eliminate the dependence on fossil fuel in their mergy requirements gradually and start to depend on the renewable energies such as solat md wind energy as shown in figure 51.
Figure 52 Vancouver Waste disposal and recycling (http://www.technologie.ws/wp- content/uploads/2012/02/tril jpg) Advocating for more Extended Producer Responsibility programs for packaging Developing a building deconstruction program Minimizing the amount of waste that goes into the landfill
Figure 52 Vancouver Waste disposal and recycling (http://www.technologie.ws/wp- content/uploads/2012/02/tril jpg) Advocating for more Extended Producer Responsibility programs for packaging Developing a building deconstruction program Minimizing the amount of waste that goes into the landfill
Figure 54 Vancouver's streets accessible and pedestrians (V acouver.com)
Figure 54 Vancouver's streets accessible and pedestrians (V acouver.com)
Figure 55 Vancouver 2020 Action Plan (V ancouver.ca) ee ee ae ae ee ee The City’s operations are on track to be carbon neutral by August 2013. Vancouver is one of the first major cities in Canada to achieve this. Carbon neutrality means that any carbon pollution created from the City’s direct operations is offset through investment in projects that are reducing emissions elsewhere. By using offsets created through GHG reductions from the landfill, the City is able to neutralize emissions from its direct operations without additional burden to taxpayers. (Vancouver, 2013)
Figure 55 Vancouver 2020 Action Plan (V ancouver.ca) ee ee ae ae ee ee The City’s operations are on track to be carbon neutral by August 2013. Vancouver is one of the first major cities in Canada to achieve this. Carbon neutrality means that any carbon pollution created from the City’s direct operations is offset through investment in projects that are reducing emissions elsewhere. By using offsets created through GHG reductions from the landfill, the City is able to neutralize emissions from its direct operations without additional burden to taxpayers. (Vancouver, 2013)
Figure 56 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (The Economist. 2009) Masdar is a project in Abu Dhabi, in the which is being built by the Abu Dhabi Fu United Arab Emirates. Its core is a planned city, ture Energy Company, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the government of Abu Dhabi. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero- carbon, zero-waste ecology. (The Econom ist. 2009) Table 15 Masdar City (The Economist. 2009)
Figure 56 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (The Economist. 2009) Masdar is a project in Abu Dhabi, in the which is being built by the Abu Dhabi Fu United Arab Emirates. Its core is a planned city, ture Energy Company, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the government of Abu Dhabi. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero- carbon, zero-waste ecology. (The Econom ist. 2009) Table 15 Masdar City (The Economist. 2009)
Figure 57 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (http://www.2daydubai.com /masdar-city.php)
Figure 57 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (http://www.2daydubai.com /masdar-city.php)
Figure 58 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. (The Economist. 2009) billion. The city is plann specializing in expected to com Ww ill be accomplished via publi existing road an m Ww ci Si the city were completed and occupied i d railways con otor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s perimeter wall, desi inds, allows for narrow and shaded S ity. Masdar City will be the research and technology-intensi ow ed to cover 6 square kilome 50,000 people and 1,500 busin environmental mute to the city daily Automobiles will be banned within nal rapid transit her locations ou N y f C ec mass atest of ve muni milar to Novosibirsk, Russia or Tsu through its Clean Tech Fund are Conse Venture Capital. Construction began on K riendly p ting to ot! roducts, and transit and perso treets that a small occur between 2020 and 2025. (The Economist. 2009) ters (2.3 sq mi) and will be home to 45,000 esses, primarily commercial and manufacturing more than 60,000 wo tside the city. gned to keep o help fu number of highly plann Cipalities that inco uba Science City, nsus Business Grou n nel cooler breezes across th to facilities rkers are the city; travel systems, with The absence of ut the hot desert al completion rporate a living environ Japan. Partners in the p e ized, ment, roject ed, special p, Credit Suisse and Siemens Masdar City in 2008 and the first six buildings of n October 2010. Fin is scheduled to
Figure 58 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. (The Economist. 2009) billion. The city is plann specializing in expected to com Ww ill be accomplished via publi existing road an m Ww ci Si the city were completed and occupied i d railways con otor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s perimeter wall, desi inds, allows for narrow and shaded S ity. Masdar City will be the research and technology-intensi ow ed to cover 6 square kilome 50,000 people and 1,500 busin environmental mute to the city daily Automobiles will be banned within nal rapid transit her locations ou N y f C ec mass atest of ve muni milar to Novosibirsk, Russia or Tsu through its Clean Tech Fund are Conse Venture Capital. Construction began on K riendly p ting to ot! roducts, and transit and perso treets that a small occur between 2020 and 2025. (The Economist. 2009) ters (2.3 sq mi) and will be home to 45,000 esses, primarily commercial and manufacturing more than 60,000 wo tside the city. gned to keep o help fu number of highly plann Cipalities that inco uba Science City, nsus Business Grou n nel cooler breezes across th to facilities rkers are the city; travel systems, with The absence of ut the hot desert al completion rporate a living environ Japan. Partners in the p e ized, ment, roject ed, special p, Credit Suisse and Siemens Masdar City in 2008 and the first six buildings of n October 2010. Fin is scheduled to
