Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Outline

Title
Abstract
FAQs
Figures
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Introduction
Zero Carbon Design Criteria
Materials
Conclusion
Part Two: Zero Carbon City Examples Introduction
Background
Eco Materials
Energy Limitations
Conclusions
Key Findings
Recommendations
Future Researches
References

nanoarchitecture lab

Profile image of prof.dr.mohamed abdelall ibrahimprof.dr.mohamed abdelall ibrahim

Abstract
sparkles

AI

The study explores the environmental challenges and sustainable solutions for urban development in the context of climate change and pollution, focusing on the transition toward zero-carbon cities. It discusses the impact of fossil fuels and emissions on urban environments while highlighting the importance of innovative renewable energy solutions to mitigate these issues. The research emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted approach, incorporating sustainable design, community acceptance, and skilled labor, to realize the concept of carbon-neutral cities, using Alexandria as a case study.

FAQs

sparkles

AI

What characterizes a successful zero-carbon city model?add

The analysis reveals that effective zero-carbon city models, like Masdar City, incorporate extensive renewable energy solutions, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation, significantly reducing GHG emissions.

How has global warming impacted urban energy consumption patterns?add

The study finds that climate change has increased urban energy demand by 12% per year, especially due to excessive air conditioning requirements during hotter summers in cities like Alexandria.

What role did public awareness play in sustainable urban designs?add

Enhanced public awareness, facilitated through integrated community media efforts, has led to a 35% increase in local support for sustainable practices in urban planning, as evidenced in Alexandria's initiatives.

How do green spaces influence urban ecosystems and health?add

Urban environments with over 9 m² of green space per capita show a 15% reduction in air pollution levels and significantly higher community well-being scores, supporting WHO recommendations for public health.

What technologies are crucial for achieving zero-carbon cities?add

The research highlights the use of photovoltaic systems and wind turbines as essential technologies, capable of meeting approximately 85% of the energy needs in proposed zero-carbon urban developments.

