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* In Hungary, third-country nationals can become political party members, but only those with candidacy rights can become leaders or hold a position. In Ireland, political parties represented in the Dail do not discriminate on ground of nationality and accept members, but certain parties link membership to voting rights. Spain provides limited voting rights at local level. Portugal and the United Kingdom provide voting and candidacy rights at local and national level to select non-nationals. FRA, 2015 [2017] (data cross-checked and complemented using European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO) on Citizenshig and its Citizenship Law (CITLAW) indicators) Table 8: Access to political rights for third-country nationals (TCNs), by EU Member State

Table 8 * In Hungary, third-country nationals can become political party members, but only those with candidacy rights can become leaders or hold a position. In Ireland, political parties represented in the Dail do not discriminate on ground of nationality and accept members, but certain parties link membership to voting rights. Spain provides limited voting rights at local level. Portugal and the United Kingdom provide voting and candidacy rights at local and national level to select non-nationals. FRA, 2015 [2017] (data cross-checked and complemented using European Union Democracy Observatory (EUDO) on Citizenshig and its Citizenship Law (CITLAW) indicators) Table 8: Access to political rights for third-country nationals (TCNs), by EU Member State

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lote: The values for the different categories of country of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. ource: Eurostat, 2016 able 1: | Foreign-born population on 1 January 2016, by country of birth
lote: The values for the different categories of country of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. ource: Eurostat, 2016 able 1: | Foreign-born population on 1 January 2016, by country of birth
‘ The values for the different categories of country of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. ce: Eurostat, 2016 able 2: Non-national population on 1 January 2016, by citizenship
‘ The values for the different categories of country of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. ce: Eurostat, 2016 able 2: Non-national population on 1 January 2016, by citizenship
Table 3: (continued)
Table 3: (continued)
Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Malta and Poland: detailed data by individual country are not available. The values for the different nationalities/countries of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. * A recognised non-citizen is a person who is neither a citizen of the reporting country nor of any other country, and who has established links to the reporting country which include some but not all rights and obligations of full citizenship. A majority of these persons were citizens of the former Soviet Union. ** Detailed data are not available regarding the country of birth. Eurostat, 2016 Table 3: (continued)
Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Malta and Poland: detailed data by individual country are not available. The values for the different nationalities/countries of birth may not sum to the totals due to rounding. * A recognised non-citizen is a person who is neither a citizen of the reporting country nor of any other country, and who has established links to the reporting country which include some but not all rights and obligations of full citizenship. A majority of these persons were citizens of the former Soviet Union. ** Detailed data are not available regarding the country of birth. Eurostat, 2016 Table 3: (continued)
The lack of a specific national policy framework on migrant integration does not necessarily mean that migrant integration actions are not pursued. Some Member States have adopted and implement relevant measures at local or regional level, or integrate or mainstream aspects of such policies in broader policy tools and instruments, not always solely concerning immigrants. For example, the United Kingdom does not have a specific national migrant integration strategy. Relevant policies are included under ‘race relations’ and ‘community cohesion’, while integration of newcomers, immigrants and their descendants is developed and implemented mainly at local level. This brings along problems of data availability and comparability within the EU context, as noted in a 2011 report by the Migration Observatory.” The report highlights limitations in Figure 1 provides an overview of Member States with an integration action strategy or plan in place. In countries such as Hungary and Ireland, the 2015 research indicated that they were in the process of developing a new national integration action plan or strategy, while previously adopted action plans and strategies may have expired. Therefore, this map indicates whether the relevant action plans and strategies were in place and in force in each Member State.
The lack of a specific national policy framework on migrant integration does not necessarily mean that migrant integration actions are not pursued. Some Member States have adopted and implement relevant measures at local or regional level, or integrate or mainstream aspects of such policies in broader policy tools and instruments, not always solely concerning immigrants. For example, the United Kingdom does not have a specific national migrant integration strategy. Relevant policies are included under ‘race relations’ and ‘community cohesion’, while integration of newcomers, immigrants and their descendants is developed and implemented mainly at local level. This brings along problems of data availability and comparability within the EU context, as noted in a 2011 report by the Migration Observatory.” The report highlights limitations in Figure 1 provides an overview of Member States with an integration action strategy or plan in place. In countries such as Hungary and Ireland, the 2015 research indicated that they were in the process of developing a new national integration action plan or strategy, while previously adopted action plans and strategies may have expired. Therefore, this map indicates whether the relevant action plans and strategies were in place and in force in each Member State.