Figure 59 Masdar Green Landscape plan (http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/masdar-city.php)
Figure 59 Masdar Green Landscape plan (http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/masdar-city.php)
Figure 60 Wind Tower & Photovoltaic Panels for Renewable Energy in Masdar City
Figure 60 Wind Tower & Photovoltaic Panels for Renewable Energy in Masdar City
Figure 61 Waste Collection and Separation in Masdar City (Crampsie S., 2008)
Figure 61 Waste Collection and Separation in Masdar City (Crampsie S., 2008)
Figure 62 Eco-Materials in Masdar City (Bullis K., 2009) Masdar’ S bu Che building materials u through the incorporated heavily walls with thin layers of of insulation yutside to keep heat out ildings are 2009). Local manufactu 7ero-carbon cities. Most are characte ‘igure 62. the latest use of energy efficient tec sed in Masdar have a high thermal and prevent residents reaching for re building materials are used in the local building materials are renewab rized by thei hnologies an mass, resulti air-conditio construction r durability, adaptability and low embodied e d smart design. ng in high level copper foil on the ning (Bullis K., of buildings in e and energy efficient. They nergy as shown in
Figure 62 Eco-Materials in Masdar City (Bullis K., 2009) Masdar’ S bu Che building materials u through the incorporated heavily walls with thin layers of of insulation yutside to keep heat out ildings are 2009). Local manufactu 7ero-carbon cities. Most are characte ‘igure 62. the latest use of energy efficient tec sed in Masdar have a high thermal and prevent residents reaching for re building materials are used in the local building materials are renewab rized by thei hnologies an mass, resulti air-conditio construction r durability, adaptability and low embodied e d smart design. ng in high level copper foil on the ning (Bullis K., of buildings in e and energy efficient. They nergy as shown in
Figure 63 Masdar City Air Quality (masdar city, project over view, 2009)
Figure 63 Masdar City Air Quality (masdar city, project over view, 2009)
Figure 64 Masdar City Transportation Systems (masdar city, project over view, 2009) aoe ELMO UEL Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec dependence upon car based infrastructure as shown in figure 64. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 64 Masdar City Transportation Systems (masdar city, project over view, 2009) aoe ELMO UEL Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec dependence upon car based infrastructure as shown in figure 64. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 65 Dongtan City, China (Normile, 2008) 2.4 Dongtan Zero-C arbon City , China (Future City) 2040 - 2050 Overview
Figure 65 Dongtan City, China (Normile, 2008) 2.4 Dongtan Zero-C arbon City , China (Future City) 2040 - 2050 Overview
Figure 66 Dongtan City Plan (Normile, 2008) http://uc.exteenblog.com/thinkgreen/images/images/dongtan_map.jpg city from scratch and provide a prototype for the future of all cities in one of the world’s most environmentally distressed countries, China. (Normile, 2008) Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of an eco-city, and is the first of up to four such cities to be designed and built in China by Arup. The cities are planned to be ecologically friendly, with zero-greenhouse- emission transit and complete self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of zero energy building principles. Energy demand will be substantially lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within the city. Waste is considered to be a resource and most of the city's waste will be recycled. Dongtan proposes to have only green transport movements along its coastline. People will arrive at the coast and leave their cars behind, traveling along the shore as pedestrians,
Figure 66 Dongtan City Plan (Normile, 2008) http://uc.exteenblog.com/thinkgreen/images/images/dongtan_map.jpg city from scratch and provide a prototype for the future of all cities in one of the world’s most environmentally distressed countries, China. (Normile, 2008) Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of an eco-city, and is the first of up to four such cities to be designed and built in China by Arup. The cities are planned to be ecologically friendly, with zero-greenhouse- emission transit and complete self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of zero energy building principles. Energy demand will be substantially lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within the city. Waste is considered to be a resource and most of the city's waste will be recycled. Dongtan proposes to have only green transport movements along its coastline. People will arrive at the coast and leave their cars behind, traveling along the shore as pedestrians,