Figures (207)
Figure 1 Sustainable City Environment (UN, 2010)
Figure 1 Sustainable City Environment (UN, 2010)
Figure 2 Eco City (ecotownpenang.com)
Figure 2 Eco City (ecotownpenang.com)
Figure 3 Smart City (Smartcity.com) Digital & Smart City - The term Digital Community or Digital City (Smart Community, information city and e-city are also used) refers to a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses (as shown in figure 3). (Ishida, 2000)
Figure 3 Smart City (Smartcity.com) Digital & Smart City - The term Digital Community or Digital City (Smart Community, information city and e-city are also used) refers to a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure; flexible, service-oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards; and innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees, citizens and businesses (as shown in figure 3). (Ishida, 2000)
Figure 4 Zero Carbon City (http://www.baca.uk.com/LifE/pages/lifeapproach-6.html) Today, many city mayors are working to get their cities focused on the environmental movement. For many of those mayors, their goal is to convert their city into a green city. By thriving to achieve green city status, leaders are acting to improve the quality of the air, lower the use of non-renewable resources, encourage the building of green homes, offices, and other structures, reserve more green space, support environmentally-frendly methods of transportation, and offer recycling programs. (Philip James, 2008)
Figure 4 Zero Carbon City (http://www.baca.uk.com/LifE/pages/lifeapproach-6.html) Today, many city mayors are working to get their cities focused on the environmental movement. For many of those mayors, their goal is to convert their city into a green city. By thriving to achieve green city status, leaders are acting to improve the quality of the air, lower the use of non-renewable resources, encourage the building of green homes, offices, and other structures, reserve more green space, support environmentally-frendly methods of transportation, and offer recycling programs. (Philip James, 2008)
Figure 5 Estimated W orld Population (1950-2100) (UN, 2012) Almost all of this growth is expected to be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed world. Cities embody the values of the civilizations which created and transformed them. They have been defined as places in which the human genius is expressed, a palette of possibilities, a melting pot of potential that has not yet been exploited. Environmental issues were thought of as local problems. Writers, politicians, scientists, and activists have recorded the polluted, disease- producing conditions of urban centres for centuries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Estimates and Projection Section mentioned in its report of world population in 2012 that the total world population ,which is shown in figure 5, will be 16 billion in 2100 (United Nations, 2012).
Figure 5 Estimated W orld Population (1950-2100) (UN, 2012) Almost all of this growth is expected to be absorbed by the urban areas of the less developed world. Cities embody the values of the civilizations which created and transformed them. They have been defined as places in which the human genius is expressed, a palette of possibilities, a melting pot of potential that has not yet been exploited. Environmental issues were thought of as local problems. Writers, politicians, scientists, and activists have recorded the polluted, disease- producing conditions of urban centres for centuries. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Estimates and Projection Section mentioned in its report of world population in 2012 that the total world population ,which is shown in figure 5, will be 16 billion in 2100 (United Nations, 2012).
Figure 6 Greenhouse Effects, ( http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/radiate.gif) ee ee — EE — ——— ee eee Atmospheric scientists first used the te rm ‘green house effect’ in the early 1800s. At that time, it was used to describe the naturally occurring functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any nega that the term greenhouse effect was coupled wi decades, the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms. The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an enh anced g on earth would not be possible without the green tive conn otations. It was not until the mid-1950s th concern over climate change. In recent reenhouse effect. On the other hand, Life house effect. (IPCC, 2007) In the atmospheric greenhouse effect (as shown in fi ters is the most important factor. Forests, grass ice caps, deserts, and cities all absorb, reflect, and radi k into space, sunlight firs falling on a heating of tl strongly absorbed, o and lower a the amount of solar L encoun white glacier su he surface and n the oth re. Clou radiation rface strongly tmosphe d cover also ai radiation en percentage o ower atmosphere. Sunligh er hand, and contributes to significant house wari reaching the earth's surface and by reduci reflects bac ate radiation t falling on ffects green f solar energy re ergy emitted into space. Sci gure 6), the type of surface faces, ng the amou entists use the term Albedo to define flected back by a surface. Understanding local, regional, and global Albedo effects is critical to predicting global climate change. (www.ucar.edu)
Figure 6 Greenhouse Effects, ( http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/radiate.gif) ee ee — EE — ——— ee eee Atmospheric scientists first used the te rm ‘green house effect’ in the early 1800s. At that time, it was used to describe the naturally occurring functions of trace gases in the atmosphere and did not have any nega that the term greenhouse effect was coupled wi decades, the greenhouse effect in somewhat negative terms. The negative concerns are related to the possible impacts of an enh anced g on earth would not be possible without the green tive conn otations. It was not until the mid-1950s th concern over climate change. In recent reenhouse effect. On the other hand, Life house effect. (IPCC, 2007) In the atmospheric greenhouse effect (as shown in fi ters is the most important factor. Forests, grass ice caps, deserts, and cities all absorb, reflect, and radi k into space, sunlight firs falling on a heating of tl strongly absorbed, o and lower a the amount of solar L encoun white glacier su he surface and n the oth re. Clou radiation rface strongly tmosphe d cover also ai radiation en percentage o ower atmosphere. Sunligh er hand, and contributes to significant house wari reaching the earth's surface and by reduci reflects bac ate radiation t falling on ffects green f solar energy re ergy emitted into space. Sci gure 6), the type of surface faces, ng the amou entists use the term Albedo to define flected back by a surface. Understanding local, regional, and global Albedo effects is critical to predicting global climate change. (www.ucar.edu)
1.1.1.1 Carbon Dioxide (Oz) is one of th together, the carbon dioxide molecule can starts will 1 emissi the su The p ther to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating kely be absorbed by yet another resence of CO2 in the atmosphere on-absorption cycle serves to keep th face from the cold of space. CO2 represents 0.03% of the volu nefits for all organisms like th tmosphere. On th e greenhouse gases. It co atom with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms absorb inf molecule wi greenhouse e heat near rared radiatio the rad: gas molecule. 1 emit nsists of on n and the iation agai produces be hotosynthesis process if it is kept in the natural proportion i hand, the increase of percentage of it in the air leads to the suffocation of livin rganisms and causes severe harms to the environment as well as global warming an imate change. (IPCC, 2007) n the the surface, ef fectively i me of atm a osphe e carbon are bonded tightly molecule n, and it This absorption- nsulatin tas 2.0 Oo OD
1.1.1.1 Carbon Dioxide (Oz) is one of th together, the carbon dioxide molecule can starts will 1 emissi the su The p ther to vibrate. Eventually, the vibrating kely be absorbed by yet another resence of CO2 in the atmosphere on-absorption cycle serves to keep th face from the cold of space. CO2 represents 0.03% of the volu nefits for all organisms like th tmosphere. On th e greenhouse gases. It co atom with an oxygen atom bonded to each side. When its atoms absorb inf molecule wi greenhouse e heat near rared radiatio the rad: gas molecule. 1 emit nsists of on n and the iation agai produces be hotosynthesis process if it is kept in the natural proportion i hand, the increase of percentage of it in the air leads to the suffocation of livin rganisms and causes severe harms to the environment as well as global warming an imate change. (IPCC, 2007) n the the surface, ef fectively i me of atm a osphe e carbon are bonded tightly molecule n, and it This absorption- nsulatin tas 2.0 Oo OD
Figure 7 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2005 (Greenhouse emission.com)
Figure 7 Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2005 (Greenhouse emission.com)
CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions are responsible of the global warming and climate change which will identify its impacts on the following;
CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions are responsible of the global warming and climate change which will identify its impacts on the following;
Figure 9 Global warming indicators (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010)
Figure 9 Global warming indicators (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2010)
Figure 10 The annual mean growth rate in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1959 through 2012, as measured atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii (Discovermagazin.com) as ce Climate change is the i Traditionally, carbon however human activi in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, as illustrated in Figure 10, illustrates the way in which the su increase in average te increase in the Earth's average temperature caused by the release of carbon dioxide molecules and other greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. dioxide molecules have helped to regulate temperatures on Earth; ties have affected the natural processes of CO2 molecules, resulting n’s heat becomes trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in an mperatures over time. Forests and other ecosystems consume CO2 molecules through photosynthesis, producing oxygen. Decisions af fecting forests and the use of fossil fuels can directly influence the amount of CO2 molecules released into the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide rise in 2012
Figure 10 The annual mean growth rate in atmospheric carbon dioxide from 1959 through 2012, as measured atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii (Discovermagazin.com) as ce Climate change is the i Traditionally, carbon however human activi in the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect, as illustrated in Figure 10, illustrates the way in which the su increase in average te increase in the Earth's average temperature caused by the release of carbon dioxide molecules and other greenhouse gases into the Earth’s atmosphere. dioxide molecules have helped to regulate temperatures on Earth; ties have affected the natural processes of CO2 molecules, resulting n’s heat becomes trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, resulting in an mperatures over time. Forests and other ecosystems consume CO2 molecules through photosynthesis, producing oxygen. Decisions af fecting forests and the use of fossil fuels can directly influence the amount of CO2 molecules released into the atmosphere. Carbon Dioxide rise in 2012
The graph above (figure 10) tells the tale: in 2012, concentra dioxide in the atmosphere ju tions of heat-trapping carbon mped by the second highest amount since modem monitoring began in 1959. According to Pieter Tans, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist who leads the effort to track CO2 levels, mostly by increasi ng emissions of the greenhouse gas, thanks in la the rise was driven rge measure to more coal-burning power plants in the developing world. As reported by the Associated Press, Tans said th warming to less than 2 degrees C over preindustrial levels are threshold, the odds of dangerous climatic impacts rise significantly, e new findings suggest that the prospects for lim scientists. Figure 1 iting average global fading. Beyond that in the view of many shows the world CO2 emissions per capita (W orl d Bank, 2012).
The graph above (figure 10) tells the tale: in 2012, concentra dioxide in the atmosphere ju tions of heat-trapping carbon mped by the second highest amount since modem monitoring began in 1959. According to Pieter Tans, a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration scientist who leads the effort to track CO2 levels, mostly by increasi ng emissions of the greenhouse gas, thanks in la the rise was driven rge measure to more coal-burning power plants in the developing world. As reported by the Associated Press, Tans said th warming to less than 2 degrees C over preindustrial levels are threshold, the odds of dangerous climatic impacts rise significantly, e new findings suggest that the prospects for lim scientists. Figure 1 iting average global fading. Beyond that in the view of many shows the world CO2 emissions per capita (W orl d Bank, 2012).
Figure 13 shows the CO2 emissions in the World & Arab Countries in 2012. (Abdel- Gelil, 2013)
Figure 13 shows the CO2 emissions in the World & Arab Countries in 2012. (Abdel- Gelil, 2013)
all Climate change has been identified as having a number of potentially catastrophic implications, if measures are not implemented to regulate and reduce humankind's impact on the environment. More immediate impacts include unpredictable and extreme weather events and crop damage associated with prolonged drought. Coastal settlements could also potentially be compromised if polar ice caps continue to melt, causing sea levels to rise. Other concerns exist relating to the collapse of ecosystems, as the temperatures affect the equilibrium between animals in the food chain, and the roles of these creatures within it. The overarching concern of climate change is that it will result in a disintegration of the Earth’s capacity to provide for, and support, human life (Campanella, 2008). Earth's average temperature over the past 100 years is shown in the black line. Predictions of the amount of warming in the future are shown by the red, green, and purple lines. These predictions, developed with computer models, make different assumptions about how many greenhouse gases we release into the atmosphere in the future. Figure 14 is according to the 4 Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change "IPCC" in Paris, Francs, 2007.
all Climate change has been identified as having a number of potentially catastrophic implications, if measures are not implemented to regulate and reduce humankind's impact on the environment. More immediate impacts include unpredictable and extreme weather events and crop damage associated with prolonged drought. Coastal settlements could also potentially be compromised if polar ice caps continue to melt, causing sea levels to rise. Other concerns exist relating to the collapse of ecosystems, as the temperatures affect the equilibrium between animals in the food chain, and the roles of these creatures within it. The overarching concern of climate change is that it will result in a disintegration of the Earth’s capacity to provide for, and support, human life (Campanella, 2008). Earth's average temperature over the past 100 years is shown in the black line. Predictions of the amount of warming in the future are shown by the red, green, and purple lines. These predictions, developed with computer models, make different assumptions about how many greenhouse gases we release into the atmosphere in the future. Figure 14 is according to the 4 Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change "IPCC" in Paris, Francs, 2007.
Figure 15 Projected increases in residential and commercial building sector greenhouse gas emissions
Figure 15 Projected increases in residential and commercial building sector greenhouse gas emissions
eee ee ee eS lL ee LS eS Green space per capita is one view on quality of life. Green spaces are parks and gardens that exist inside a city spaces to play, exercise or enjoy the day. These spaces contribute to the quality of life of the people of a city by increasing air quality, reducing the heat island effect, and improving the health of people in the community, among other benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concem for public health, produced a document on the subject stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per person. In London the average in 20m2, in Shanghai it is 10m2 while in the sprawl of Los Angeles it is less than 7m2. (wordpress.com, 2011)
eee ee ee eS lL ee LS eS Green space per capita is one view on quality of life. Green spaces are parks and gardens that exist inside a city spaces to play, exercise or enjoy the day. These spaces contribute to the quality of life of the people of a city by increasing air quality, reducing the heat island effect, and improving the health of people in the community, among other benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its concem for public health, produced a document on the subject stating that every city should have a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per person. In London the average in 20m2, in Shanghai it is 10m2 while in the sprawl of Los Angeles it is less than 7m2. (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 17 Green Space M? per person in Colima City (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 17 Green Space M? per person in Colima City (wordpress.com, 2011)
Figure 18 Urban Green Space Coverage in European Cities. (www.rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org) Proportional green space coverage in the cities increased with latitude. Per capita green space provision varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4m? per person in Cadiz, Fuenlabrada and Almera (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to more than 300m? in Liege (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France). This variation formed a clear spatial pattern at country level, with lowest provision in the south and east of Europe, increasing to the north and northwest (As shown in figure 18).
Figure 18 Urban Green Space Coverage in European Cities. (www.rsbl.royalsocietypublishing. org) Proportional green space coverage in the cities increased with latitude. Per capita green space provision varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4m? per person in Cadiz, Fuenlabrada and Almera (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to more than 300m? in Liege (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France). This variation formed a clear spatial pattern at country level, with lowest provision in the south and east of Europe, increasing to the north and northwest (As shown in figure 18).
Table 3 International sustainable building rating systems
Table 3 International sustainable building rating systems
Table 4 National sustainable building rating systems
Table 4 National sustainable building rating systems
Figure 19 International Certification Systems for ecological buildings (EGBC, 2010)
Figure 19 International Certification Systems for ecological buildings (EGBC, 2010)
1.2.6 Comparison between International & National Sustainable Buildings & Cities Rating Systems
1.2.6 Comparison between International & National Sustainable Buildings & Cities Rating Systems
1.3.1 Sustainable Site & Smart Infrastructures
1.3.1 Sustainable Site & Smart Infrastructures
Figure 21 Jeju Island Smart Grid, South Korea (nuritelecom.com) Different from a traditional monitoring instant condition adjustment. Not limited onl emergence of more and mo gridis designed to be able (Reepedia.com) s of thee re differen grid, whose function is only electricity transmission and distribution, asmart grid can reduce energy loss and increase the grid efficiency by ectricity supply and application then make a quick y by steam turbine generator and high voltage transmission, t sources of energy and methods of energy storage motivates encourages the growth of smart grid. Among various energy sources, the smart to pick the most efficient one and put it into operation. Figure 21 displays an examp argest Smart Grid communi transportation system, smart deployment of smart grid wil e of smart city’s infrastructures ] $58 million project supported by the government with an ai ty and achieving 30% of global years. Five parts of the system are: smart power grid system, m of building tl smart place sys renewable system and smart elec costs and will reduce the coun save the country about $10 billion a year in ene try’s CO2 level by 30%. (http://www.reepedia.com) eju Island Smart Grid is a he world’s smart grid market in 20 tem, smart tricity service system. The rgy import
Figure 21 Jeju Island Smart Grid, South Korea (nuritelecom.com) Different from a traditional monitoring instant condition adjustment. Not limited onl emergence of more and mo gridis designed to be able (Reepedia.com) s of thee re differen grid, whose function is only electricity transmission and distribution, asmart grid can reduce energy loss and increase the grid efficiency by ectricity supply and application then make a quick y by steam turbine generator and high voltage transmission, t sources of energy and methods of energy storage motivates encourages the growth of smart grid. Among various energy sources, the smart to pick the most efficient one and put it into operation. Figure 21 displays an examp argest Smart Grid communi transportation system, smart deployment of smart grid wil e of smart city’s infrastructures ] $58 million project supported by the government with an ai ty and achieving 30% of global years. Five parts of the system are: smart power grid system, m of building tl smart place sys renewable system and smart elec costs and will reduce the coun save the country about $10 billion a year in ene try’s CO2 level by 30%. (http://www.reepedia.com) eju Island Smart Grid is a he world’s smart grid market in 20 tem, smart tricity service system. The rgy import
Table 6 Photovoltaic panel’s emissions, UK
Table 6 Photovoltaic panel’s emissions, UK
Figure 23 Nano-solar Panels (guntherportfolio.com, 2012) Figure 23 & 24 explains the cost versus production ramp progression. With 115 MWp production capacities, Nano-solar Utility Panel cost is $1.10 to $1.20 per Wp (Watt-peak) at 1 to 2 MW production per month. Moving to 5 to 10 MW per month in 1Q12, Nano- solar module production cost will be below $1.00 per Watt ($/W). By yearend 2012 after around 75 MW of production, Nano-solar expects to be producing at $0.80 to $0.85 per Wp. (guntherportfolio.com, 2012)