ote: * Ireland planned to publish its new NAP targeting the host society by autumn 2016, but it was not in place until December. yurce: FRA, 2015 fable 4: Integration policies set out in National Action Plan (NAP) or strategy targeting host society
ote: * Ireland planned to publish its new NAP targeting the host society by autumn 2016, but it was not in place until December. yurce: FRA, 2015 fable 4: Integration policies set out in National Action Plan (NAP) or strategy targeting host society
However, the Commission’s 2014 Joint Report on the application of the Racial Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive identified challenges to their implementation and application.?4 The report refers to FRA’s large-scale survey (EU-MIDIS), which found that many immigrant respondents felt discriminated against on grounds of ethnic origin or religion, while most had not reported any serious incident to the authorities. The survey further noted that “the number of cases reported is generally low and estimated to represent only a small percentage of actual discrimination cases throughout the EU. In some Member States, the numbers may even be too low, as cases of clear discrimination are not reported and brought to court.” The Joint Report also makes specific reference to discrimination based on nationality. It notes that, while the anti-discrimination directives apply to third- country nationals, they do not cover unequal treatment based on nationality, and are without prejudice to provisions on entry and residence, although “there is sometimes an overlap between racial or ethnic origin and other grounds, in particular nationality, religion and language”. In human rights law, the distinction between ethnic origin and nationality has remained uncertain since 1965, when Article 1 of the UN Convention on Racial Discrimination stated that “[nJothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalisation, provided that such provisions do not discriminate against any particular nationality.” Article 3 (2) of the Racial Equality Directive similarly states that “[t]his Directive does not cover difference of treatment based on nationality and is without prejudice to provisions and conditions
However, the Commission’s 2014 Joint Report on the application of the Racial Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive identified challenges to their implementation and application.?4 The report refers to FRA’s large-scale survey (EU-MIDIS), which found that many immigrant respondents felt discriminated against on grounds of ethnic origin or religion, while most had not reported any serious incident to the authorities. The survey further noted that “the number of cases reported is generally low and estimated to represent only a small percentage of actual discrimination cases throughout the EU. In some Member States, the numbers may even be too low, as cases of clear discrimination are not reported and brought to court.” The Joint Report also makes specific reference to discrimination based on nationality. It notes that, while the anti-discrimination directives apply to third- country nationals, they do not cover unequal treatment based on nationality, and are without prejudice to provisions on entry and residence, although “there is sometimes an overlap between racial or ethnic origin and other grounds, in particular nationality, religion and language”. In human rights law, the distinction between ethnic origin and nationality has remained uncertain since 1965, when Article 1 of the UN Convention on Racial Discrimination stated that “[nJothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality, citizenship or naturalisation, provided that such provisions do not discriminate against any particular nationality.” Article 3 (2) of the Racial Equality Directive similarly states that “[t]his Directive does not cover difference of treatment based on nationality and is without prejudice to provisions and conditions
This table examines and groups Member States’ national-level integration policies. In Belgium and the United Kingdom, young people are targeted only through regional policies and action plans. FRA, 2015
This table examines and groups Member States’ national-level integration policies. In Belgium and the United Kingdom, young people are targeted only through regional policies and action plans. FRA, 2015
indicators were identical or closely related to the Zaragoza indicators - for example: n France, the research did not find evidence of systematic monitoring, although in December 2010 he Ministry of Interior had developed integration indicators (Tableau de bord de I’intégration) on several areas, including housing, residence, health and sense of belonging, populating them partly with Eurostat data 37 The proposed set of indicators used French citizens born of parents with French nationality as a reference population, whereas the EU Commission and Eurostat compare results with the general population. Some
indicators were identical or closely related to the Zaragoza indicators - for example: n France, the research did not find evidence of systematic monitoring, although in December 2010 he Ministry of Interior had developed integration indicators (Tableau de bord de I’intégration) on several areas, including housing, residence, health and sense of belonging, populating them partly with Eurostat data 37 The proposed set of indicators used French citizens born of parents with French nationality as a reference population, whereas the EU Commission and Eurostat compare results with the general population. Some
These aims are supported by the ‘Education and Training 2020’ strategic framework, as well as the Erasmus+ programme, which provides for the mobility of learners and teachers, strategic partnerships and cooperation platforms for education institutions, as well as for dialogue and joint projects on citizenship education, volunteering and youth exchanges. Following the Paris Declaration, in May 2016 the European Commission published an overview of education policy developments, identifying relevant national education policy developments and promising practices (Figure 6).% “6 _ Empowering teachers so that they are able to take an active stand against all forms of discrimination and racism,