Figure 67 Dongtan Perspective (RECORD, 2006). SS a ee a A en Adjacent urban pla economic the Y angi 20,000 in 80,000 peop SIIC), the city’s an area three quai to boomi ing Shanghai, plans are coming together for the prototypical city of which designers argue would be the world’s first truly sustainable new urban ent. Lon don-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial investment branch, have partnered to create a rters the size of Manhattan. The brief calls nning an constral nts. Located in sensitive wetlands on Chongmi ize River just north of Shanghai, Dongtan’s first ph nvestment Corporation master plan for Dongtan, for integrated sustainable d design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within ng Island at the mouth of ase, a marina village of L habitants, will be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. By 2020, nearly neighborh oods. e are expected to inhabit the city’s env ironmentally sustainable
Figure 67 Dongtan Perspective (RECORD, 2006). SS a ee a A en Adjacent urban pla economic the Y angi 20,000 in 80,000 peop SIIC), the city’s an area three quai to boomi ing Shanghai, plans are coming together for the prototypical city of which designers argue would be the world’s first truly sustainable new urban ent. Lon don-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial investment branch, have partnered to create a rters the size of Manhattan. The brief calls nning an constral nts. Located in sensitive wetlands on Chongmi ize River just north of Shanghai, Dongtan’s first ph nvestment Corporation master plan for Dongtan, for integrated sustainable d design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within ng Island at the mouth of ase, a marina village of L habitants, will be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. By 2020, nearly neighborh oods. e are expected to inhabit the city’s env ironmentally sustainable
Table 17 Ecological footprints in China
Table 17 Ecological footprints in China
Figure 68 Dongtan Ecological Footprint (Green Places, 2008; Normile)
Figure 68 Dongtan Ecological Footprint (Green Places, 2008; Normile)
Table 18 Comparison between the International Zero Carbon Cities Examples
Table 18 Comparison between the International Zero Carbon Cities Examples
Figure 69 Egypt Map, 2012 (http://www.7daysoffun.com/images/eqypt_ governorates _map.jpq) by) KY Qo a4 MY V ULV Pty VYUMiTy to $Oulity ahtGhiy MLLV AUER VEU NIU UY LOY population growth, unplanned land use distribution and unplanned extension of human activity. Industry, transportation and energy production are major contributors to pollution. Environmental deterioration is affecting the natural resources of Egypt. Moreover, untreated or poorly treated urban and industrial effluents also endanger the environment, and human health and welfare. Canals increasingly suffer from eutrophication, weeds and the accumulation of pesticides, which in tum lead to the contamination of drinking water. Soil salinity and water logging affect the productivity of agricultural land and contribute to the production of contaminated crops. The issue of environmental preservation is a global concern at both the international and national level. (Alex. Mid, 2012)
Figure 69 Egypt Map, 2012 (http://www.7daysoffun.com/images/eqypt_ governorates _map.jpq) by) KY Qo a4 MY V ULV Pty VYUMiTy to $Oulity ahtGhiy MLLV AUER VEU NIU UY LOY population growth, unplanned land use distribution and unplanned extension of human activity. Industry, transportation and energy production are major contributors to pollution. Environmental deterioration is affecting the natural resources of Egypt. Moreover, untreated or poorly treated urban and industrial effluents also endanger the environment, and human health and welfare. Canals increasingly suffer from eutrophication, weeds and the accumulation of pesticides, which in tum lead to the contamination of drinking water. Soil salinity and water logging affect the productivity of agricultural land and contribute to the production of contaminated crops. The issue of environmental preservation is a global concern at both the international and national level. (Alex. Mid, 2012)
Figure 70 Total Population Density at the beginning of years (1996-2013) (http://www.capmas.gov.eq) aa oS |) aia same problems i the low electrici international co 12% in 2007 ( 21,530 MW, co Upper Egypt, w Analyses confi kawoanahaAlaa ta: AWA: AL FAR Mast AwM MARAE Now, and almost 50 year later, Egypt’s large population suffers from the magnitude of th n addition to more and more relian ty consumption rates in Egypt (1 nsumption, electricity consumption Beshara, 2008). In summer 2008, mpared to 19,250 in 2007. Consequ itnessed daily blackouts ranging fro ce on and demand for energy. Despi 20 kWh/capita in 2002) compared t for residential purposes increased b the total electric demand peaked entially, most governorates, especial m 5 to 8 hours. rm that an increased penetration of energy intensive appliances in A. AASH AWAIT GlmAA FAA Ancomnnineg® at Eha lawn hat e te to y to y
Figure 70 Total Population Density at the beginning of years (1996-2013) (http://www.capmas.gov.eq) aa oS |) aia same problems i the low electrici international co 12% in 2007 ( 21,530 MW, co Upper Egypt, w Analyses confi kawoanahaAlaa ta: AWA: AL FAR Mast AwM MARAE Now, and almost 50 year later, Egypt’s large population suffers from the magnitude of th n addition to more and more relian ty consumption rates in Egypt (1 nsumption, electricity consumption Beshara, 2008). In summer 2008, mpared to 19,250 in 2007. Consequ itnessed daily blackouts ranging fro ce on and demand for energy. Despi 20 kWh/capita in 2002) compared t for residential purposes increased b the total electric demand peaked entially, most governorates, especial m 5 to 8 hours. rm that an increased penetration of energy intensive appliances in A. AASH AWAIT GlmAA FAA Ancomnnineg® at Eha lawn hat e te to y to y