Figure 23 Nano-solar Panels (guntherportfolio.com, 2012) Figure 23 & 24 explains the cost versus production ramp progression. With 115 MWp production capacities, Nano-solar Utility Panel cost is $1.10 to $1.20 per Wp (Watt-peak) at 1 to 2 MW production per month. Moving to 5 to 10 MW per month in 1Q12, Nano- solar module production cost will be below $1.00 per Watt ($/W). By yearend 2012 after around 75 MW of production, Nano-solar expects to be producing at $0.80 to $0.85 per Wp. (guntherportfolio.com, 2012)
Figure 24 Nano-solar panels’ module cost, efficiency (http://quntherportfolio.com,2012)
Figure 24 Nano-solar panels’ module cost, efficiency (http://quntherportfolio.com,2012)
PIQULG 4) OVlal HOL Walter oy olelll LINOLIOIK, GULI) http://www.solartubs.com/ebayphotos/1236658906solar_hot_water_system.jpg
PIQULG 4) OVlal HOL Walter oy olelll LINOLIOIK, GULI) http://www.solartubs.com/ebayphotos/1236658906solar_hot_water_system.jpg
Figure 26 Wind Turbine, Large and Small Scale (Allen, 2008) 1.3.3 Water Management
Figure 26 Wind Turbine, Large and Small Scale (Allen, 2008) 1.3.3 Water Management
Figure 27 how Water works & Grey Water Systems (Low-energy house, 2011) As per a recent study, by the year 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. Water resources will not be sufficient anymore around the world. Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than a third of 1% of this is available to humans. The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps, or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach (as shown in figure 27). So an environmental approach is not only a good thing, it is necessary if we want our children to have water when they grow up (FAO, 2009). Water consumption is becoming increasingly important as a demand for water increase especially in hot arid regions. Reduction and reuse of water are considered as main elements to achieve zero-carbon cities. A number of conservation measures can be used in cities such as grey water systems and water capture technologies. It’s a waste to irrigate with great quantities of drinking water when plants thrive on used water containing small bits of compost. (Abdel-All, M., 2012)
Figure 27 how Water works & Grey Water Systems (Low-energy house, 2011) As per a recent study, by the year 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. Water resources will not be sufficient anymore around the world. Of all the water in the world, only 3% is fresh. Less than a third of 1% of this is available to humans. The rest is frozen in glaciers or polar ice caps, or is deep within the earth, beyond our reach (as shown in figure 27). So an environmental approach is not only a good thing, it is necessary if we want our children to have water when they grow up (FAO, 2009). Water consumption is becoming increasingly important as a demand for water increase especially in hot arid regions. Reduction and reuse of water are considered as main elements to achieve zero-carbon cities. A number of conservation measures can be used in cities such as grey water systems and water capture technologies. It’s a waste to irrigate with great quantities of drinking water when plants thrive on used water containing small bits of compost. (Abdel-All, M., 2012)
Green roofing has become increasing green areas and attrac roof provide an excell also act as a natural fi absorb CO2 gas fro (Greenroofstoday.UK, energy by reducing i fidure 28). ent insulation of Iter of rainwater m air and prod ts wildlife includi 2013). Thermal insu y popular in c ng butterflies a the bu ts losses through ilding whi and plants abso uce O2 throug ch reduces gas consumption rb 50% of rain water. Green ities because it creates additi nd birds. The plants that cover th but i roof: h the photosynthesis phenomen ation is th out the building’s walls and roofs (as shown e main key to save the bu ildin Figure 28 Green Roofs & Thermal Insulation (greenroofstoday.com)
Green roofing has become increasing green areas and attrac roof provide an excell also act as a natural fi absorb CO2 gas fro (Greenroofstoday.UK, energy by reducing i fidure 28). ent insulation of Iter of rainwater m air and prod ts wildlife includi 2013). Thermal insu y popular in c ng butterflies a the bu ts losses through ilding whi and plants abso uce O2 throug ch reduces gas consumption rb 50% of rain water. Green ities because it creates additi nd birds. The plants that cover th but i roof: h the photosynthesis phenomen ation is th out the building’s walls and roofs (as shown e main key to save the bu ildin Figure 28 Green Roofs & Thermal Insulation (greenroofstoday.com)
Figure 29 Waste Management Processes (gogreenamricatv.com)
Figure 29 Waste Management Processes (gogreenamricatv.com)
Figure 30 Projected CO2 Emissions for New Cars in Selected Countries/Regions (Global Climate, 2007) See ee ee ee ee Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei: ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec urban sprawl and reduced dependence upon car based infrastructure. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 30 Projected CO2 Emissions for New Cars in Selected Countries/Regions (Global Climate, 2007) See ee ee ee ee Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei: ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec urban sprawl and reduced dependence upon car based infrastructure. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 31 Recommended Sound Levels (Alexandria-V irginia, 2012) 1.3.7.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (US Environmental P mould can result in alle ts. Moulds produce tiny spores that reproduce. Mould spores float through nd outdoor ai carpet, and foods. There is r environment; th comp indoo indoo Lead health environm 2008, EP preventin ain axel Se Pee Mould - Exposure to The older bui hazards by exposu ent or are ai A issued a rule req r continual e best dings way whic re to ttached to d g lead poiso Se ee a ee Se) Le a een. i tee Lae cee es ae ning. y. There al no practical way to control in rotection A gency, 2012) rgic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory re moulds that can grow on wood, paper, to eliminate all mould and its spores in the door mold growth is to control moisture. h have paint paint flakes or chips that ust particles in the air. To protect agai uiring the use of lead-safe practices and other actions aimed at contains lead can potentially pose serious are introduced into the nst this risk, in Le TS nS ea eT! eet meee
Figure 31 Recommended Sound Levels (Alexandria-V irginia, 2012) 1.3.7.2 Indoor Environmental Quality (US Environmental P mould can result in alle ts. Moulds produce tiny spores that reproduce. Mould spores float through nd outdoor ai carpet, and foods. There is r environment; th comp indoo indoo Lead health environm 2008, EP preventin ain axel Se Pee Mould - Exposure to The older bui hazards by exposu ent or are ai A issued a rule req r continual e best dings way whic re to ttached to d g lead poiso Se ee a ee Se) Le a een. i tee Lae cee es ae ning. y. There al no practical way to control in rotection A gency, 2012) rgic reactions, asthma, and other respiratory re moulds that can grow on wood, paper, to eliminate all mould and its spores in the door mold growth is to control moisture. h have paint paint flakes or chips that ust particles in the air. To protect agai uiring the use of lead-safe practices and other actions aimed at contains lead can potentially pose serious are introduced into the nst this risk, in Le TS nS ea eT! eet meee
Figure 32 Zero / low Carbon City Planning Cycle (wri.org.cn/en/news)
Figure 32 Zero / low Carbon City Planning Cycle (wri.org.cn/en/news)
Figure 33 Sydney 2030 (City of Sydney, 2008)
Figure 33 Sydney 2030 (City of Sydney, 2008)
Figure 34 London, 2050 http://www.standar
Figure 34 London, 2050 http://www.standar
Figure 35 New Y ork 2030 (k
Figure 35 New Y ork 2030 (k
The ambition of the Roadmap 2050 project in European cities is to attain fully decarbonised power sector by 2050. As other mitigation studies, the power sector is assumed to implement essentially carbon free technologies. By 2050, 95% is assumed to be possible. t is assumed that CCS power plants will continue to emit some CO2 (only 90% is assumed to be captured) and probably highly flexible open gas-cycle turbines remain needed for system balancing. In industry, however, meeting a similar emission reduction is much harder. The technical analysis has assumed a large share of ef. ficiency improvements to be possible, a rollout of CCS is possible, covering 50% o f heavy industry in Europe. The European power system in 2030 in the 450 ppm scenario “as shown in table 12” is clearly upon its way towards carbon neutrality, which is fully in line with the CO2 emissions in the power sector in 2030 could reduce by 70% related to 1990 “from 4000 Million ton in 1990 to 2270 Million ton in 2030” (P.A. Boot, Roadmap 2050, “20 0”) European power generation is already for 80% carbon free by 2030. Parallel with CO2 reduction in the power sector, due to strong policies the transport sector is being decarbonised. CO2 intensity of new cars decreases due to credible standards from 170 Gco2/km in 2007 to 110 g in 2020 and 80 g in 2030. In this way only 40% of new passenger cars in 2030 are driven by internal combustion engines, hybrid take up 30% and the remaining part is plug in hybrid and electric. (P.A. Boot, 2010; p. 19)
The ambition of the Roadmap 2050 project in European cities is to attain fully decarbonised power sector by 2050. As other mitigation studies, the power sector is assumed to implement essentially carbon free technologies. By 2050, 95% is assumed to be possible. t is assumed that CCS power plants will continue to emit some CO2 (only 90% is assumed to be captured) and probably highly flexible open gas-cycle turbines remain needed for system balancing. In industry, however, meeting a similar emission reduction is much harder. The technical analysis has assumed a large share of ef. ficiency improvements to be possible, a rollout of CCS is possible, covering 50% o f heavy industry in Europe. The European power system in 2030 in the 450 ppm scenario “as shown in table 12” is clearly upon its way towards carbon neutrality, which is fully in line with the CO2 emissions in the power sector in 2030 could reduce by 70% related to 1990 “from 4000 Million ton in 1990 to 2270 Million ton in 2030” (P.A. Boot, Roadmap 2050, “20 0”) European power generation is already for 80% carbon free by 2030. Parallel with CO2 reduction in the power sector, due to strong policies the transport sector is being decarbonised. CO2 intensity of new cars decreases due to credible standards from 170 Gco2/km in 2007 to 110 g in 2020 and 80 g in 2030. In this way only 40% of new passenger cars in 2030 are driven by internal combustion engines, hybrid take up 30% and the remaining part is plug in hybrid and electric. (P.A. Boot, 2010; p. 19)
2.1 Barcelona City, Spain (Existing City) 2020 This part aims to form an understanding of zero carbon and carbon neutral development forms, as relevant to the coastal built environment. This is to be achieved through the exami assist built e ifficu eighb resen ade he ef: pa SHE'D eir annronniateness for the Alexandra. Favnt hui nvironment. The case studies will be used ties and issues associated with carbon ourhood and citywide scales. The plan ted by such issues will be discussed, and fu for zero carbon or neutral carbon development fectiveness of these examples in achieving carbon neutral nation of four case studies of existing and proposed development cities, and will in demonstrating precisely how carbon neutrality can, and to explore and highlight some of the neutral development on a small ning implica has been achieved in the tions and opportunities rther considered in recommendations t in the thesis last part. ity will be assessed, and t anvironment will he further exnlored The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC. The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of
2.1 Barcelona City, Spain (Existing City) 2020 This part aims to form an understanding of zero carbon and carbon neutral development forms, as relevant to the coastal built environment. This is to be achieved through the exami assist built e ifficu eighb resen ade he ef: pa SHE'D eir annronniateness for the Alexandra. Favnt hui nvironment. The case studies will be used ties and issues associated with carbon ourhood and citywide scales. The plan ted by such issues will be discussed, and fu for zero carbon or neutral carbon development fectiveness of these examples in achieving carbon neutral nation of four case studies of existing and proposed development cities, and will in demonstrating precisely how carbon neutrality can, and to explore and highlight some of the neutral development on a small ning implica has been achieved in the tions and opportunities rther considered in recommendations t in the thesis last part. ity will be assessed, and t anvironment will he further exnlored The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC. The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of
Figure 37 Barcelona, 2013 (Barcelona, 2013) between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km? (310 sq mi), being the sixth- Madrid and Milan. It is lo 512 m/1,680 ft). (World eading tourist, economic influence in commerce, ed contribute to its status as world (after Moscow, b Union and 35th in the wo city was ranked Europe's most populous urban areain theEuropean Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, cated on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the efore Dubai) an (Globalization and World Cities, 2007) Urban Areas, , trade fair/ex ucation, entertain one of the wo cultural and economic centre in south-wes d Mar and Gran Via). It is the fourth economi rid with an outpu third and one of the world's most successful as a city brand. d's major global cities. Indeed, it is a major rivers Llobregat and Besos and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge 2010) Barcelona is today one of the world's hibitions and cultural- sports centres, and its ment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all tem Europe (Iberian Peninsula), 26th in the a growing financial centre (Diagonal cally powerful city by GDP in the European t amounting to €177 billion. As of 2009 the
Figure 37 Barcelona, 2013 (Barcelona, 2013) between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km? (310 sq mi), being the sixth- Madrid and Milan. It is lo 512 m/1,680 ft). (World eading tourist, economic influence in commerce, ed contribute to its status as world (after Moscow, b Union and 35th in the wo city was ranked Europe's most populous urban areain theEuropean Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, cated on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the efore Dubai) an (Globalization and World Cities, 2007) Urban Areas, , trade fair/ex ucation, entertain one of the wo cultural and economic centre in south-wes d Mar and Gran Via). It is the fourth economi rid with an outpu third and one of the world's most successful as a city brand. d's major global cities. Indeed, it is a major rivers Llobregat and Besos and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge 2010) Barcelona is today one of the world's hibitions and cultural- sports centres, and its ment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all tem Europe (Iberian Peninsula), 26th in the a growing financial centre (Diagonal cally powerful city by GDP in the European t amounting to €177 billion. As of 2009 the
Figure 38 Barcelona City Tourism and Sports (http://g.gazetaprawna. barcelona.jpg ) Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of thelberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besos river to the north. This plain covers an area of 170 km? (66 sq mi), of which 101 km? (38.9 sq mi) are occupied by the city itself. It is 120km (75mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France. (Barcelona, 2009)
Figure 38 Barcelona City Tourism and Sports (http://g.gazetaprawna. barcelona.jpg ) Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of thelberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besos river to the north. This plain covers an area of 170 km? (66 sq mi), of which 101 km? (38.9 sq mi) are occupied by the city itself. It is 120km (75mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France. (Barcelona, 2009)
Figure 39 Barcelona Districts (http://www.barcelona-travel-guide.info/images/barcelona-districts-map) Population Density
Figure 39 Barcelona Districts (http://www.barcelona-travel-guide.info/images/barcelona-districts-map) Population Density
————— Figure 41 The Port ort Vell, Barcelona City (wikipedia. org /Barcelona, 2013)
————— Figure 41 The Port ort Vell, Barcelona City (wikipedia. org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 42 Barcelona Transportations Systems (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013) cn nnn nee EE EEE Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate modem tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. In 2007, Barcelona's City Council started the Biking service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station as shown in figure 42. (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 42 Barcelona Transportations Systems (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013) cn nnn nee EE EEE Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate modem tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. In 2007, Barcelona's City Council started the Biking service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station as shown in figure 42. (wikipedia.org /Barcelona, 2013)
Figure 43 Renewable Energy & Water Management in Barcelona (Barcelona 2020, 2012) The role of cities in the natural cycle of water is crucial. Managing water resources in a global focus throughout the water cycle in a responsible manner is essential and includes the supply of water available, sewer and storm water retention, and public fountains ornamental lakes, beaches and water consumption in the city as shown in figure 43.
Figure 43 Renewable Energy & Water Management in Barcelona (Barcelona 2020, 2012) The role of cities in the natural cycle of water is crucial. Managing water resources in a global focus throughout the water cycle in a responsible manner is essential and includes the supply of water available, sewer and storm water retention, and public fountains ornamental lakes, beaches and water consumption in the city as shown in figure 43.
2.1.3.4 Waste Management & Cleaning dl ee -_ al The cleanliness of public areas and the collection of litter is a municipal responsibility. These municipal services include quality and sustainability criteria and the necessary instruments accompanied by a respect for the environment. Citizens also have to collaborate actively, adopting good habits in litter management and cleanliness of public areas because, as people say: so clean is who cleans as the one that it doesn't dirty!
2.1.3.4 Waste Management & Cleaning dl ee -_ al The cleanliness of public areas and the collection of litter is a municipal responsibility. These municipal services include quality and sustainability criteria and the necessary instruments accompanied by a respect for the environment. Citizens also have to collaborate actively, adopting good habits in litter management and cleanliness of public areas because, as people say: so clean is who cleans as the one that it doesn't dirty!
In Barcelona there are currently 6 area household waste and recycling centers, 20 local household wastes and recycling centers, and 96 mobile household wastes and recycling centers. In addition, there are 2 mobile household waste and recycling centers that can be requested by schools, community centers and other associations. In general, household waste and recycling centers are intended for the disposal of waste that cannot be deposited in street containers as shown in figures 45 & 46.
In Barcelona there are currently 6 area household waste and recycling centers, 20 local household wastes and recycling centers, and 96 mobile household wastes and recycling centers. In addition, there are 2 mobile household waste and recycling centers that can be requested by schools, community centers and other associations. In general, household waste and recycling centers are intended for the disposal of waste that cannot be deposited in street containers as shown in figures 45 & 46.
Figure 46 Waste Management, Barcelona City (Barcelona 2020, 2012)
Figure 46 Waste Management, Barcelona City (Barcelona 2020, 2012)
Vancouver is known around the world as one of the best places to live and is a popular tourist attraction. Vancouver is also one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada with 52% of the population speaking a first language other than English. Vancouver has been host to many international conferences and events, including the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics. (Vacouver.com) 2.2 Vancouver City, Canada (Existing City) 2020
Vancouver is known around the world as one of the best places to live and is a popular tourist attraction. Vancouver is also one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada with 52% of the population speaking a first language other than English. Vancouver has been host to many international conferences and events, including the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Winter Paralympics. (Vacouver.com) 2.2 Vancouver City, Canada (Existing City) 2020
Figure 48 Regional District: Greater Vancouver Mainland (V acouver.com) Geography
Figure 48 Regional District: Greater Vancouver Mainland (V acouver.com) Geography
ee Vancouver's moderate, oceanic climate makes it one of the warmest cities in Canada. Vancouver has a moderate, oceanic climate. Protected by the mountains and warmed by the Pacific Ocean currents, Vancouver is one of the warmest cities in Canada. Although Vancouver has a reputation for rain, it actually ranks as tl in Canada with Prince Rupert, Port Alberni, Chilliwack, Abbots Vancouver's wettest months are November and December with an of 182mm. And - with an average of just 41mm of precipitation - J he 9th rain driest months in Vancouver. It also ranks 34th for the least sunshin for the fewest sunny days. iest locatio ford, Campbell River Halifax, Sydney, and St. John's beating Vancouver foraverage yea e year rou ry rainfall. average precipitatio uly and August are the a y a nd and 26tl a
