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cause of vision impairment and found that age- standardised prevalence of blindness was greater in women for cataract (difference between means: 0-19% [0-16 to 0-24]), undercorrected refractive error (0-006% [0-003 to 0-01]), age-related macular degeneration (0-037% [0-028 to 0-047]), and diabetic retinopathy (0-008% [0-005 to 0-001]), and greater in men for glaucoma (-0-072 [-0-086 to -0-058]. The same patterns were found for sex differences in causes of MSVI (data not shown). When looking at geographical trends, in 2020, cataract was the largest contributor to blindness in adults aged 50 years and older in all super-regions except for the high-income super-region, where the largest contributor was glaucoma (table 4). This was primarily driven by two regions, western Europe (glaucoma: 32-5% [27-3 to 37-3] vs cataract: 11-4% [9-4 to 34-9]) and high- income Asia Pacific (glaucoma: 33-7% [29-4 to 37-7] vs cataract: 20-5% [17-7 to 23-9]). For MSVI (table 4), cataract was the leading contributor in western and

Table 4 cause of vision impairment and found that age- standardised prevalence of blindness was greater in women for cataract (difference between means: 0-19% [0-16 to 0-24]), undercorrected refractive error (0-006% [0-003 to 0-01]), age-related macular degeneration (0-037% [0-028 to 0-047]), and diabetic retinopathy (0-008% [0-005 to 0-001]), and greater in men for glaucoma (-0-072 [-0-086 to -0-058]. The same patterns were found for sex differences in causes of MSVI (data not shown). When looking at geographical trends, in 2020, cataract was the largest contributor to blindness in adults aged 50 years and older in all super-regions except for the high-income super-region, where the largest contributor was glaucoma (table 4). This was primarily driven by two regions, western Europe (glaucoma: 32-5% [27-3 to 37-3] vs cataract: 11-4% [9-4 to 34-9]) and high- income Asia Pacific (glaucoma: 33-7% [29-4 to 37-7] vs cataract: 20-5% [17-7 to 23-9]). For MSVI (table 4), cataract was the leading contributor in western and

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Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. Data for all ages are given in the appendix (p 6). Data presented in this table were calculated to assess the success of the World Health Assembly's global action plan to reduce avoidable vision impairment. *Classified as “avoidable” in the global action plan.
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. Data for all ages are given in the appendix (p 6). Data presented in this table were calculated to assess the success of the World Health Assembly's global action plan to reduce avoidable vision impairment. *Classified as “avoidable” in the global action plan.
Table 2: Cases and age-standardised prevalence in 2020 for blindness and percentage changes from 1990 to 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of blindness
Table 2: Cases and age-standardised prevalence in 2020 for blindness and percentage changes from 1990 to 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of blindness
Table 3: Cases and age-standardised prevalence in 2020 for moderate and severe vision impairment and percent changes from 1990 to 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of vision impairment
Table 3: Cases and age-standardised prevalence in 2020 for moderate and severe vision impairment and percent changes from 1990 to 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of vision impairment
Table 4: Relative percentage contribution of each cause to age-standardised prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe vision impairment by superregion in 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older
Table 4: Relative percentage contribution of each cause to age-standardised prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe vision impairment by superregion in 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older
Figure 1: Age-specific prevalence rates of distance blindness and MSVI by cause and sex in adults aged 50 years and older in 2020 Solid lines show sex-specific prevalence estimates, with shaded areas indicating 95% uncertainty intervals. MSVI=moderate to severe vision impairm
Figure 1: Age-specific prevalence rates of distance blindness and MSVI by cause and sex in adults aged 50 years and older in 2020 Solid lines show sex-specific prevalence estimates, with shaded areas indicating 95% uncertainty intervals. MSVI=moderate to severe vision impairm
Figure 2: Relative contribution of each cause to crude prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe vision impairment in 2020 by age group For myopic macular degeneration, we only produced estimates in China because of data sparsity. In 2020, the all-age crude prevalence of vision loss due to myopic macular degeneration was 0-02% (95% UI 0-01-0-03) for blindness and 0-21% (0-14-0-31) for MSVI. The number of people blind due to myopic macular degeneration increased by approximately 200% from 0-103 million (95% UI 0-0678-0-154) people in 1990 to 0-310 million (0-203-0-472) people in 2020. The number of people with MSVI due to myopic macular degeneration increased by approximately 340% from 0-659 million (0-433-1-01) people in 1990 to 2-93 million (1-96-4- 38)
Figure 2: Relative contribution of each cause to crude prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe vision impairment in 2020 by age group For myopic macular degeneration, we only produced estimates in China because of data sparsity. In 2020, the all-age crude prevalence of vision loss due to myopic macular degeneration was 0-02% (95% UI 0-01-0-03) for blindness and 0-21% (0-14-0-31) for MSVI. The number of people blind due to myopic macular degeneration increased by approximately 200% from 0-103 million (95% UI 0-0678-0-154) people in 1990 to 0-310 million (0-203-0-472) people in 2020. The number of people with MSVI due to myopic macular degeneration increased by approximately 340% from 0-659 million (0-433-1-01) people in 1990 to 2-93 million (1-96-4- 38)
Figure 3: Change in regional age-standardised prevalence of blindness between 1990 and 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of blindness Data for moderate and severe vision impairment are presented in appendix (p 8).
Figure 3: Change in regional age-standardised prevalence of blindness between 1990 and 2020 in adults aged 50 years and older, by cause of blindness Data for moderate and severe vision impairment are presented in appendix (p 8).
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