NY EEE BERR TEU ELE AUELY In 2007, current installed capacity was 22000 MW. This is expected to reach 74000 MW by 2030. This would require the addition of more than 50000 MW. The peak demand was 18500 MW. It is expected that this demand will reach 62000 MW by 2030 (Beshara, 2008). In 2012, electricity consumption in residential (42.3%), industry (31.4%), commercial (8%) and governmental (4.7%), buildings reached 60% of total electric energy demand in Egypt as shown in figure 72. (Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2013)
NY EEE BERR TEU ELE AUELY In 2007, current installed capacity was 22000 MW. This is expected to reach 74000 MW by 2030. This would require the addition of more than 50000 MW. The peak demand was 18500 MW. It is expected that this demand will reach 62000 MW by 2030 (Beshara, 2008). In 2012, electricity consumption in residential (42.3%), industry (31.4%), commercial (8%) and governmental (4.7%), buildings reached 60% of total electric energy demand in Egypt as shown in figure 72. (Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2013)
Figure 73 Wind energy, Red Sea and Solar energy, El-Sadat City, Egypt
Figure 73 Wind energy, Red Sea and Solar energy, El-Sadat City, Egypt
Figure 74 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert (Ministry of Water Resources, 2012)
Figure 74 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert (Ministry of Water Resources, 2012)
Table 20 Water Resources in Egypt (billion meters cube/year)
Table 20 Water Resources in Egypt (billion meters cube/year)
Table 21 Water Consumption in Egypt (billion meters cube/year) eee aS ee Eee Egypt is using around 95 % of the available water, which is very critical. Around 86 % of water is used for irrigation, 8 % for domestic purposes and another 6 % by industry as shown in figure 75 (FAO, 2010). The individual annual share of current and expected available water has decreased from 2604 m°/year in 1947 to 860 m°/year in 2003 and expected to come down to 582 m3/year with increasing population (table 21). Egypt has been facing scarcity of water (share of less 1000 m3/vear) since 1996 (A boZeid, 2008).
Table 21 Water Consumption in Egypt (billion meters cube/year) eee aS ee Eee Egypt is using around 95 % of the available water, which is very critical. Around 86 % of water is used for irrigation, 8 % for domestic purposes and another 6 % by industry as shown in figure 75 (FAO, 2010). The individual annual share of current and expected available water has decreased from 2604 m°/year in 1947 to 860 m°/year in 2003 and expected to come down to 582 m3/year with increasing population (table 21). Egypt has been facing scarcity of water (share of less 1000 m3/vear) since 1996 (A boZeid, 2008).
Figure 77 Waste Collection Problems of Egypt (inhabitat.com)
Figure 77 Waste Collection Problems of Egypt (inhabitat.com)
Figure 78 Traffic Problems in Egypt (yomken.com)
Figure 78 Traffic Problems in Egypt (yomken.com)
Figure 80 Water Pollution in Egypt
Figure 80 Water Pollution in Egypt
Figure 81 Alexandria Governorate related to Egypt Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.6 million, Capmas.gov.eg, 2013) extending about 32km (20mi) along the coast of he Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city ying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving ipproximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important ‘ourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). tis an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Table 23 Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
Figure 81 Alexandria Governorate related to Egypt Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.6 million, Capmas.gov.eg, 2013) extending about 32km (20mi) along the coast of he Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city ying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving ipproximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important ‘ourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). tis an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Table 23 Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
aS as In 332 B.C. there was no way for colonist of Asia and India, Alexander the Great, except to invade Egypt to govern this area. He established a new city that carried his name; Alexandria, which was supported and flourished for three hundred years during Batlamik era successors of Alexander the Great as shown in figure 84 (Loubeer, 1991).
aS as In 332 B.C. there was no way for colonist of Asia and India, Alexander the Great, except to invade Egypt to govern this area. He established a new city that carried his name; Alexandria, which was supported and flourished for three hundred years during Batlamik era successors of Alexander the Great as shown in figure 84 (Loubeer, 1991).
Alexandria is located on the western edge of the Nile Delta Coast between Latitudes of 31° 08' N and 31° 26' N Longitudes 29° 27' E and 30° 04' E (GOUP, 2000). Alexandria north boundary along Mediterranean Sea is about 93.5 Km length started from Abo-Kir bye in the east ended at kilo 61.5 (Alexandria- Matrouh highway). Its eastern and southern boundaries are shared with Buhyira Govermorate. The western boundaries are Matrouh Governorate. Also, it is limited with Mediterranean Coast in the north and Lake Mariout in the south (GOUP, 2000).