These aims are supported by the ‘Education and Training 2020’ strategic framework, as well as the Erasmus+ programme, which provides for the mobility of learners and teachers, strategic partnerships and cooperation platforms for education institutions, as well as for dialogue and joint projects on citizenship education, volunteering and youth exchanges. Following the Paris Declaration, in May 2016 the European Commission published an overview of education policy developments, identifying relevant national education policy developments and promising practices (Figure 6).% “6 _ Empowering teachers so that they are able to take an active stand against all forms of discrimination and racism,
Table 6: Trade union measures to support and facilitate migrant workers’ membership
Table 6: Trade union measures to support and facilitate migrant workers’ membership
Source: FRA, 2015 FRA’s research found that eight Member States take actions to encourage the recruitment of third-country nationals or citizens with migrant backgrounds (see Table 7 and Figure 8). For example, in Belgium, the Minister for Integration of the Flemish Community announced in October 2014 that the number of officials with migrant backgrounds would be increased, and appointed ‘diversity officials’ to coordinate local diversity actions promoting equal opportunities in the workplace. In Germany, federal states inform young people with immigrant backgrounds about job opportunities in the civil service, while some promote employment in the public sector, offering internships in cooperation with schools, job centres and migrant organisations. In the Netherlands, a priority of the ‘Judiciary Agenda 2011-2014’ was reaching out to ethnic minorities for recruitment, although the new ‘Judiciary Agenda 2015-2018’ does not refer to issues of migration, ethnic minorities or diversity. The employment of third-country nationals in the public sector promotes diversity in society and fosters integration. According to the 2015 OECD report on indicators of migrant integration, it “gives the immigrant community greater visibility, showing the private sector the way and improving the way the host society perceives them in the long term. What’s more, appointments to key jobs - teaching for example - give immigrant adults the chance to be role models for children of immigrants.”*? The report finds that immigrants and native-born offspring of two immigrant parents aged 15-34 are less likely to be employed in the public sector than children of native-born parents: one fifth of immigrant offspring employed in the EU worked in the public sector in 2013, compared with one quarter
Source: FRA, 2015 FRA’s research found that eight Member States take actions to encourage the recruitment of third-country nationals or citizens with migrant backgrounds (see Table 7 and Figure 8). For example, in Belgium, the Minister for Integration of the Flemish Community announced in October 2014 that the number of officials with migrant backgrounds would be increased, and appointed ‘diversity officials’ to coordinate local diversity actions promoting equal opportunities in the workplace. In Germany, federal states inform young people with immigrant backgrounds about job opportunities in the civil service, while some promote employment in the public sector, offering internships in cooperation with schools, job centres and migrant organisations. In the Netherlands, a priority of the ‘Judiciary Agenda 2011-2014’ was reaching out to ethnic minorities for recruitment, although the new ‘Judiciary Agenda 2015-2018’ does not refer to issues of migration, ethnic minorities or diversity. The employment of third-country nationals in the public sector promotes diversity in society and fosters integration. According to the 2015 OECD report on indicators of migrant integration, it “gives the immigrant community greater visibility, showing the private sector the way and improving the way the host society perceives them in the long term. What’s more, appointments to key jobs - teaching for example - give immigrant adults the chance to be role models for children of immigrants.”*? The report finds that immigrants and native-born offspring of two immigrant parents aged 15-34 are less likely to be employed in the public sector than children of native-born parents: one fifth of immigrant offspring employed in the EU worked in the public sector in 2013, compared with one quarter
gaining residence or other legal status affecting access to entitlements and rights, and is tested through so-called ‘integration tests’. The research found that, in 19 Member States, such tests are not required for acquiring residence rights or a legal status affecting access to rights (Figure 10). Croatia, Malta, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, however, require passing an integration test or attending an integration course. Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Spain require an assessment of country knowledge through an integration test only for citizenship applicants.
gaining residence or other legal status affecting access to entitlements and rights, and is tested through so-called ‘integration tests’. The research found that, in 19 Member States, such tests are not required for acquiring residence rights or a legal status affecting access to rights (Figure 10). Croatia, Malta, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, however, require passing an integration test or attending an integration course. Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Spain require an assessment of country knowledge through an integration test only for citizenship applicants.
Related topics:
Political ParticipationRight to EducationEquality and Non DiscriminationRight to WorkRight to Good Administration
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