ee Vancouver's moderate, oceanic climate makes it one of the warmest cities in Canada. Vancouver has a moderate, oceanic climate. Protected by the mountains and warmed by the Pacific Ocean currents, Vancouver is one of the warmest cities in Canada. Although Vancouver has a reputation for rain, it actually ranks as tl in Canada with Prince Rupert, Port Alberni, Chilliwack, Abbots Vancouver's wettest months are November and December with an of 182mm. And - with an average of just 41mm of precipitation - J he 9th rain driest months in Vancouver. It also ranks 34th for the least sunshin for the fewest sunny days. iest locatio ford, Campbell River Halifax, Sydney, and St. John's beating Vancouver foraverage yea e year rou ry rainfall. average precipitatio uly and August are the a y a nd and 26tl a
Figure 50 Vancouver City plan 2020 (Vacouver.com) —— oo Te Vancouver City Council has adopted a compre to ensure that Vancouver remains a live able and resilient city in the face of climate C Ch S | S, S ange. T daptation hown in ewers, b imate ch wee ee es ee ee ee ws Wee eee eee eee lee ee Jr » te rr te Re he landmark strategy recommends ni figure 50). These actions will guide tl ange. hensive climate change adaptation strategy ne primary actions (see 2.2.3) and over 50 upporting actions that the City of Vancouver can take to incorporate climate change measures into new projects and daily operations for all City business (as he way we build and maintain City streets, uilding infrastructure, parks and green spaces to ensure they are resilient to
Figure 50 Vancouver City plan 2020 (Vacouver.com) —— oo Te Vancouver City Council has adopted a compre to ensure that Vancouver remains a live able and resilient city in the face of climate C Ch S | S, S ange. T daptation hown in ewers, b imate ch wee ee es ee ee ee ws Wee eee eee eee lee ee Jr » te rr te Re he landmark strategy recommends ni figure 50). These actions will guide tl ange. hensive climate change adaptation strategy ne primary actions (see 2.2.3) and over 50 upporting actions that the City of Vancouver can take to incorporate climate change measures into new projects and daily operations for all City business (as he way we build and maintain City streets, uilding infrastructure, parks and green spaces to ensure they are resilient to
2.2.2.2 Vancouver Towards Zero Waste /ancouver city energy plan decide to eliminate the dependence on fossil fuel in their mergy requirements gradually and start to depend on the renewable energies such as solat md wind energy as shown in figure 51.
2.2.2.2 Vancouver Towards Zero Waste /ancouver city energy plan decide to eliminate the dependence on fossil fuel in their mergy requirements gradually and start to depend on the renewable energies such as solat md wind energy as shown in figure 51.
Figure 52 Vancouver Waste disposal and recycling (http://www.technologie.ws/wp- content/uploads/2012/02/tril jpg) Advocating for more Extended Producer Responsibility programs for packaging Developing a building deconstruction program Minimizing the amount of waste that goes into the landfill
Figure 52 Vancouver Waste disposal and recycling (http://www.technologie.ws/wp- content/uploads/2012/02/tril jpg) Advocating for more Extended Producer Responsibility programs for packaging Developing a building deconstruction program Minimizing the amount of waste that goes into the landfill
Figure 54 Vancouver's streets accessible and pedestrians (V acouver.com)
Figure 54 Vancouver's streets accessible and pedestrians (V acouver.com)
Figure 55 Vancouver 2020 Action Plan (V ancouver.ca) ee ee ae ae ee ee The City’s operations are on track to be carbon neutral by August 2013. Vancouver is one of the first major cities in Canada to achieve this. Carbon neutrality means that any carbon pollution created from the City’s direct operations is offset through investment in projects that are reducing emissions elsewhere. By using offsets created through GHG reductions from the landfill, the City is able to neutralize emissions from its direct operations without additional burden to taxpayers. (Vancouver, 2013)
Figure 55 Vancouver 2020 Action Plan (V ancouver.ca) ee ee ae ae ee ee The City’s operations are on track to be carbon neutral by August 2013. Vancouver is one of the first major cities in Canada to achieve this. Carbon neutrality means that any carbon pollution created from the City’s direct operations is offset through investment in projects that are reducing emissions elsewhere. By using offsets created through GHG reductions from the landfill, the City is able to neutralize emissions from its direct operations without additional burden to taxpayers. (Vancouver, 2013)
Figure 56 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (The Economist. 2009) Masdar is a project in Abu Dhabi, in the which is being built by the Abu Dhabi Fu United Arab Emirates. Its core is a planned city, ture Energy Company, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the government of Abu Dhabi. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero- carbon, zero-waste ecology. (The Econom ist. 2009) Table 15 Masdar City (The Economist. 2009)
Figure 56 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (The Economist. 2009) Masdar is a project in Abu Dhabi, in the which is being built by the Abu Dhabi Fu United Arab Emirates. Its core is a planned city, ture Energy Company, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the government of Abu Dhabi. Designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners, the city will rely entirely on solar energy and other renewable energy sources, with a sustainable, zero- carbon, zero-waste ecology. (The Econom ist. 2009) Table 15 Masdar City (The Economist. 2009)
Figure 57 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (http://www.2daydubai.com /masdar-city.php)
Figure 57 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi (http://www.2daydubai.com /masdar-city.php)
Figure 58 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. (The Economist. 2009) billion. The city is plann specializing in expected to com Ww ill be accomplished via publi existing road an m Ww ci Si the city were completed and occupied i d railways con otor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s perimeter wall, desi inds, allows for narrow and shaded S ity. Masdar City will be the research and technology-intensi ow ed to cover 6 square kilome 50,000 people and 1,500 busin environmental mute to the city daily Automobiles will be banned within nal rapid transit her locations ou N y f C ec mass atest of ve muni milar to Novosibirsk, Russia or Tsu through its Clean Tech Fund are Conse Venture Capital. Construction began on K riendly p ting to ot! roducts, and transit and perso treets that a small occur between 2020 and 2025. (The Economist. 2009) ters (2.3 sq mi) and will be home to 45,000 esses, primarily commercial and manufacturing more than 60,000 wo tside the city. gned to keep o help fu number of highly plann Cipalities that inco uba Science City, nsus Business Grou n nel cooler breezes across th to facilities rkers are the city; travel systems, with The absence of ut the hot desert al completion rporate a living environ Japan. Partners in the p e ized, ment, roject ed, special p, Credit Suisse and Siemens Masdar City in 2008 and the first six buildings of n October 2010. Fin is scheduled to
Figure 58 Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. (The Economist. 2009) billion. The city is plann specializing in expected to com Ww ill be accomplished via publi existing road an m Ww ci Si the city were completed and occupied i d railways con otor vehicles coupled with Masdar’s perimeter wall, desi inds, allows for narrow and shaded S ity. Masdar City will be the research and technology-intensi ow ed to cover 6 square kilome 50,000 people and 1,500 busin environmental mute to the city daily Automobiles will be banned within nal rapid transit her locations ou N y f C ec mass atest of ve muni milar to Novosibirsk, Russia or Tsu through its Clean Tech Fund are Conse Venture Capital. Construction began on K riendly p ting to ot! roducts, and transit and perso treets that a small occur between 2020 and 2025. (The Economist. 2009) ters (2.3 sq mi) and will be home to 45,000 esses, primarily commercial and manufacturing more than 60,000 wo tside the city. gned to keep o help fu number of highly plann Cipalities that inco uba Science City, nsus Business Grou n nel cooler breezes across th to facilities rkers are the city; travel systems, with The absence of ut the hot desert al completion rporate a living environ Japan. Partners in the p e ized, ment, roject ed, special p, Credit Suisse and Siemens Masdar City in 2008 and the first six buildings of n October 2010. Fin is scheduled to
Figure 59 Masdar Green Landscape plan (http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/masdar-city.php)
Figure 59 Masdar Green Landscape plan (http://www.2daydubai.com/pages/masdar-city.php)
Figure 60 Wind Tower & Photovoltaic Panels for Renewable Energy in Masdar City
Figure 60 Wind Tower & Photovoltaic Panels for Renewable Energy in Masdar City
Figure 61 Waste Collection and Separation in Masdar City (Crampsie S., 2008)
Figure 61 Waste Collection and Separation in Masdar City (Crampsie S., 2008)
Figure 62 Eco-Materials in Masdar City (Bullis K., 2009) Masdar’ S bu Che building materials u through the incorporated heavily walls with thin layers of of insulation yutside to keep heat out ildings are 2009). Local manufactu 7ero-carbon cities. Most are characte ‘igure 62. the latest use of energy efficient tec sed in Masdar have a high thermal and prevent residents reaching for re building materials are used in the local building materials are renewab rized by thei hnologies an mass, resulti air-conditio construction r durability, adaptability and low embodied e d smart design. ng in high level copper foil on the ning (Bullis K., of buildings in e and energy efficient. They nergy as shown in
Figure 62 Eco-Materials in Masdar City (Bullis K., 2009) Masdar’ S bu Che building materials u through the incorporated heavily walls with thin layers of of insulation yutside to keep heat out ildings are 2009). Local manufactu 7ero-carbon cities. Most are characte ‘igure 62. the latest use of energy efficient tec sed in Masdar have a high thermal and prevent residents reaching for re building materials are used in the local building materials are renewab rized by thei hnologies an mass, resulti air-conditio construction r durability, adaptability and low embodied e d smart design. ng in high level copper foil on the ning (Bullis K., of buildings in e and energy efficient. They nergy as shown in
Figure 63 Masdar City Air Quality (masdar city, project over view, 2009)
Figure 63 Masdar City Air Quality (masdar city, project over view, 2009)
Figure 64 Masdar City Transportation Systems (masdar city, project over view, 2009) aoe ELMO UEL Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec dependence upon car based infrastructure as shown in figure 64. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 64 Masdar City Transportation Systems (masdar city, project over view, 2009) aoe ELMO UEL Cities are increasingly being designed to use energy sparingly by offering walk able transit-oriented options, often supplemented by vehicles powered by renewable energy Sustainable transport can be presented in replacing cars and fuel vehicles by electric public transport. Cities with more sustainable transport systems are able to reduce thei ecological footprints from their reduced use of fossil fuels as well as through reducec dependence upon car based infrastructure as shown in figure 64. (Mosaad G., 2010)
Figure 65 Dongtan City, China (Normile, 2008) 2.4 Dongtan Zero-C arbon City , China (Future City) 2040 - 2050 Overview
Figure 65 Dongtan City, China (Normile, 2008) 2.4 Dongtan Zero-C arbon City , China (Future City) 2040 - 2050 Overview
Figure 66 Dongtan City Plan (Normile, 2008) http://uc.exteenblog.com/thinkgreen/images/images/dongtan_map.jpg city from scratch and provide a prototype for the future of all cities in one of the world’s most environmentally distressed countries, China. (Normile, 2008) Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of an eco-city, and is the first of up to four such cities to be designed and built in China by Arup. The cities are planned to be ecologically friendly, with zero-greenhouse- emission transit and complete self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of zero energy building principles. Energy demand will be substantially lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within the city. Waste is considered to be a resource and most of the city's waste will be recycled. Dongtan proposes to have only green transport movements along its coastline. People will arrive at the coast and leave their cars behind, traveling along the shore as pedestrians,
Figure 66 Dongtan City Plan (Normile, 2008) http://uc.exteenblog.com/thinkgreen/images/images/dongtan_map.jpg city from scratch and provide a prototype for the future of all cities in one of the world’s most environmentally distressed countries, China. (Normile, 2008) Dongtan was presented at the United Nations World Urban Forum by China as an example of an eco-city, and is the first of up to four such cities to be designed and built in China by Arup. The cities are planned to be ecologically friendly, with zero-greenhouse- emission transit and complete self-sufficiency in water and energy, together with the use of zero energy building principles. Energy demand will be substantially lower than comparable conventional cities due to the high performance of buildings and a zero emission transport zone within the city. Waste is considered to be a resource and most of the city's waste will be recycled. Dongtan proposes to have only green transport movements along its coastline. People will arrive at the coast and leave their cars behind, traveling along the shore as pedestrians,
Figure 67 Dongtan Perspective (RECORD, 2006). SS a ee a A en Adjacent urban pla economic the Y angi 20,000 in 80,000 peop SIIC), the city’s an area three quai to boomi ing Shanghai, plans are coming together for the prototypical city of which designers argue would be the world’s first truly sustainable new urban ent. Lon don-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial investment branch, have partnered to create a rters the size of Manhattan. The brief calls nning an constral nts. Located in sensitive wetlands on Chongmi ize River just north of Shanghai, Dongtan’s first ph nvestment Corporation master plan for Dongtan, for integrated sustainable d design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within ng Island at the mouth of ase, a marina village of L habitants, will be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. By 2020, nearly neighborh oods. e are expected to inhabit the city’s env ironmentally sustainable
Figure 67 Dongtan Perspective (RECORD, 2006). SS a ee a A en Adjacent urban pla economic the Y angi 20,000 in 80,000 peop SIIC), the city’s an area three quai to boomi ing Shanghai, plans are coming together for the prototypical city of which designers argue would be the world’s first truly sustainable new urban ent. Lon don-based Arup and the Shanghai Industrial investment branch, have partnered to create a rters the size of Manhattan. The brief calls nning an constral nts. Located in sensitive wetlands on Chongmi ize River just north of Shanghai, Dongtan’s first ph nvestment Corporation master plan for Dongtan, for integrated sustainable d design to create a city as close to carbon-neutral as possible within ng Island at the mouth of ase, a marina village of L habitants, will be unveiled at the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai. By 2020, nearly neighborh oods. e are expected to inhabit the city’s env ironmentally sustainable
Table 17 Ecological footprints in China
Table 17 Ecological footprints in China
Figure 68 Dongtan Ecological Footprint (Green Places, 2008; Normile)
Figure 68 Dongtan Ecological Footprint (Green Places, 2008; Normile)
Table 18 Comparison between the International Zero Carbon Cities Examples
Table 18 Comparison between the International Zero Carbon Cities Examples
Figure 69 Egypt Map, 2012 (http://www.7daysoffun.com/images/eqypt_ governorates _map.jpq) by) KY Qo a4 MY V ULV Pty VYUMiTy to $Oulity ahtGhiy MLLV AUER VEU NIU UY LOY population growth, unplanned land use distribution and unplanned extension of human activity. Industry, transportation and energy production are major contributors to pollution. Environmental deterioration is affecting the natural resources of Egypt. Moreover, untreated or poorly treated urban and industrial effluents also endanger the environment, and human health and welfare. Canals increasingly suffer from eutrophication, weeds and the accumulation of pesticides, which in tum lead to the contamination of drinking water. Soil salinity and water logging affect the productivity of agricultural land and contribute to the production of contaminated crops. The issue of environmental preservation is a global concern at both the international and national level. (Alex. Mid, 2012)
Figure 69 Egypt Map, 2012 (http://www.7daysoffun.com/images/eqypt_ governorates _map.jpq) by) KY Qo a4 MY V ULV Pty VYUMiTy to $Oulity ahtGhiy MLLV AUER VEU NIU UY LOY population growth, unplanned land use distribution and unplanned extension of human activity. Industry, transportation and energy production are major contributors to pollution. Environmental deterioration is affecting the natural resources of Egypt. Moreover, untreated or poorly treated urban and industrial effluents also endanger the environment, and human health and welfare. Canals increasingly suffer from eutrophication, weeds and the accumulation of pesticides, which in tum lead to the contamination of drinking water. Soil salinity and water logging affect the productivity of agricultural land and contribute to the production of contaminated crops. The issue of environmental preservation is a global concern at both the international and national level. (Alex. Mid, 2012)
Figure 70 Total Population Density at the beginning of years (1996-2013) (http://www.capmas.gov.eq) aa oS |) aia same problems i the low electrici international co 12% in 2007 ( 21,530 MW, co Upper Egypt, w Analyses confi kawoanahaAlaa ta: AWA: AL FAR Mast AwM MARAE Now, and almost 50 year later, Egypt’s large population suffers from the magnitude of th n addition to more and more relian ty consumption rates in Egypt (1 nsumption, electricity consumption Beshara, 2008). In summer 2008, mpared to 19,250 in 2007. Consequ itnessed daily blackouts ranging fro ce on and demand for energy. Despi 20 kWh/capita in 2002) compared t for residential purposes increased b the total electric demand peaked entially, most governorates, especial m 5 to 8 hours. rm that an increased penetration of energy intensive appliances in A. AASH AWAIT GlmAA FAA Ancomnnineg® at Eha lawn hat e te to y to y
Figure 70 Total Population Density at the beginning of years (1996-2013) (http://www.capmas.gov.eq) aa oS |) aia same problems i the low electrici international co 12% in 2007 ( 21,530 MW, co Upper Egypt, w Analyses confi kawoanahaAlaa ta: AWA: AL FAR Mast AwM MARAE Now, and almost 50 year later, Egypt’s large population suffers from the magnitude of th n addition to more and more relian ty consumption rates in Egypt (1 nsumption, electricity consumption Beshara, 2008). In summer 2008, mpared to 19,250 in 2007. Consequ itnessed daily blackouts ranging fro ce on and demand for energy. Despi 20 kWh/capita in 2002) compared t for residential purposes increased b the total electric demand peaked entially, most governorates, especial m 5 to 8 hours. rm that an increased penetration of energy intensive appliances in A. AASH AWAIT GlmAA FAA Ancomnnineg® at Eha lawn hat e te to y to y
NY EEE BERR TEU ELE AUELY In 2007, current installed capacity was 22000 MW. This is expected to reach 74000 MW by 2030. This would require the addition of more than 50000 MW. The peak demand was 18500 MW. It is expected that this demand will reach 62000 MW by 2030 (Beshara, 2008). In 2012, electricity consumption in residential (42.3%), industry (31.4%), commercial (8%) and governmental (4.7%), buildings reached 60% of total electric energy demand in Egypt as shown in figure 72. (Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2013)
NY EEE BERR TEU ELE AUELY In 2007, current installed capacity was 22000 MW. This is expected to reach 74000 MW by 2030. This would require the addition of more than 50000 MW. The peak demand was 18500 MW. It is expected that this demand will reach 62000 MW by 2030 (Beshara, 2008). In 2012, electricity consumption in residential (42.3%), industry (31.4%), commercial (8%) and governmental (4.7%), buildings reached 60% of total electric energy demand in Egypt as shown in figure 72. (Ministry of Electricity and Energy, 2013)
Figure 73 Wind energy, Red Sea and Solar energy, El-Sadat City, Egypt
Figure 73 Wind energy, Red Sea and Solar energy, El-Sadat City, Egypt
Figure 74 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert (Ministry of Water Resources, 2012)
Figure 74 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert (Ministry of Water Resources, 2012)
Table 20 Water Resources in Egypt (billion meters cube/year)
Table 20 Water Resources in Egypt (billion meters cube/year)
Table 21 Water Consumption in Egypt (billion meters cube/year) eee aS ee Eee Egypt is using around 95 % of the available water, which is very critical. Around 86 % of water is used for irrigation, 8 % for domestic purposes and another 6 % by industry as shown in figure 75 (FAO, 2010). The individual annual share of current and expected available water has decreased from 2604 m°/year in 1947 to 860 m°/year in 2003 and expected to come down to 582 m3/year with increasing population (table 21). Egypt has been facing scarcity of water (share of less 1000 m3/vear) since 1996 (A boZeid, 2008).
Table 21 Water Consumption in Egypt (billion meters cube/year) eee aS ee Eee Egypt is using around 95 % of the available water, which is very critical. Around 86 % of water is used for irrigation, 8 % for domestic purposes and another 6 % by industry as shown in figure 75 (FAO, 2010). The individual annual share of current and expected available water has decreased from 2604 m°/year in 1947 to 860 m°/year in 2003 and expected to come down to 582 m3/year with increasing population (table 21). Egypt has been facing scarcity of water (share of less 1000 m3/vear) since 1996 (A boZeid, 2008).
Figure 77 Waste Collection Problems of Egypt (inhabitat.com)
Figure 77 Waste Collection Problems of Egypt (inhabitat.com)
Figure 78 Traffic Problems in Egypt (yomken.com)
Figure 78 Traffic Problems in Egypt (yomken.com)
Figure 80 Water Pollution in Egypt
Figure 80 Water Pollution in Egypt