Alexandria is located on the western edge of the Nile Delta Coast between Latitudes of 31° 08' N and 31° 26' N Longitudes 29° 27' E and 30° 04' E (GOUP, 2000). Alexandria north boundary along Mediterranean Sea is about 93.5 Km length started from Abo-Kir bye in the east ended at kilo 61.5 (Alexandria- Matrouh highway). Its eastern and southern boundaries are shared with Buhyira Govermorate. The western boundaries are Matrouh Governorate. Also, it is limited with Mediterranean Coast in the north and Lake Mariout in the south (GOUP, 2000).
Figure 84 Alexandria City Area (Ministry of Housing, 2010) Alexandria area is 2833 Km; agriculture land on it is about 163 Km? with percentage 5.66% from the total area of the city as shown in figure 84 (Ministry of Housing, 2010).
Figure 84 Alexandria City Area (Ministry of Housing, 2010) Alexandria area is 2833 Km; agriculture land on it is about 163 Km? with percentage 5.66% from the total area of the city as shown in figure 84 (Ministry of Housing, 2010).
Figure 86 Alexandria Population Growth in 2011 (25 Jan. Revolution, 2011)
Figure 86 Alexandria Population Growth in 2011 (25 Jan. Revolution, 2011)
Figure 87 Alexandria City Population (Capmas., 3-2013)V ehicles No. (General Traffic Management, 2013)
Figure 87 Alexandria City Population (Capmas., 3-2013)V ehicles No. (General Traffic Management, 2013)
Figure 88 Alexandria Governorate Districts with its area, population, density and vehicles numbers (Ministry of Housing, 2010 & Traffic Department in Alexandria, 2012)
Figure 88 Alexandria Governorate Districts with its area, population, density and vehicles numbers (Ministry of Housing, 2010 & Traffic Department in Alexandria, 2012)
3.2.1.5 Transport (Roads and Traffic Services) Figure 89 Alexandria Main Road Network
3.2.1.5 Transport (Roads and Traffic Services) Figure 89 Alexandria Main Road Network
Figure 90 Desert Road at present and after renovation (Ministry of Transport, 2012)
Figure 90 Desert Road at present and after renovation (Ministry of Transport, 2012)
Figure 92 Alexandria Train Stations (Alexandria and Sidi G aber)
Figure 92 Alexandria Train Stations (Alexandria and Sidi G aber)
Figure 95 Alexandria Taxis , Minibuses, Toktok and El-Hantour.
Figure 95 Alexandria Taxis , Minibuses, Toktok and El-Hantour.
Figure 96 Air Pollution Areas in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 96 Air Pollution Areas in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 98 SO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 98 SO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 99 NO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 99 NO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 97 CO Gas Emissions in Alexandria in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 97 CO Gas Emissions in Alexandria in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 100 shows that the maximum level is 90 micrograms / m3, has average annual concentrations of dust lingering around 346.35 micrograms / m3 in 2007, after it was 284.99 micrograms/m3 in 2003 and returns this increase to the transformation of companies producing cement from the use of the way wet to dry method and so the rationalization of energy and water to increase production and led to the emergence of the problem of dust emissions and dust lanes side (and known to be dry method results in large quantities of dust equivalent to three times the output of the way wetlands, and neighbours now installed filters for dust and filters at the plant Qir Fertilizers and plant Alexandria Cement. (El-Sawy G., 2010) 3.2.2.2 Alexandria Air Pollution Sources
Figure 100 shows that the maximum level is 90 micrograms / m3, has average annual concentrations of dust lingering around 346.35 micrograms / m3 in 2007, after it was 284.99 micrograms/m3 in 2003 and returns this increase to the transformation of companies producing cement from the use of the way wet to dry method and so the rationalization of energy and water to increase production and led to the emergence of the problem of dust emissions and dust lanes side (and known to be dry method results in large quantities of dust equivalent to three times the output of the way wetlands, and neighbours now installed filters for dust and filters at the plant Qir Fertilizers and plant Alexandria Cement. (El-Sawy G., 2010) 3.2.2.2 Alexandria Air Pollution Sources
Figure 101 Major Sources of Air Pollution in Alexandria (Alex-mid, 2012)
Figure 101 Major Sources of Air Pollution in Alexandria (Alex-mid, 2012)
SS ea ee Figure 102 Factories in Alexandria Classified by ISIC (El-Nile Sugar Factory, El-A meria District)
SS ea ee Figure 102 Factories in Alexandria Classified by ISIC (El-Nile Sugar Factory, El-A meria District)
Figure 103 Illegal Construction after 25" January Revolution (photographed by researcher, 2013)
Figure 103 Illegal Construction after 25" January Revolution (photographed by researcher, 2013)
Figure 104 Alexandria City’s Traffic Problem and Pollution (photographed by researcher)
Figure 104 Alexandria City’s Traffic Problem and Pollution (photographed by researcher)
Figure 105 Waste Environmental Problems
Figure 105 Waste Environmental Problems
Table 25 Alexandria Public Gardens & Green Areas Alexandria city has approximately 684 Acres of green areas and gardens as shown ir able 24 (Ibrahim, A., 2010).
