How do urban designers deal with crowding? Putting the Research into Context ie a The st structure eof this manuscript is as follows (Fig. ‘1D: After the introduction, puttin; the research into context, and methodology description, the first section includes thi iterature review. It will cover two aspects: (a) The nature of the atmosphere, accordin; to some of the Western thinkers; (b) the indicators and criteria urban designs atmo spheric of physical and nonphysical situations. The author suggests the conceptua framework and initial model indicate the five phenomena of anti-cognition related t the situations of atmospheres. Subsequently, this work describes methods based on a1 online survey. Finally, in the discussion, the authors aim to understand how users o places see the effects of atmospheres and crowding concerning the concept of people’ attitudes. Moreover, the action plan urban designers can use to achieve people satis faction in the phases of design. Fig. 2. The relationship between the atmospheres, crowding, and people’s attitudes Fig. 3 The chronology of the definition of sense of place Fig. 4 The five As regarding the phenomena of urban atmospheres and the nine physical and nonphysical situations Fig. 5 The interactions between UAS and UDD In tandem and progressively, when designing a new part of the city, particularly in an urban area, the components and principles of urban design related to the issue of crowding should be considered through the two determinants of people and places, each of which should reinforce the other. People: sensations, emotions, and impressions (image and tones); light, sound, texture, smell, and taste. Places: (a) planning, in terms (image and tones); light, sound, texture, smell, and taste. Places: (a) planning, in terms Table 1 (continued) Table 2 DI, DC, and DG based on the fourth UAQ, three UAS, and eight UD Table 2 (continued) Table 2 (continued) Table 2 (continued) Fig. 6 The conceptual relationships between UAS, UDD, DI, and AC Fig. 7 The five “As” GLI WS VL peyitr pierw»s. In an introduction of this work, Fig. 1 showed the triangle of people’s satisfaction the base of the triangle designates the situations. The three ribs are people’s attitudes urban atmospheres, and crowding. Usually, the direction towards urban atmospheres i: positive, while the other path towards crowding is negative. Consequently, Fig. explains the reactions of the persons toward the nature of the places, transforming intc this formula: Situations = urban atmospheres + crowding. This formula focuses on hov the designer creates urban atmospheres related to the three central physical situations: a The four phenomena, the physical and nonphysical situations, and the behavioura attitudes (yourdictionary 2018), and crowding impact; b) the social factors of peopl and the elements of architectural (constructions, structures, and materials); c) th principles of urban design. Urban designers should also consider the interactiot between people and place, as well as apply the principles for anti-congestion, as Table : shows. Fig. 8 The conceptual framework based on the triangle of people’s satisfaction understanding the role of architectural styles and artefacts to create charming urban atmospheres. Materials and Results Regarding this initial model shown in Fig. 9, all answers in the online survey revolvec around the city the respondents had selected. In order to ensure accurate resu authors asked the respondents to select the city about which they wanted to tal ts, th k. The authors were able to get 29 cities from 13 different countries. First and foremost concerning the phenomenon of the urban atmospheres, the urban designer shoul reduce dissatisfaction, which is happening due to the crowding of public (Appendix Table 5). After about 70 days, 29 persons named the city they had se while only one of them filled in the form without mentioning the city. These citie six from France (Paris, Marseille, Bordeaux, and Grenoble), and two from 7 place: ected S wer Turkey (Istanbul and Ankara), Greece (Kalamata and Athens), and Brazil (Rio de Janeiro anc Sao Paulo). In addition, six from the UK (London), three from Egypt (Cairo anc Minia), Iran (Tehran), Switzerland (Lugano), USA (Buffalo in New York), (Moscow), China (Ningbo), Italy (Pisa) and Denmark (Copenhagen). Russi: This: mameesy laced Gatien: dln aeemmeber "Mw Ten? —eed® woe fee SotienewetSt Glew nexdeand oy and the second dealing with physical situations and the questions that are related to academic and professional practices. Fig. 11 The second phase of the initial models: The thee physical situations How to explore the physical impact of the constructions, structures, materials on the mods? Fig. 13 Transformation of people’ attitudes from positive to negative and vice versa Table 4 The three phases and six steps of the proposed urban design action plan International Journal of Community Well-Being (2020) 3:109-159 Table 4 (continued) Table 5 Survey analysis Table 5 (continued) Table 5 (continued) Table 5 (continued) Table 5 (continued)