Figure 81 Alexandria Governorate related to Egypt Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.6 million, Capmas.gov.eg, 2013) extending about 32km (20mi) along the coast of he Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city ying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving ipproximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important ‘ourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). tis an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Table 23 Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
Figure 81 Alexandria Governorate related to Egypt Alexandria is the second-largest city of Egypt, with a population of 4.6 million, Capmas.gov.eg, 2013) extending about 32km (20mi) along the coast of he Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. It is also the largest city ying directly on the Mediterranean coast. Alexandria is Egypt's largest seaport, serving ipproximately 80% of Egypt's imports and exports. Alexandria is also an important ‘ourist resort. It is home to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (the new Library of Alexandria). tis an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. It is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Table 23 Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
aS as In 332 B.C. there was no way for colonist of Asia and India, Alexander the Great, except to invade Egypt to govern this area. He established a new city that carried his name; Alexandria, which was supported and flourished for three hundred years during Batlamik era successors of Alexander the Great as shown in figure 84 (Loubeer, 1991).
aS as In 332 B.C. there was no way for colonist of Asia and India, Alexander the Great, except to invade Egypt to govern this area. He established a new city that carried his name; Alexandria, which was supported and flourished for three hundred years during Batlamik era successors of Alexander the Great as shown in figure 84 (Loubeer, 1991).
Alexandria is located on the western edge of the Nile Delta Coast between Latitudes of 31° 08' N and 31° 26' N Longitudes 29° 27' E and 30° 04' E (GOUP, 2000). Alexandria north boundary along Mediterranean Sea is about 93.5 Km length started from Abo-Kir bye in the east ended at kilo 61.5 (Alexandria- Matrouh highway). Its eastern and southern boundaries are shared with Buhyira Govermorate. The western boundaries are Matrouh Governorate. Also, it is limited with Mediterranean Coast in the north and Lake Mariout in the south (GOUP, 2000).
Alexandria is located on the western edge of the Nile Delta Coast between Latitudes of 31° 08' N and 31° 26' N Longitudes 29° 27' E and 30° 04' E (GOUP, 2000). Alexandria north boundary along Mediterranean Sea is about 93.5 Km length started from Abo-Kir bye in the east ended at kilo 61.5 (Alexandria- Matrouh highway). Its eastern and southern boundaries are shared with Buhyira Govermorate. The western boundaries are Matrouh Governorate. Also, it is limited with Mediterranean Coast in the north and Lake Mariout in the south (GOUP, 2000).
Figure 84 Alexandria City Area (Ministry of Housing, 2010) Alexandria area is 2833 Km; agriculture land on it is about 163 Km? with percentage 5.66% from the total area of the city as shown in figure 84 (Ministry of Housing, 2010).
Figure 84 Alexandria City Area (Ministry of Housing, 2010) Alexandria area is 2833 Km; agriculture land on it is about 163 Km? with percentage 5.66% from the total area of the city as shown in figure 84 (Ministry of Housing, 2010).
Figure 86 Alexandria Population Growth in 2011 (25 Jan. Revolution, 2011)
Figure 86 Alexandria Population Growth in 2011 (25 Jan. Revolution, 2011)
Figure 87 Alexandria City Population (Capmas., 3-2013)V ehicles No. (General Traffic Management, 2013)
Figure 87 Alexandria City Population (Capmas., 3-2013)V ehicles No. (General Traffic Management, 2013)
Figure 88 Alexandria Governorate Districts with its area, population, density and vehicles numbers (Ministry of Housing, 2010 & Traffic Department in Alexandria, 2012)
Figure 88 Alexandria Governorate Districts with its area, population, density and vehicles numbers (Ministry of Housing, 2010 & Traffic Department in Alexandria, 2012)
3.2.1.5 Transport (Roads and Traffic Services) Figure 89 Alexandria Main Road Network
3.2.1.5 Transport (Roads and Traffic Services) Figure 89 Alexandria Main Road Network
Highways
Highways
Figure 90 Desert Road at present and after renovation (Ministry of Transport, 2012)
Figure 90 Desert Road at present and after renovation (Ministry of Transport, 2012)
Figure 92 Alexandria Train Stations (Alexandria and Sidi G aber)
Figure 92 Alexandria Train Stations (Alexandria and Sidi G aber)
Figure 95 Alexandria Taxis , Minibuses, Toktok and El-Hantour.
Figure 95 Alexandria Taxis , Minibuses, Toktok and El-Hantour.
Figure 96 Air Pollution Areas in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 96 Air Pollution Areas in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 98 SO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 98 SO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 99 NO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 99 NO2 Gas Emissions in Alexandria City in 2007 (El-Sawy, 2010)
Figure 97 CO Gas Emissions in Alexandria in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 97 CO Gas Emissions in Alexandria in 2007 (El-Sawy G., 2010)
Figure 100 shows that the maximum level is 90 micrograms / m3, has average annual concentrations of dust lingering around 346.35 micrograms / m3 in 2007, after it was 284.99 micrograms/m3 in 2003 and returns this increase to the transformation of companies producing cement from the use of the way wet to dry method and so the rationalization of energy and water to increase production and led to the emergence of the problem of dust emissions and dust lanes side (and known to be dry method results in large quantities of dust equivalent to three times the output of the way wetlands, and neighbours now installed filters for dust and filters at the plant Qir Fertilizers and plant Alexandria Cement. (El-Sawy G., 2010) 3.2.2.2 Alexandria Air Pollution Sources
Figure 100 shows that the maximum level is 90 micrograms / m3, has average annual concentrations of dust lingering around 346.35 micrograms / m3 in 2007, after it was 284.99 micrograms/m3 in 2003 and returns this increase to the transformation of companies producing cement from the use of the way wet to dry method and so the rationalization of energy and water to increase production and led to the emergence of the problem of dust emissions and dust lanes side (and known to be dry method results in large quantities of dust equivalent to three times the output of the way wetlands, and neighbours now installed filters for dust and filters at the plant Qir Fertilizers and plant Alexandria Cement. (El-Sawy G., 2010) 3.2.2.2 Alexandria Air Pollution Sources
Figure 101 Major Sources of Air Pollution in Alexandria (Alex-mid, 2012)
Figure 101 Major Sources of Air Pollution in Alexandria (Alex-mid, 2012)
SS ea ee Figure 102 Factories in Alexandria Classified by ISIC (El-Nile Sugar Factory, El-A meria District)
SS ea ee Figure 102 Factories in Alexandria Classified by ISIC (El-Nile Sugar Factory, El-A meria District)
Figure 103 Illegal Construction after 25" January Revolution (photographed by researcher, 2013)
Figure 103 Illegal Construction after 25" January Revolution (photographed by researcher, 2013)
Figure 104 Alexandria City’s Traffic Problem and Pollution (photographed by researcher)
Figure 104 Alexandria City’s Traffic Problem and Pollution (photographed by researcher)
Figure 105 Waste Environmental Problems
Figure 105 Waste Environmental Problems
Table 25 Alexandria Public Gardens & Green Areas Alexandria city has approximately 684 Acres of green areas and gardens as shown ir able 24 (Ibrahim, A., 2010).
Table 25 Alexandria Public Gardens & Green Areas Alexandria city has approximately 684 Acres of green areas and gardens as shown ir able 24 (Ibrahim, A., 2010).
Figure 106 Green Areas per person in Alexandria City (1958 - 2004) (Alex-med, 2012)
Figure 106 Green Areas per person in Alexandria City (1958 - 2004) (Alex-med, 2012)
Figure 107 Diesel Generator’s Environmental Problems commercial buildings. In addition, diesel generators cause noise and pollution (as shown in figure 107). It produces gases and smoke which makes negative impact on environment and human health. 3.2.3.3 Renewable Energy in Alexandria: Solar Energy
Figure 107 Diesel Generator’s Environmental Problems commercial buildings. In addition, diesel generators cause noise and pollution (as shown in figure 107). It produces gases and smoke which makes negative impact on environment and human health. 3.2.3.3 Renewable Energy in Alexandria: Solar Energy
Figure 108 Closer views of irradiation levels over North A frica (Amina El-Zalabany , 2010)
Figure 108 Closer views of irradiation levels over North A frica (Amina El-Zalabany , 2010)
Figure 109 Wind Energy Turbines in the Mediterranean Sea
Figure 109 Wind Energy Turbines in the Mediterranean Sea
Figure 110 Green Belt Road Starting Point from the Alex-Cairo Desert Road
Figure 110 Green Belt Road Starting Point from the Alex-Cairo Desert Road
Figure 111 Suggested Green Belt and its Road and Axes
Figure 111 Suggested Green Belt and its Road and Axes
Figure 112 Monorail and its Main Stations (dorsettregency.com)
Figure 112 Monorail and its Main Stations (dorsettregency.com)
Figure 114 Suggested Walk Ways, Bicycles Road and Sitting Areas and Streets’ Speed Bumps. (http://k14.vcmedia.vn/Images/U ploaded/Share.jpg)
Figure 114 Suggested Walk Ways, Bicycles Road and Sitting Areas and Streets’ Speed Bumps. (http://k14.vcmedia.vn/Images/U ploaded/Share.jpg)
Figure 115 Suggested Sea Taxi 3.3.1.5 El-Mahmoudia C anal Transport Service —e— eee eee eee ERE IEEE —— El-Mahmoudia Canal ‘extends from West District: to El-Montaza District and it considers a main channel of goods and public transports but this can be happen in case of moving all the canal barriers and renovating the depth to allow the ships to pass through canal to provide an important transportation service in Alexandria. Additionally, Alexandria Government should concern with El-Mahmoudia Canal and its road, bridges and create a green areas and sitting areas around it. (as shown in figure 116)
Figure 115 Suggested Sea Taxi 3.3.1.5 El-Mahmoudia C anal Transport Service —e— eee eee eee ERE IEEE —— El-Mahmoudia Canal ‘extends from West District: to El-Montaza District and it considers a main channel of goods and public transports but this can be happen in case of moving all the canal barriers and renovating the depth to allow the ships to pass through canal to provide an important transportation service in Alexandria. Additionally, Alexandria Government should concern with El-Mahmoudia Canal and its road, bridges and create a green areas and sitting areas around it. (as shown in figure 116)
Figure 116 Suggested El-Mahmoudia Taxi Transport
Figure 116 Suggested El-Mahmoudia Taxi Transport
Figure 117 Solar and Wind Lighting System for Alexandria Roads
Figure 117 Solar and Wind Lighting System for Alexandria Roads
Figure 119 East District, Police Stations and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa, 2013 The study area is East district in Alexandria city. East district is one of Alexandria ci the decision of Mins 1965 which divided the city into three districts: East - Middle - West and the decision no. districts according to 373 in year 1967 to which constitute The shown in figure 119, t 12 areas (shiakhaat), police sub-station and it is charac m areas. The other is Sidi Gaber that contains 6 sub-divisions and the excess in slu form districts cou East district is d he first is El-Ram ivid nci ter of Local . Now, it i (E -Raml Firs ly Administration no. 1341 in year 0) is s considered one of six districts, ed into 2 administrative sectors divisions as t & El-Raml Second) that contains (Alexandria environmental Description, 2008). terized by high population density Table 27 East District, Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
Figure 119 East District, Police Stations and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa, 2013 The study area is East district in Alexandria city. East district is one of Alexandria ci the decision of Mins 1965 which divided the city into three districts: East - Middle - West and the decision no. districts according to 373 in year 1967 to which constitute The shown in figure 119, t 12 areas (shiakhaat), police sub-station and it is charac m areas. The other is Sidi Gaber that contains 6 sub-divisions and the excess in slu form districts cou East district is d he first is El-Ram ivid nci ter of Local . Now, it i (E -Raml Firs ly Administration no. 1341 in year 0) is s considered one of six districts, ed into 2 administrative sectors divisions as t & El-Raml Second) that contains (Alexandria environmental Description, 2008). terized by high population density Table 27 East District, Alexandria City (Capmas, 2013)
9 7 ee Figure 120 East District Beaches and Roads
9 7 ee Figure 120 East District Beaches and Roads
Figure 124 Waste Collection Problem in East District (Kafer Abdou & El-Gaish Road) 4.1.5 CO2, CO, temperature, and humidity measuring on site ee eee ee ee ee, ee ee ee lL eee To investigate the air pollution in Alexandria city and East district in particular, the researcher measured the levels of CO2, CO gases emissions on site with a certified air quality measuring tool which shown in figure 125 (this measuring tool was borrowed from Mechanical Department, Alexandria Bibliotheca). The gases emissions were measured in Autumn and Winter Seasons. The first one was in 2012 (21-10-2012; from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM) which started from Alexandria Library passing the Middle District
Figure 124 Waste Collection Problem in East District (Kafer Abdou & El-Gaish Road) 4.1.5 CO2, CO, temperature, and humidity measuring on site ee eee ee ee ee, ee ee ee lL eee To investigate the air pollution in Alexandria city and East district in particular, the researcher measured the levels of CO2, CO gases emissions on site with a certified air quality measuring tool which shown in figure 125 (this measuring tool was borrowed from Mechanical Department, Alexandria Bibliotheca). The gases emissions were measured in Autumn and Winter Seasons. The first one was in 2012 (21-10-2012; from 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM) which started from Alexandria Library passing the Middle District
4.1.4 East District Environmental Problems ¢ Traffic and Roads Problems
4.1.4 East District Environmental Problems ¢ Traffic and Roads Problems
Figure 123 Buildings Violation in East District
Figure 123 Buildings Violation in East District
Location
Location
Figure 127 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, East District (Google Maps, 2013)
Figure 127 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, East District (Google Maps, 2013)
Figure 128 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area
Figure 128 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area
Figure 129 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, Land Use Map
Figure 129 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area, Land Use Map
Figure 133 Typical Residential Building’s North & South Elevations
Figure 133 Typical Residential Building’s North & South Elevations
Figure 136 El-Salam Recreational Centre and El-Fatah Club Figure 135 Adequate Cars Parking Places
Figure 136 El-Salam Recreational Centre and El-Fatah Club Figure 135 Adequate Cars Parking Places
Figure 137 Sea view and location
Figure 137 Sea view and location
4.2.2.2 Mostafa Kamel Area’s Disadvantages ¢ Military Camp with 60,000 m2
4.2.2.2 Mostafa Kamel Area’s Disadvantages ¢ Military Camp with 60,000 m2
Figure 141 Military Camp
Figure 141 Military Camp
145) which is considered a very dangerous element for the environment and the residents.
145) which is considered a very dangerous element for the environment and the residents.
Figure 143 Commercial and Restaurant Buildings
Figure 143 Commercial and Restaurant Buildings
Figure 145 Fossil Fuel Energy and Natural Gas Resources
Figure 145 Fossil Fuel Energy and Natural Gas Resources
Figure 146 Green Areas & Photovoltaic Parking Shades
Figure 146 Green Areas & Photovoltaic Parking Shades
Figure 147 Proposed Mostafa Kamel Data Centre and Conference Hall.
Figure 147 Proposed Mostafa Kamel Data Centre and Conference Hall.
The average solar input over the year, H (kW h/m?/day): Jsing PV panels to generate electricity & hot water as shown in figures 149 - 150 ¢ Photovoltaic System Design x a e a CO Cn Table 31 the ¢ average daily load energy requirements for residential units
The average solar input over the year, H (kW h/m?/day): Jsing PV panels to generate electricity & hot water as shown in figures 149 - 150 ¢ Photovoltaic System Design x a e a CO Cn Table 31 the ¢ average daily load energy requirements for residential units
Figure 151 Proposed Solar Energy for Residential Building in the Summer, Winter, Spring and Autumn These load energy calculations from equation (6) & (7) mean that the available PV pane area for each residential building in Mostafa Kamel Residential covered 20 units on ntial buildi is is the worst case in the summer season but it will cover th from 44 units in the resi equal 391.73 Kwh/day). occupied apartments in the rest of year air conditioning units and other addi energy load for one residen and waste to energy reso ng (45% from total residential buildings which (as shown in figure 151). In addition, it is witho tial buildin UICES. tional house appliances. So, to complete the tot. a25890 n= wo g should use another electricity resource like win Design of the storage system:
Figure 151 Proposed Solar Energy for Residential Building in the Summer, Winter, Spring and Autumn These load energy calculations from equation (6) & (7) mean that the available PV pane area for each residential building in Mostafa Kamel Residential covered 20 units on ntial buildi is is the worst case in the summer season but it will cover th from 44 units in the resi equal 391.73 Kwh/day). occupied apartments in the rest of year air conditioning units and other addi energy load for one residen and waste to energy reso ng (45% from total residential buildings which (as shown in figure 151). In addition, it is witho tial buildin UICES. tional house appliances. So, to complete the tot. a25890 n= wo g should use another electricity resource like win Design of the storage system:
Table 32 Comparison between Renewable versus Conventional Energy Systems
Table 32 Comparison between Renewable versus Conventional Energy Systems
Figure 153 Grey water system & solar hot water in typical residential building.
Figure 153 Grey water system & solar hot water in typical residential building.
Figure 154 Waste Management in the residential area 4.3.1.6 Transportation Systems e Organic, Plastic, Glass, and Paper waste baskets as shown in figure 15:
Figure 154 Waste Management in the residential area 4.3.1.6 Transportation Systems e Organic, Plastic, Glass, and Paper waste baskets as shown in figure 15:
Figure 155 Proposed Multi Story Garage Site and Electrical Cars and Bicycles
Figure 155 Proposed Multi Story Garage Site and Electrical Cars and Bicycles
Figure 156 Green roof Details and Insulation Materials (www.concreteconstruction.net)
Figure 156 Green roof Details and Insulation Materials (www.concreteconstruction.net)
Figure 159 Proposed Zero Carbon Elements in Mostafa Kamel Area Perspective
Figure 159 Proposed Zero Carbon Elements in Mostafa Kamel Area Perspective
Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal (1): (Military C amp Exists) in figure 160
Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal (1): (Military C amp Exists) in figure 160
Figure 167 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal 2
Figure 167 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Proposal 2
Figure 168 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Final Perspectives
Figure 168 Mostafa Kamel Residential Area Final Perspectives
Estimated costs for Alexandria city and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa are renewable energy cost only; these costs were calculated through the renovation cost per inhabitant’s method according to the detailed calculations which presented in the thesis case study area. ( Made by the Researcher, 2013)
Estimated costs for Alexandria city and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa are renewable energy cost only; these costs were calculated through the renovation cost per inhabitant’s method according to the detailed calculations which presented in the thesis case study area. ( Made by the Researcher, 2013)
Comparison between Barcelona, Vancouver, Masdar, Dongtan, Alexandria Cities East District and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa.
Comparison between Barcelona, Vancouver, Masdar, Dongtan, Alexandria Cities East District and Mostafa Kamel Shiakhaa.
Figure 176 Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 1. Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 176 Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 1. Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 177 Diagram of Autumn CO2, CO, Temperature, and Humidity Autumn Measuring
Figure 177 Diagram of Autumn CO2, CO, Temperature, and Humidity Autumn Measuring
2. Winter Measuring CO 2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 25-12-2012 (made by the researcher)
2. Winter Measuring CO 2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 25-12-2012 (made by the researcher)
Figure 180 Air Quality Measuring Tool Fluke 975 with the researcher (fluke.com) Fluke 975 Tool Features:
Figure 180 Air Quality Measuring Tool Fluke 975 with the researcher (fluke.com) Fluke 975 Tool Features:
Oe a a ea a ae ee Figure 182 Air Quality Measuring in Alexandria, 2006 (Ministry of Environmental A ffairs, 2007)
Oe a a ea a ae ee Figure 182 Air Quality Measuring in Alexandria, 2006 (Ministry of Environmental A ffairs, 2007)
Figure 184 Alexandria Planning 1805 (Mohamed Ali, 1805) Figure 183 Alexandria Planning 1801
Figure 184 Alexandria Planning 1805 (Mohamed Ali, 1805) Figure 183 Alexandria Planning 1801
Figure 186 Alexandria City Planning 1958
Figure 186 Alexandria City Planning 1958
Figure 185 Alexandria Planning 1921 (Maklin, 1921)
Figure 185 Alexandria Planning 1921 (Maklin, 1921)
Alexandria City Planning Development
Alexandria City Planning Development
Figure 187 Alexandria City Planning 2005 (1984)
Figure 187 Alexandria City Planning 2005 (1984)
Figure 188 Alexandria City Planning 2017 (2002)
Figure 188 Alexandria City Planning 2017 (2002)
Figure 189 Alexandria City Planning 2025 (2003)
Figure 189 Alexandria City Planning 2025 (2003)
9, Alexandria Planning Development
9, Alexandria Planning Development
Figure 191 Alexandria Districts in 2013 (Alexandria Governorate, March 2013)
Figure 191 Alexandria Districts in 2013 (Alexandria Governorate, March 2013)