Table 25 Alexandria Public Gardens & Green Areas Alexandria city has approximately 684 Acres of green areas and gardens as shown ir able 24 (Ibrahim, A., 2010).
Figure 106 Green Areas per person in Alexandria City (1958 - 2004) (Alex-med, 2012)
Figure 106 Green Areas per person in Alexandria City (1958 - 2004) (Alex-med, 2012)
Figure 107 Diesel Generator’s Environmental Problems commercial buildings. In addition, diesel generators cause noise and pollution (as shown in figure 107). It produces gases and smoke which makes negative impact on environment and human health. 3.2.3.3 Renewable Energy in Alexandria: Solar Energy
Figure 107 Diesel Generator’s Environmental Problems commercial buildings. In addition, diesel generators cause noise and pollution (as shown in figure 107). It produces gases and smoke which makes negative impact on environment and human health. 3.2.3.3 Renewable Energy in Alexandria: Solar Energy
Figure 108 Closer views of irradiation levels over North A frica (Amina El-Zalabany , 2010)
Figure 108 Closer views of irradiation levels over North A frica (Amina El-Zalabany , 2010)
Figure 109 Wind Energy Turbines in the Mediterranean Sea
Figure 109 Wind Energy Turbines in the Mediterranean Sea
Figure 110 Green Belt Road Starting Point from the Alex-Cairo Desert Road
Figure 110 Green Belt Road Starting Point from the Alex-Cairo Desert Road
Figure 111 Suggested Green Belt and its Road and Axes
Figure 111 Suggested Green Belt and its Road and Axes
Figure 112 Monorail and its Main Stations (dorsettregency.com)
Figure 112 Monorail and its Main Stations (dorsettregency.com)
Figure 114 Suggested Walk Ways, Bicycles Road and Sitting Areas and Streets’ Speed Bumps. (http://k14.vcmedia.vn/Images/U ploaded/Share.jpg)
Figure 114 Suggested Walk Ways, Bicycles Road and Sitting Areas and Streets’ Speed Bumps. (http://k14.vcmedia.vn/Images/U ploaded/Share.jpg)
Figure 115 Suggested Sea Taxi 3.3.1.5 El-Mahmoudia C anal Transport Service —e— eee eee eee ERE IEEE —— El-Mahmoudia Canal ‘extends from West District: to El-Montaza District and it considers a main channel of goods and public transports but this can be happen in case of moving all the canal barriers and renovating the depth to allow the ships to pass through canal to provide an important transportation service in Alexandria. Additionally, Alexandria Government should concern with El-Mahmoudia Canal and its road, bridges and create a green areas and sitting areas around it. (as shown in figure 116)
Figure 115 Suggested Sea Taxi 3.3.1.5 El-Mahmoudia C anal Transport Service —e— eee eee eee ERE IEEE —— El-Mahmoudia Canal ‘extends from West District: to El-Montaza District and it considers a main channel of goods and public transports but this can be happen in case of moving all the canal barriers and renovating the depth to allow the ships to pass through canal to provide an important transportation service in Alexandria. Additionally, Alexandria Government should concern with El-Mahmoudia Canal and its road, bridges and create a green areas and sitting areas around it. (as shown in figure 116)
Figure 116 Suggested El-Mahmoudia Taxi Transport
Figure 116 Suggested El-Mahmoudia Taxi Transport
Figure 117 Solar and Wind Lighting System for Alexandria Roads
Figure 117 Solar and Wind Lighting System for Alexandria Roads
Figure 119 East District, Police Stations and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa, 2013 The study area is East district in Alexandria city. East district is one of Alexandria ci the decision of Mins 1965 which divided the city into three districts: East - Middle - West and the decision no. districts according to 373 in year 1967 to which constitute The shown in figure 119, t 12 areas (shiakhaat), police sub-station and it is charac m areas. The other is Sidi Gaber that contains 6 sub-divisions and the excess in slu form districts cou East district is d he first is El-Ram ivid nci ter of Local . Now, it i (E -Raml Firs ly Administration no. 1341 in year 0) is s considered one of six districts, ed into 2 administrative sectors divisions as t & El-Raml Second) that contains (Alexandria environmental Description, 2008). terized by high population density Table 27 East District, Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
Figure 119 East District, Police Stations and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa, 2013 The study area is East district in Alexandria city. East district is one of Alexandria ci the decision of Mins 1965 which divided the city into three districts: East - Middle - West and the decision no. districts according to 373 in year 1967 to which constitute The shown in figure 119, t 12 areas (shiakhaat), police sub-station and it is charac m areas. The other is Sidi Gaber that contains 6 sub-divisions and the excess in slu form districts cou East district is d he first is El-Ram ivid nci ter of Local . Now, it i (E -Raml Firs ly Administration no. 1341 in year 0) is s considered one of six districts, ed into 2 administrative sectors divisions as t & El-Raml Second) that contains (Alexandria environmental Description, 2008). terized by high population density Table 27 East District, Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
9 7 ee Figure 120 East District Beaches and Roads
9 7 ee Figure 120 East District Beaches and Roads
Figure 124 Waste Collection Problem in East District (Kafer Abdou & El-Gaish Road) 4.1.5 CO2, CO, temperature, and humidity measuring on site ee eee ee ee ee, ee ee ee lL eee To investigate the air pollution in Alexandria city and East district in particular, the researcher measured the levels of CO2, CO gases emissions on site with a certified air quality measuring tool which shown in figure 125 (this measuring tool was borrowed from Mechanical Department, Alexandria Bibliotheca). The gases emissions were measured in Autumn and Winter Seasons. The first one was in 2012 (21-10-2012; from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM) which started from Alexandria Library passing the Middle District
Figure 124 Waste Collection Problem in East District (Kafer Abdou & El-Gaish Road) 4.1.5 CO2, CO, temperature, and humidity measuring on site ee eee ee ee ee, ee ee ee lL eee To investigate the air pollution in Alexandria city and East district in particular, the researcher measured the levels of CO2, CO gases emissions on site with a certified air quality measuring tool which shown in figure 125 (this measuring tool was borrowed from Mechanical Department, Alexandria Bibliotheca). The gases emissions were measured in Autumn and Winter Seasons. The first one was in 2012 (21-10-2012; from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM) which started from Alexandria Library passing the Middle District
4.1.4 East District Environmental Problems ¢ Traffic and Roads Problems
4.1.4 East District Environmental Problems ¢ Traffic and Roads Problems
Figure 123 Buildings Violation in East District
Figure 123 Buildings Violation in East District
Location
Location
Figure 127 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, East District (Google Maps, 2013)
Figure 127 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, East District (Google Maps, 2013)
Figure 128 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area
Figure 128 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area
Figure 129 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, Land Use Map
Figure 129 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, Land Use Map
Figure 133 Typical Residential Building’s North & South Elevations
Figure 133 Typical Residential Building’s North & South Elevations
Figure 136 El-Salam Recreational Centre and El-Fatah Club Figure 135 Adequate Cars Parking Places
Figure 136 El-Salam Recreational Centre and El-Fatah Club Figure 135 Adequate Cars Parking Places
Figure 137 Sea view and location
Figure 137 Sea view and location
4.2.2.2 Mostafa Kamel Area’s Disadvantages ¢ Military Camp with 60,000 m2
4.2.2.2 Mostafa Kamel Area’s Disadvantages ¢ Military Camp with 60,000 m2
Figure 141 Military Camp
Figure 141 Military Camp
145) which is considered a very dangerous element for the environment and the residents.
145) which is considered a very dangerous element for the environment and the residents.
Figure 143 Commercial and Restaurant Buildings
Figure 143 Commercial and Restaurant Buildings
Figure 145 Fossil Fuel Energy and Natural Gas Resources
Figure 145 Fossil Fuel Energy and Natural Gas Resources
Figure 146 Green Areas & Photovoltaic Parking Shades
Figure 146 Green Areas & Photovoltaic Parking Shades
Figure 147 Proposed Mostafa Kamel Data Centre and Conference Hall.
Figure 147 Proposed Mostafa Kamel Data Centre and Conference Hall.
The average solar input over the year, H (kW h/m?/day): Jsing PV panels to generate electricity & hot water as shown in figures 149 - 150 ¢ Photovoltaic System Design x a e a CO Cn Table 31 the ¢ average daily load energy requirements for residential units
The average solar input over the year, H (kW h/m?/day): Jsing PV panels to generate electricity & hot water as shown in figures 149 - 150 ¢ Photovoltaic System Design x a e a CO Cn Table 31 the ¢ average daily load energy requirements for residential units
Figure 151 Proposed Solar Energy for Residential Building in the Summer, Winter, Spring and Autumn These load energy calculations from equation (6) & (7) mean that the available PV pane area for each residential building in Mostafa Kamel Residential covered 20 units on ntial buildi is is the worst case in the summer season but it will cover th from 44 units in the resi equal 391.73 Kwh/day). occupied apartments in the rest of year air conditioning units and other addi energy load for one residen and waste to energy reso ng (45% from total residential buildings which (as shown in figure 151). In addition, it is witho tial buildin UICES. tional house appliances. So, to complete the tot. a25890 n= wo g should use another electricity resource like win Design of the storage system:
Figure 151 Proposed Solar Energy for Residential Building in the Summer, Winter, Spring and Autumn These load energy calculations from equation (6) & (7) mean that the available PV pane area for each residential building in Mostafa Kamel Residential covered 20 units on ntial buildi is is the worst case in the summer season but it will cover th from 44 units in the resi equal 391.73 Kwh/day). occupied apartments in the rest of year air conditioning units and other addi energy load for one residen and waste to energy reso ng (45% from total residential buildings which (as shown in figure 151). In addition, it is witho tial buildin UICES. tional house appliances. So, to complete the tot. a25890 n= wo g should use another electricity resource like win Design of the storage system:
Table 32 Comparison between Renewable versus Conventional Energy Systems
Table 32 Comparison between Renewable versus Conventional Energy Systems
Figure 153 Grey water system & solar hot water in typical residential building.