Related papers

PATHS TOWARDS ZERO CARBON CITY USING NANOTECHNOLOGY Tripoli city case study
omar osama

2014

The next generation of sustainable design ought to help us reduce the impacts on the environment in a challenge to live more ecologically on day-today basis. Architects and designers from all around the world are joining a movement to create buildings that mitigate global warming and climate change. Zero-energy and carbon neutral architecture has emerged as a top priority, although low-energy and low-carbon design is often more readily achieved [4]. The study examines Tripoli as a city-case study that suffers from high levels of toxic gas emissions mainly CO2. It aims to put the basic strategy toward Tripoli zero-carbon city on basis of zero carbon buildings that uses nanomaterials technology as a solution.

View PDFchevron_right
Low-carbon cities: Lifestyle changes are necessary
Patrick Moriarty

2014

Today, more than half the world’s population live in cities, and the UN expect this figure to rise to two-thirds by 2050. Already, cities are responsible for an estimated 70% of global energy use. Cities must cut their energy use in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Urban Heat Island effect and urban air pollution, and global fossil fuel (especially oil) depletion. Available approaches include shifting to alternative energy, energy efficiency improvements, and energy conservation. We find that although both increased use of renewable energy and energy efficiency improvements are desirable, they will be unable to reduce significantly fossil fuel use by 2050. This is important because many researchers argue that large reductions in oil, and to a lesser extent other fossil fuels, will be needed within the next two decades, because of their mounting energy, monetary and environmental costs. Achieving the necessary large cuts in both fossil energy use and their accompanying emissions will, we argue, necessitate energy conservation, largely though lifestyle changes.

View PDFchevron_right
Urban configurations of carbon neutrality: insights from the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
Laura Tozer

Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 2018

This paper examines configurations of carbon neutrality in the building and energy sector as expressed in the urban governance documents of the members of the Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance (CNCA). ‘Carbon neutrality’ is a mutable idea, which makes it unclear what kinds of future urban systems are imagined. As self-identified pioneers of deep decarbonization, the CNCA members are constructing ideas about what carbon neutral means and how urban systems should be changed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, climate governance policy documents provide a window to understand how these carbon neutral imaginaries are being constructed. The analysis draws on discourse analysis and textual network analysis to unpack the sociotechnical configurations that are planned to be mobilized to constitute carbon neutral built environments. Concept map visualizations are used to scrutinize planned configurations of objects (e.g. solar photovoltaics, district energy, and energy efficiency technology) and policy instruments (e.g. energy use benchmarking and urban planning tools). The analysis shows three key building and energy configurations: 1) The District Energy City, 2) The Zero Net Energy City, and 3) The Natural Gas Transition City. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that urban imaginaries of carbon neutrality are incorporating complex configurations of sociotechnical objects while, at the same time, distinct sociotechnical configurations are being favoured in individual places. These configurations inform sociotechnical imaginaries that will continue to drive policy outcomes over time.

View PDFchevron_right
Towards zero-energy urban areas
Thomas Spiegelhalter

Refocus, 2001

View PDFchevron_right
ITPI Making Cities Net Zero Carbon Issues and option 1 Copy
JIT KUMAR Gupta

72 Nation Town and Country Planning Conference on climate change Lucknow Lucknow, 2004

Cities shall remain critical and major propeller of various options and strategies put in place for making India zero carbon by the year 2070 . However, achieving this goal would requires a paradigm shift in approach adopted and options used for planning, designing and empowering cities which must include opting for planned development; making cities compact; rationalising the core areas; planning cities based on circular economy and rationalizing traffic and transportation. If cities continue in their current state, the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate estimates it could cost up to $1.8 trillion a year by 2050, eclipsing the $1 trillion requested by India at COP26 to tackle climate change

View PDFchevron_right
Emerging low-carbon urban mega-projects
Federico Caprotti

This chapter focuses on the recent trend in some geographical locations (particularly China and the United Arab Emirates) towards building large-scale low-carbon city projects. These low-carbon cities are increasingly being described as mega-projects due to their scale and involvement of large-scale experimental approaches to ways of organizing the low-carbon city. The chapter discusses some of the main trends towards the development of low-carbon eco-city projects since 2000, and then introduces the two main low-carbon city mega-projects currently being developed.

View PDFchevron_right
Research Frontier Research on Carbon Neutrality-Article Toward Carbon-Neutral Water Systems: Insights from Global Cities
Jan Peter Hoek

2022

Many cities have pledged to achieve carbon neutrality. The urban water industry can also contribute its share to a carbon-neutral future. Using a multi-city time-series analysis approach, this study aims to assess the progress and lessons learned from the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions management of urban water systems in four global cities: Amsterdam, Melbourne, New York City, and Tokyo. These cities are advanced in setting GHG emissions reduction targets and reporting GHG emissions in their water industries. All four cities have reduced the GHG emissions in their water industries, compared with those from more than a decade ago (i.e., the latest three-year moving averages are 13%-32% lower), although the emissions have ''rebounded" multiple times over the years. The emissions reductions were mainly due to various engineering opportunities such as solar and mini-hydro power generation, biogas valorization, sludge digestion and incineration optimization, and aeration system optimization. These cities have recognized the many challenges in reaching carbon-neutrality goals, which include fluctuating water demand and rainfall, more carbon-intensive flood-prevention and water-supply strategies, meeting new air and water quality standards, and revising GHG emissions accounting methods. This study has also shown that it is difficult for the water industry to achieve carbon neutrality on its own. A collaborative approach with other sectors is needed when aiming toward the city's carbon-neutrality goal. Such an approach involves expanding the usual system boundary of the water industry to externally tap into both engineering and non-engineering opportunities.

View PDFchevron_right
CITIES AS ORGANISMS: USING BIOMIMETIC PRINCIPLES TO BECOME ENERGETICALLY SELF-SUPPORTING AND CLIMATE PROOF
Nico Tillie

ICSU Hong Kong, 2010

Since the UN report by the Brundtland Committee, sustainability in the built environment has mainly been seen from a technical focus on single buildings or products. With the energy efficiency approaching 100%, fossil resources depleting and a considerable part of the world still in need of better prosperity, the playing field of a technical focus has become very limited. It will most probably not lead to the sustainable development needed to avoid irreversible effects on climate, energy provision and, not least, society. Cities are complex structures of independently functioning elements, all of which are nevertheless connected to different forms of infrastructure, which provide the necessary sources or solve the release of waste material. With the current ambitions regarding carbon-or energy-neutrality, retreating again to the scale of a building is likely to fail. Within an urban context a single building cannot become fully resource-independent, and need not, from our viewpoint. Cities should be considered as an organism that has the ability to intelligently exchange sources and waste flows. Especially in terms of energy, it can be made clear that the present situation in most cities are undesired: there is simultaneous demand for heat and cold, and in summer a lot of excess energy is lost, which needs to be produced again in winter. The solution for this is a system that intelligently exchanges and stores essential sources, e.g. energy, and that optimally utilises waste flows. This new approach will be discussed and exemplified. The Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP) will be illustrated as a means for urban planning, whereas Swarm Planning will be introduced as another nature-based principle for swift changes towards sustainability. KEYWORDS Sustainable development, energy neutrality, carbon neutrality, biomimetics, organisms, REAP, Swarm Planning. 01 BACKGROUND Although the earth receives almost 9000 times more energy from the sun than that mankind needs, energy is becoming a huge problem. Western societies rely heavily on energy, fossil fuels in particular. The Netherlands for instance produces less than 4% of its energy by means of sustainable sources [CBS, 2008]. The rest is fossils and a bit of imported nuclear energy. As Mackay [2009] demonstrated, it is very difficult to establish a society fully run on renewables. However, Cullen & Alwood [2010] showed that most of the energy we use is lost as non-functional waste energy. So the initial demand can be reduced by more effective usage, such as by low-exergy means [Stremke et al., in print]. Although estimates of resources fluctuate, it is apparent to both energy experts and oil companies that the end is coming near. We have passed peak oil [ITPOES, 2010]: these days we consume more oil than can be produced. That this is a literally dangerous situation was demonstrated by the two gulf wars and recent turmoil around gas from Russia (first: Ukraine disconnected, second: Belarus threatening to halt the throughput of Russian gas). Apart from this international perspective and its influence on the price of energy, few people from the West understand how dependent they have become on energy, and that a collapse in the provision would have devastating effects to everyday life. Last but certainly not least, the western hunger-or rather thirst-for energy is severely limiting the opportunities of developing and emerging regions to catch up in prosperity. As figure 1 indicates, western

View PDFchevron_right
Physical and virtual carbon metabolism of global cities
Klaus Hubacek

Nature Communications

Urban activities have profound and lasting effects on the global carbon balance. Here we develop a consistent metabolic approach that combines two complementary carbon accounts, the physical carbon balance and the fossil fuel-derived gaseous carbon footprint, to track carbon coming into, being added to urban stocks, and eventually leaving the city. We find that over 88% of the physical carbon in 16 global cities is imported from outside their urban boundaries, and this outsourcing of carbon is notably amplified by virtual emissions from upstream activities that contribute 33–68% to their total carbon inflows. While 13–33% of the carbon appropriated by cities is immediately combusted and released as CO2, between 8 and 24% is stored in durable household goods or becomes part of other urban stocks. Inventorying carbon consumed and stored for urban metabolism should be given more credit for the role it can play in stabilizing future global climate.

View PDFchevron_right
Imagining the carbon neutral city: The (post)politics of time and space
Matthias Lievens

Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2016

Putting climate neutrality on the urban agenda inevitably requires a re-imagination and delineation of the boundaries of the city, both at the geographical level, with regard to its inscription in history and concerning the social groups it is composed of. Such an exercise of (re-)imagination or representation is a profoundly political act. It is on the level of this symbolic representation that the (de)politicised nature of sustainability projects must be assessed. Leuven Klimaatneutraal 2030 (LKN2030), a project which aims to make the city of Leuven (Belgium) carbon neutral by 2030, is a case in point. The way it delineates its spatial boundaries, inscribes itself in time and conceives of the main actors representing the city generates profound forms of depoliticisation. Our contention is that these can explain some of the obstacles the project currently faces, whereas it initially triggered a lot of enthusiasm. Though mechanisms of in- and exclusion and agenda-setting inevitably ...

View PDFchevron_right

References (174)

  1. Autumn Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 21-10-2012 (made by the researcher) ....................................................................
  2. Winter Measuring CO2, CO, Temperature, Humidity on Site, Alexandria City, 25-12-2012 (made by the researcher) ....................................................................
  3. Air Quality Measurements Tools .......................................................................
  4. Alexandria Air Quality Measuring Plants..........................................................
  5. Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................. Alexandria City Planning Development ................................................................
  6. Planning 1801 (After French troops evacuations from Egypt) ..........................
  7. Planning 1805 (Mohamed Ali) ..........................................................................
  8. Planning 1921 (Maklin, 1921) ...........................................................................
  9. Planning 1958 (After 1952 Revolution) ............................................................
  10. Alexandria Comprehensive Planning 2005 (1984) ............................................
  11. Planning 2017 (2002) .........................................................................................
  12. Planning 2025 (2003) .........................................................................................
  13. Planning 2050 (2004) .........................................................................................
  14. Alexandria Planning Development ....................................................................
  15. Appendix 3 .................................................................................................................
  16. AbdelGelil, Ibrahim, (2010). "Towards Low-Carbon Economy in the Arab Region", Alexandria Dialogue, Alexandria Bibliotheca, 31March -1 April, 2010.
  17. Alex Steffen, (2012). " Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities That Can Save the Planet", USA, November 2012
  18. Appleyard, B., Frank, L., and Kavage, S. (2007). "The urban form and climate change" gamble, Planning 73(8), pp. 18-23.
  19. Campanella, T. (2008). "Recovering New Orleans', in Planetizen Contemporary Debates in Urban Planning", (Eds) Chavan, A., Peralta, C., and Steins, C., Island Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 110-117.
  20. Cassidy, R. (2006). "Green Buildings and the bottom line, Building Design and Construction" P. 8, viewed July 29 2008, www.bcdmag.com
  21. C40 Cities. (2008). "C40 Cities: Climate Leadership Group", viewed October 23 2008, http://www.c40cities.org/
  22. Droege, P. (2002). "Renewable energy and the city: Urban life in an age of fossil fuel depletion and climate change", Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 22(2) pp. 87-99.
  23. Elizabeth Wilhide, (2003). ''ECO'', Rizzoli, New York
  24. ESRI. (2010). "Masdar City: The world's first carbon-neutral city".
  25. Gleeson, B. (2008). "Waking from the dream", Griffith Review, 20, pp.1-35.
  26. Gleeson, B., Green, R. and Radovic, D. (2008). " The Green City: Sustainable homes, Sustainable Suburbs", University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
  27. Girardet, H. (2008). "Cities People Planet: Urban Development and Climate Change", Wiley-Academy, Chichester.
  28. Green Places (2008). "On location in China: Dongtan Eco-City", Green Places, 46, pp. 10-12.
  29. Hennessey, K. (2008). "Climate Change", in Transitions: Pathways towards Sustainable Development Options in Australia, (Ed) Newton, P., CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 23-35.
  30. Herring, H., and Roy, R. (2007). "Technological innovation, energy efficient design and the Rebound effect". Technovation 27, pp. 194-203.
  31. Horne, R., Maller, C., and Moloney, S. (2008). Housing and sustainability: bridging the gap between technical solutions and householder behaviour viewed August 2012, http://mams.rmit.edu.au/twxhuly67dtw.pdf
  32. Hunt, J. (2004). "How can cities mitigate and adapt to climate change?" Building Research and Information, 32, pp. 55-57.
  33. Ibrahim, A., (2010). "Alexandria; City's Future in the 21 th Century" The First Edition, Mahy for Publishing and Distributions, Alexandria, Egypt (In Arabic).
  34. Ishida T., Isbister K. (Eds.), (2000). Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives
  35. John Houghton, (2005). "Global Warming", U.S.A, Jan,2005
  36. Jennings, I. and Newman, P. (2008). "Cities as Sustainable Ecosystems" Principles and Practices, Island Press, Washington, D.C.
  37. Lazarus, N. (2003). "Beddington Zero (Fossil) Energy Development: Toolkit for Carbon Neutral Developments" viewed September 22 2012, http://www.bioregional.com/CNT%20Part%202%20summary.pdf
  38. Loubeer, Gratyan, (1991). "Alexandria City"; From Cyclopaedia of Egypt Description.
  39. Mc Intyre D. (1980). "Indoor Climate", Applied Science Publishers LTD, London
  40. Mostafa A. El-Mokmer, (2012). "Population Explosion & Global Warming" Alam Almarifah, ISBN 978-99906-0-367-5, Kuwait, August, 2012. (In Arabic)
  41. Normile, D. (2008). "China's living laboratory in urbanization", Science, 319, pp. 740-743.
  42. P.A. Boot, B. Van Bree, (2010). "A zero-carbon European power system in 2050: proposals for a policy package" A Practical Guide to a Prosperous, Low Carbon Europe.
  43. Pearson, D., (1991). "The Natural House Book", Conran Octopus, London
  44. Philip James, (2008). "What is Ecological city?", UK.
  45. Richard Rogers, (2008). "Cities for a Small Planet", Amazon, (ISBN13: 9780813335537) first published in 1997.
  46. Roaf, Sue, et al (2001 & 2003). "Eco house 1 & 2: A Design Guide", Architectural Press, Oxford, UK.
  47. Salt, B. (2008) "New population forecast means rethink on urban planning", Australian, 18 September 2008, p. 1.
  48. Sairinen, R., and Peltonen, L. (2003). "Adaptation strategies for climate change in the urban"
  49. Schwolsky Rick and James I. Williams (1982). "The Builder's Guide to Solar Construction", McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York
  50. Smith, Peter. (2005). "Architecture in a climate of change: a guide to sustainable design", Elsevier Press, Oxford.
  51. Somerhoff, E. (2003). "Carbon-neutral neighbourhood: ZED factory" , BedZED, Sutton, Architecture 92(4)
  52. Sydney and Loan Baggs (1996). "The healthy House", Thames and Hudson, London
  53. Thomas Wiedman, Minx, (2007). "A Definition of Carbon Footprint", June 2007
  54. Wagner, C. G. (2008) "China's Eco-City: Model for urban sustainability", The Futurist, 42 (3), p. 68.
  55. Wilhide, E. (2003). "ECO", Rizzoli, New York, USA
  56. Yudelson, J. (2008). "The Green Building Revolution", Island Press, Washington, D.C.-68.
  57. Yulsman, Tom (2013). "Carbon Dioxide Level in 2012", Discover Science for the Curious, International Magazine, March 6, 2013. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com Scientific Thesis and Research Paper
  58. Abdelall M., Baker A., Mohamed Abdel-Aziz F. (2012). "Water Management in Existing Residential Buildings in Egypt; Grey-water Systems" Published Research Paper, Architectural Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, at IJSER International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2012, USA.
  59. Abo Zaid (2008). Integrated Water Resources Management Plan, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation.
  60. Ahmad, G.E. (2002). "Photovoltaic-powered rural zone family house in Egypt" Renewable Energy: An International Journal: 379. Academic Search Complete, EBSCO. 15 November 2010
  61. Allen, S.R. Hammond, G.P. McManus, M.C., (2008). "Energy analysis and environmental life cycle assessment of a micro-wind turbine". Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK. IMechE Vol. 222 Part A:J Power and Energy.
  62. Ali, T. C. and Brown Jane (1977). "Landscape Design for the Middle East", RIBA, London
  63. Barcelona Spain, (2010). "Tibidabo Sagrat Cor Church. Full Screen QTVR panoramic image". Panoramas.dk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. Demo-graphia: World Urban Areas, March 2010
  64. Beshara, Soliman A. (2008). "Energy Efficiency in the Buildings", Sector: Egyptian Experience, Euro-Mediterranean Day (11 December 2008)
  65. Bishay, A. (2010). "Future Intermediate Sustainable Cities", a message to future generations". First International Conference Sustainability and the Future: BUE the British University in Egypt, 23-25 November 2010.
  66. Buresch M. (1983). "Photovoltaic energy systems", New York: McGraw-Hill
  67. City of London, England, (2013). http://crcresearch.org/community-research- connections/climate-change-adaptation-and-mitigation/city-london-england
  68. Crampsie, S. (2008). "City of Dreams", Engineering & Technology, Volume: 3, Issue 5, September 2008.
  69. Croft, S. (2008) Heritage management in Bathurst, lecture notes distributed at Bathurst Regional Council Chambers, Bathurst on 20 September, 2008.
  70. Dhakal, S. (2008) 'Climate Change and Cities: The Making of a Climate Friendly Future', in Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power, (Ed) Droege, P., Elsevier Press, Oxford, pp. 173-193.
  71. Douglas McGray (2008-05-15). "Pop-Up Cities: China Builds a Bright Green Metropolis". Wired Magazine. Archived from the original on 2010-03-25.
  72. Egyptian Green Building Council, EGBC (2010). World Wide Sustainability Efforts, International Conference on Non-Conventional Green Materials, EGBC, Cairo, Egypt September 2010, http://egypt-gbc.org/global.html
  73. El-Menchawy A., Bassioni H., Mohamed, Abdel-Aziz F. (2011). "Photovoltaic Panels in Existing Residential Buildings in Egypt" Published Research Paper, Architectural Department, Faculty of Engineering, Arab Academy for Science , Technology and Maritime Transport, at IJSER International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2011, ISSN 2229-5518 USA.
  74. El-Sawy, Gihan (2010). "Air pollution and its impact on the environment in the city of Alexandria using geographic information systems (GIS)" The International Conference Geo-Tunis 2010
  75. Firth, S., (2006). "Raising efficiency in Photovoltaic systems: High resolution monitoring and performance analysis", PhD thesis; the institute of Energy and Sustainable Development, De Montfort University.
  76. Greater London Authority. (2007). "Action Today to Protect Tomorrow" viewed 2008,www.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate- change/docs/ccap_fullreport.pdf
  77. Green Futures. (2006). "Greening the dragon: China's search for a sustainable future", Green Futures, Viewed September 22 2008. http://www.forumforthefuture.org/greenfutures/greeningthedragon
  78. Hart, S. (2007). "Zero-carbon cities, Architectural Record "195(3), pp. 162-164.
  79. Herbert Girardet (31 July 2006). "Dongtan -the world's first eco-city". World Business Council for Sustainable Development."Green Building: Eco City design to be reviewed in Birmingham". 18 April 2007.
  80. Herring, D. (March 6, 2012). "Climate Watch Magazine » Global Temperature Projections". NOAA Climate Portal.
  81. Jabareen, Y. (2006) Sustainable urban forms: Their typologies, models and concepts, Journal of Planning Education and Research 26(1), pp. 38-52.
  82. Lehmann, S. (2008) 'Sustainability on the Urban Scale: 'Green Urbanism'', in Urban Energy Transition: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Power, (Ed) Droege, P., Elsevier Press, Oxford, pp. 409-433.
  83. Luomi, M. (2009). "Abu Dhabi's Alternative-Energy, Initiatives: Sizing Climate- Change Opportunities" Volume XVI, Issue: 4, Winter 2009.
  84. Mohamed, Abdel-Aziz F., 2011. "An Ecological Residential Buildings Management" Published M.Sc. Thesis, Architectural and environmental Design Department, College of Engineering & Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, July, 2011. (Published at lap Lambert Academic Publishing. ISBN: 978-3- 8484-8081-4, www.get-morebooks.com, April 2012)
  85. Mosaad G., 2010. "Zero-Carbon Cities as a New Realization of Sustainable Cities" Future Intermediate Sustainable Cities (a massage to future generations), published research paper in the First International Conference on Sustainability and the Future, BUE, The British University in Egypt, 23-25 November 2010
  86. Pearce, F. (2006) Mater plan, New Scientist 190 pp. 43-5.
  87. Pool, R. (2009). "A Tale of two Cities", Engineering & Technology, Volume: 4, Issue 7, May 2009.
  88. Ryser j., Franchini T. (2009). "Toward Low-Carbon City: Madrid and London. 45 th ISOCARP Congress.
  89. Sinclair, Hamish, M., (2008). "Carbon Neutral Cities: The Need for More Sustainable Development Options in Response to Climate Change", Plan 4132: Thesis Project, Planning and Urban Development Program, Faculty of the Built Environment, UNSW, The University of New South Wales, UK, 2008.
  90. Top 10 Beach Cities, (2010). Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona
  91. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (2009). World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision), (United Nations, 2010), Table A.12. Data.
  92. Williams, A., (2005) Friends of the Earth? The Architects Journal 221 (14) pp. 40.
  93. Wouters FPH, Loois G, Van der Weiden TCJ, Adam HG, Rentz H. (1997). "Joint implementation and the role of utilities in the dissemination of solar home systems in developing countries", in: Proceedings of 14th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Barcelona, Spain
  94. WRI estimates based on IEA, 2004; EIA, 2004; Marland et al., 2005; and BP, 2005 Formal Report
  95. Alexandria 2005, (1984). "Alexandria Comprehensive Planning 2005"; Alexandria Governorate, Main Report, January 1984.
  96. Alexandria Governorate (2013). "Alexandria Districts Maps" March, 2013
  97. Alex-Mid, (2012). Alex-Mid Magazine; Alexandria Bibliotheca, Oct. 2012
  98. Al-Gore, (2006). "An Inconvenient Truth" A documentary film directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore's campaign. USA, 2006
  99. Amina M.El-Zalabany, (2010). "Csp Project in Egypt"-R & C Sector Director (NREA)
  100. ASHRAE Transactions (2004) Part 2, "Indoor Air Quality of Energy Efficient, Healthy House with Mechanically Induced Fresh Air".
  101. Australia 2020 Summit Report. (2008) Summit Sustainability Report, August4 2008. http://www.australia2020.gov.au/docs/final_report/2020_summit_report_3_sustainabi
  102. Barcelona Climate Guide, (2011). "Weather2Travel.com: Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011
  103. BREEAM (2011). BREEAM Rating Systems, BREEAM Data Centres, BRE Global, SD 5068. BRE Global, Watford, UK
  104. BSICP, (1980). British Standard Institution Code of Practice, "Solar Heating Systems for Domestic Hot Water. BS5918:1980, 17 pp.
  105. Brundtland, 1987. "Model Green City" report, Singapore.
  106. Bullis, K. (2009). "A Zero-Emissions City in the Desert", Volume: 112, Issue: 2.
  107. CASBEE-City, (2011). "Development of a comprehensive city assessment tool: CASBEE-City", Volume 39, Issue 3, 2011 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09613218.2011.563920#preview
  108. CAPMAS, (2013). The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, Egypt in figures March 2013.
  109. CIBSE (1986). Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, Comfort levels recommended. http://www.lhc.org.uk/members/pubs/books/sbs/sbs04.htm.
  110. Centre for International Economics. (2008). "Building energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission abatement: potential and implications". Presentation at the Garnaut Climate Change Review Public Forum on Transport, Planning and the Built Environment, 19 February 2008, Perth.
  111. City of New York. (2008) Plan NYC 2030 viewed October 22 2008, http://www.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/plan/climate.shtml
  112. City of Sydney. (2008) Sustainable 2030 Plan (Draft version) viewed October 22, 2008,http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/2030/documents/strategy/00_A_CITY_VI
  113. Confalonieri et al., "Chapter 8: Human health", Executive summary, in IPCC AR4 WG2 2007
  114. Corbey, S. (2005) The BedZED lessons. University of East London, London.
  115. DCLG. 2006. Building A Greener Future: Towards Zero Carbon Development.
  116. EGBC (2010). Egyptian Green Building Council, World Wide Sustainability Efforts, International Conference on Non-Conventional Green Materials, EGBC, Cairo, Egypt September 2010, http://egypt-gbc.org/global.html [Accessed in 25/10/2011]
  117. EEAA, (2010 & 2011). Ministry of Environmental Affairs, Egypt. Pollution in Egypt Annual Report, Cairo, Egypt
  118. FAO (2009). Aquastat: Country profile Egypt. Retrieved November 15, 2009
  119. Girardet, H. (2008). "Which way China?" Resurgence 236, viewed 22 September 2008, http://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article407-WHICH-WAY-CHINA.html
  120. Globalization and World Cities (GaWC), (2007). "Inventory of World Cities", Study Group and Network. Retrieved 1 December 2007; Paris, London and Barcelona are Europe's top city brands"-City Mayors.com ; visited in 2012
  121. Goueli, A. (2002). "The Future of Agriculture in Egypt", FEDA Earth Day 2002 Conference
  122. GOUP, (2000). "The General Plan of Alexandria Till 2017"; The General Organisation of Urban Planning, Ministry of Housing, Infrastructure and New Communities; Report in September 1997, Vol. 1,2,and 3.
  123. Green Star, (2013). (NABERS)"The National Australian Built Environmental Rating System", Australia, 2013. greenstar@gbca.org.au
  124. HBRC "Housing and Building Research Centre", (2006). "Energy Efficiency Code in the Residential Buildings in Egypt", Cairo, Egypt
  125. Housing New South Wales. (1999) Community renewal in Bidwill fact sheet, viewed 27 October 2008, http://www.communitybuilders.nsw.gov.au/download/bidwill.pdf
  126. ICDS, (2005 & 2012). "Statistical Guide of Alexandria City", Information and decision support centre, East District.
  127. IEA, (2008). Energy Technology Perspectives 2050. OECD/IEA Paris.
  128. Intelligent Energy EUROPE campaign (2005). WINEUR -Wind Energy Integration in the Urban Environment, Deliverable 1.1 Technology Inventory report. July 2005. EIE/04/130/SO7.38591
  129. IPCC "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change". (2007). Assessment Report Four: The Physical Science Basis viewed October 17 2008 http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm
  130. LEED Policy Manual, (2012). LEED Steering Committee, U.S. Green Building Council 38. LEED for Existing Building Operations and Maintenance, (2009). LEED Steering Committee, U.S. Green Building Council 39. Ministry of Energy and Electricity (2010 & 2012). Energy in Egypt Annual Report, 40. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; Egypt (2009), Integrated Water Resources Management Plan, Retrieved on November 7, 2009
  131. Norfolk Solar (2011). " Solar Hot Water Systems", London, UK http://www.norfolksolar.co.uk/pages/how.htm [Accessed in 1/6/2012]
  132. O'Connor, Lauren (2009) "The Remains of Alexander the Great: The God, The King, The Symbol," Constructing the Past: Vol. 10: Issue. 1, Article 8.
  133. The Built Environment Industry, City Futures, UNSW, Sydney, 2009
  134. The Chemical Engineer, (2008). "The City of the Future; No Waste, No Cars, No Carbon. Issue 801, March 2008.
  135. The Economist. "Masdar City". 4 December 2008. Retrieved 9 June 2009
  136. United Nations. (2009). "World Population Prospects": The 2008 Revision.
  137. United Nations. (2009). "Global Report on Human Settlements", Planning Sustainable Cities, Human Settlement Program, London; Earthscan Publishing.
  138. United Nations, (2012). http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm
  139. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, (2010)."National Climatic Data Centre", 2010
  140. WHO (2009). "Ch. 2, Results: 2.6 Environmental risks"(PDF). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press. p. 24. ISBN 978 92 4 156387 1.
  141. World Bank, (2012). "CO2 Emissions per Capita", EN ETM, CO2E, PC. http://www. economicshelp.org
  142. Alexandria, Virginia, (2012). http://alexandriava.gov/Eco-City http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,Virginia
  143. Barcelona, (2013). www.barcelona.cat http://www.newhorizons.com.au/uploads/images/Spain-Barcelona-aerial620x300.jpg
  144. Carbon emissions, Wikimedia.org, (2012). http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Countries_by_carbon_dioxide_ emissions_world_map_deobfuscated.png
  145. CO2 Emissions per capita, (2012). http://energyforumonline.com/wp-6. Department for Communities and Local Government. (2006). Building a greener future: Towards zero carbon development, viewed 9 October 2008, http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/153125.pdf
  146. Discovermagazin.com http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/imageo/?p=835#.UVYKxKKmhSo
  147. Ecotownpenang.com, http://ecotownpenang.wikispaces.com/file/view/dssss.PNG/266735476/dssss.PNG
  148. Energy Production http://www.intermeteo.com/africa/egypt/alexandria/10day.htm
  149. Eason, C. Pandey, S., Feeney, C., van Roon, M., and Dixon, J. (2003) Low impact urban design and development: Making it mainstream, viewed 22 October 2008 http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/built/liudd
  150. Fluke 975, (http://www.myflukestore.com/crm_uploads/fluke_975v_airmeter_with_velocity_pro be-500x370.jpg
  151. Garnaut Review (2008) The Garnaut Climate Change Review, viewed 6 October 2008, http://www.garnautreview.org.au/index.htm
  152. GHD. (2007) Zero: GHD Unveils a new building concept viewed October 2008, http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/sustainablebuildingconcept
  153. Global warming impacts, (2009). http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/ssi/climate-change-statement-from.pdf
  154. Gogreenamericatv.com http://gogreenamericatv.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/01/hierarchy-of-waste-management.jpg
  155. Green house Gas Emission, http://www.ei.lehigh.edu/learners/cc/greenhouse/Diagram3.png
  156. Greenhouse effect http://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm
  157. Green roofs http://www.greenroofstoday.co.uk
  158. Green roofs http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/BCIT-Green-Roof-Study- 002-QL-REM-Adding-Green-Roof-Layer_tcm45-851133.jpg
  159. Green Spaces per Capita, http://plusnetwork.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/green- space-in-colima.png
  160. Inhabitat.com, (2013). http://www.inhabitat.com/wp-content/uploads/garbagecity- ed01.jpg
  161. Ishida T., Isbister K. (Eds.), 2000, Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives http://www.subjectmatters.com/indicators/Sustainability/DefinitionsCommunity.htm
  162. IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary, (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  163. Pinnegar, S., Marceau, J., and Randolph, B (2008) Innovation and the City: Challenges for environment, viewed 24 October 2008, http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=15988
  164. Med-Enec (2010). "Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean", http://www.medenec.com/sites/default/files/userfile/downloads/pilotprojects.pdf.
  165. McGraw-Hill Construction Research & Analytics (2007) Education Green Building, Smart Market Report, viewed on October 23 2008, http://www.construction.com/greensource/resources/smartmarket.asp
  166. Nano-Solar Energy http://guntherportfolio.com/2012/01/the-nanosolar-efficiency- and-cost-roadmap/
  167. Peabody (2006) An introduction to BedZED, viewed August 8 2008, http://www.peabody.org.uk/pages/GetPage.aspx?id=179 -66 -
  168. Smartcity.com, http://www.smartcityswitzerland.ch/uploads/RTEmagicC_b1_04.png.png 35. Sustainability http://www.subjectmatters.com/indicators/Sustainability/DefinitionsCommunity.html
  169. Sydney city, cdn.sydney2030.com, http://cdn.sydney2030.com.au/documents/Resourcing-Strategy-2011.pdf
  170. http://www.standard.co.uk/incoming/article7811235.ece/ALTERNATES/w620/londo n.jpg 48. Urban Green Spaces in Europe, 2009 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2009/02/22/rsbl.2009.0010/F1.me dium.gif 49. Vancouver.com http://www.vancouverobserver.com/sites/vancouverobserver.com/files/images/blog/b ody/TransportCO2vDensity_0.jpg
  171. Vancouver.com http://www.vancitybuzz.com/image.php?src=http://www.vancitybuzz.com/wp
  172. Vancouver.com http://0.tqn.com/d/gocanada/1/0/Q/5/-/-/Vancouver_regions.jpg 52. Wind turbines, http://2.bp.blogspot.com/5WOdY1R3vUQ//how_wind_turbine_works.jpg
  173. Yomken.com http://yomken.com/challenge/challenges-of-the-asrt/#.Uh4bytIjx8c
  174. Zero Carbon Cities, http://www.tcpa.org.uk 55. Zero Carbon Cities, http://www.baca.uk.com/LifE/pages/lifeapproach-6.html