Figure 153 Grey water system & solar hot water in typical residential building.
Figure 154 Waste Management in the residential area 4.3.1.6 Transportation Systems e Organic, Plastic, Glass, and Paper waste baskets as shown in figure 15:
Figure 154 Waste Management in the residential area 4.3.1.6 Transportation Systems e Organic, Plastic, Glass, and Paper waste baskets as shown in figure 15:
Figure 155 Proposed Multi Story Garage Site and Electrical Cars and Bicycles
Figure 155 Proposed Multi Story Garage Site and Electrical Cars and Bicycles
Figure 156 Green roof Details and Insulation Materials (www.concreteconstruction.net)
Figure 156 Green roof Details and Insulation Materials (www.concreteconstruction.net)
Figure 159 Proposed Zero Carbon Elements in Mostafa Kamel Area Perspective
Figure 159 Proposed Zero Carbon Elements in Mostafa Kamel Area Perspective
Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal (1): (Military C amp Exists) in figure 160
Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal (1): (Military C amp Exists) in figure 160
Figure 167 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal 2
Figure 167 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal 2
Figure 168 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Final Perspectives
Figure 168 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Final Perspectives
Estimated costs for Alexandria city and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa are renewable energy cost only; these costs were calculated through the renovation cost per inhabitant’s method according to the detailed calculations which presented in the thesis case study area. ( Made by the Researcher, 2013)
Estimated costs for Alexandria city and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa are renewable energy cost only; these costs were calculated through the renovation cost per inhabitant’s method according to the detailed calculations which presented in the thesis case study area. ( Made by the Researcher, 2013)
Comparison between Barcelona, Vancouver, Masdar, Dongtan, Alexandria Cities East District and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa.
Comparison between Barcelona, Vancouver, Masdar, Dongtan, Alexandria Cities East District and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa.
Figure 176 Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 1. Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 176 Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 1. Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 177 Diagram of Autumn CO2, CO, Temperature, and Humidity Autumn Measuring
Figure 177 Diagram of Autumn CO2, CO, Temperature, and Humidity Autumn Measuring
2. Winter Measuring CO 2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 25-12-2012 (made by the researcher)
2. Winter Measuring CO 2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 25-12-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 180 Air Quality Measuring Tool Fluke 975 with the researcher (fluke.com) Fluke 975 Tool Features:
Figure 180 Air Quality Measuring Tool Fluke 975 with the researcher (fluke.com) Fluke 975 Tool Features:
Oe a a ea a ae ee Figure 182 Air Quality Measuring in Alexandria, 2006 (Ministry of Environmental A ffairs, 2007)
Oe a a ea a ae ee Figure 182 Air Quality Measuring in Alexandria, 2006 (Ministry of Environmental A ffairs, 2007)
Figure 184 Alexandria Planning 1805 (Mohamed Ali, 1805) Figure 183 Alexandria Planning 1801
Figure 184 Alexandria Planning 1805 (Mohamed Ali, 1805) Figure 183 Alexandria Planning 1801
Figure 186 Alexandria City Planning 1958
Figure 186 Alexandria City Planning 1958
Figure 185 Alexandria Planning 1921 (Maklin, 1921)
Figure 185 Alexandria Planning 1921 (Maklin, 1921)
Alexandria City Planning Development
Alexandria City Planning Development
Figure 187 Alexandria City Planning 2005 (1984)
Figure 187 Alexandria City Planning 2005 (1984)
Figure 188 Alexandria City Planning 2017 (2002)
Figure 188 Alexandria City Planning 2017 (2002)
Figure 189 Alexandria City Planning 2025 (2003)
Figure 189 Alexandria City Planning 2025 (2003)
9, Alexandria Planning Development
9, Alexandria Planning Development
Figure 191 Alexandria Districts in 2013 (Alexandria Governorate, March 2013)
Figure 191 Alexandria Districts in 2013 (Alexandria Governorate, March 2013)
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