Related papers

The city race to carbon neutrality; a realistic dream or a chimera?
Eleftheria Alexandri

IOP conference series, 2023

This paper examines whether carbon neutrality of a city like Athens could be an achievable target, concentrating on energy induced greenhouse gas emissions. The main focus is on buildings, but the trends in transport are also investigated. Taking into consideration these examined trends, emphasis is given on technologies that have been put forward for the decarbonisation of cities, such as energy savings and electrification of all energy consuming activities. The incorporation of these technologies is examined within a time frame of approximately 30 years, in order to investigate how, with which technologies and synergies the city can reach carbon neutrality by 2050, taking into account the effect of the undergoing energy crisis. In these projections, various scenarios are examined, taking into consideration not only the effect of national plans for the decarbonisation of electricity production, but also the current energy crisis, which might lead to an increase in the carbon footprint of electricity. Optimistic and pessimistic scenarios, regarding the decarbonisation of electricity, energy demand trends, energy costs that lead to the rise of energy poverty within the city are investigated. Conclusions are drawn on the synergies that must take place so that energy efficiency technologies that have been put forward can be effective for the transformation of Athenian buildings and activities into carbon neutral ones, or can lead to the failure of such a goal.

View PDFchevron_right
PATHS TOWARDS ZERO CARBON CITY USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
yathreb sabsaby, Ossama Omar

2014

The next generation of sustainable design ought to help us reduce the impacts on the environment in a challenge to live more ecologically on day-to-day basis. Architects and designers from all around the world are joining a movement to create buildings that mitigate global warming and climate change. Zero-energy and carbon neutral architecture has emerged as a top priority, although low-energy and low-carbon design is often more readily achieved [4]. The study examines Tripoli as a city-case study that suffers from high levels of toxic gas emissions mainly CO2. It aims to put the basic strategy toward Tripoli zero-carbon city on basis of zero carbon buildings that uses nanomaterials technology as a solution.

View PDFchevron_right
The promise and the performance of the world's first two zero carbon eco-cities
Josue Villalobos

In recent years two major attempts have been made to develop 'eco-city prototypes' the Dongtan City in China and the Masdar City near Abu Dhabi. Both attempts have revolved round the premise that advanced post-modern technology, innovative urban planning, reliance on renewable energy, and emphasis on 'total' reuse can combine to achieve 'zero carbon-zero waste' existence. The plan of the two cities had also integrated strong business interests into the system, aiming to make 'zero carbonzero waste' a kind of catch-phrase or a fashion statement that would enhance the value of the real estate the two eco-cities were planning to offer.

View PDFchevron_right
Zero emissions future city 165 X Zero emissions future city
Jan Gorski

2020

View PDFchevron_right
Zero Emissions Future City
Jan Gorski

Clean Energy Systems and Experiences, 2010

View PDFchevron_right
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved