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Figure 3.9: Interfacing GSM f the IC is connected to the transmitter pin of the GSM modem.

Figure 3 9: Interfacing GSM f the IC is connected to the transmitter pin of the GSM modem.

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Fig. 3.5: Internal Block Diagram of Arduino Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
Fig. 3.5: Internal Block Diagram of Arduino Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This
This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of 850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also for oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud speaker) and for SMSs. Extemally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls phone communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself.The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be attached to the outer wall of the module.In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an [?C, and a PWM module. The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom type.The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission. maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.
This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of 850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also for oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud speaker) and for SMSs. Extemally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12 inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which controls phone communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack), and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit interfaced with the cell phone itself.The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V) which needs to be attached to the outer wall of the module.In addition, the GSM900 device integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an [?C, and a PWM module. The TTL serial interface is in charge not only of communicating all the data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6 kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced SIMCom type.The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission. maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.
3.3 FIRE SENSOR 3.3.1 Module Features The detection angle of 60 degrees or so, particularly sensitive to the flame spectrum
3.3 FIRE SENSOR 3.3.1 Module Features The detection angle of 60 degrees or so, particularly sensitive to the flame spectrum
3.4 MOTOR DRIVER IC (L293D) anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be
3.4 MOTOR DRIVER IC (L293D) anticlockwise directions, respectively. Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be
basic diagram of H-bridge is given below: H-bridge is given this name because it can be modelled as four switches on the corners of ‘H’. The In the given diagram, the arrow on the left points to the higher potential side of the input voltag ne circuit. Now if the switches $1 & $4 are kept in a closed position while the switches $2 & $3 ept in an open position meaning that the circuit gets shorted across the switches $1 & $4. This cre path for the current to flow, starting from the V input to switch $1 to the motor, then to switch $4 nen the exiting from the circuit. This flow of ‘he direction of motion of t 1¢ motor depends upon the t?s assume that in t connection of the the current would make the motor tur in one direct he motor can be clockwise or anti-clockwise, this is because the rotatio: terminals of the motor with the switches. For simplic his condition the motor rotates in a _ clockwise direction.N yhen $3 and S2 are closed then and $1 and S4 are kept open then the current flows from the o irection and the motor will now definitely rotates in counter-clockwise direction. Working of an H-bridge
basic diagram of H-bridge is given below: H-bridge is given this name because it can be modelled as four switches on the corners of ‘H’. The In the given diagram, the arrow on the left points to the higher potential side of the input voltag ne circuit. Now if the switches $1 & $4 are kept in a closed position while the switches $2 & $3 ept in an open position meaning that the circuit gets shorted across the switches $1 & $4. This cre path for the current to flow, starting from the V input to switch $1 to the motor, then to switch $4 nen the exiting from the circuit. This flow of ‘he direction of motion of t 1¢ motor depends upon the t?s assume that in t connection of the the current would make the motor tur in one direct he motor can be clockwise or anti-clockwise, this is because the rotatio: terminals of the motor with the switches. For simplic his condition the motor rotates in a _ clockwise direction.N yhen $3 and S2 are closed then and $1 and S4 are kept open then the current flows from the o irection and the motor will now definitely rotates in counter-clockwise direction. Working of an H-bridge
Table 3.1 Input and Output Relation Now depending upon the values of the Input and Enable the motors will rotate in either clockwise o1 nticlockwise direction with full speed (when Enable is HIGH) or with less speed (when Enable i: rovided with PWM). Let us assume for Left Motor when Enable is HIGH and Input 1 and Input 2 are IGH and LOW respectively then the motor will move in_ clockwise o the behaviour of the motor depending on the input conditions will be as follows: direction So the behaviour of the motor depending on the input conditions will be as follows:
Table 3.1 Input and Output Relation Now depending upon the values of the Input and Enable the motors will rotate in either clockwise o1 nticlockwise direction with full speed (when Enable is HIGH) or with less speed (when Enable i: rovided with PWM). Let us assume for Left Motor when Enable is HIGH and Input 1 and Input 2 are IGH and LOW respectively then the motor will move in_ clockwise o the behaviour of the motor depending on the input conditions will be as follows: direction So the behaviour of the motor depending on the input conditions will be as follows:
by their ability to operate from direct current. Fig. 3.14: DC Motor
by their ability to operate from direct current. Fig. 3.14: DC Motor
Fig. 3.15: DC Motor Internal Diagram
Fig. 3.15: DC Motor Internal Diagram
Fig. 3.16: Torque production in DC Motor the coil starts to move in the direction of force. Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density B. When the two ends of the coil are connected
Fig. 3.16: Torque production in DC Motor the coil starts to move in the direction of force. Consider a coil in a magnetic field of flux density B. When the two ends of the coil are connected
Fig. 3.17: Induced Voltage in Armature Winding of DC Motor 2 DC Motor Equivalent Circuit
Fig. 3.17: Induced Voltage in Armature Winding of DC Motor 2 DC Motor Equivalent Circuit
Fig. 3.18 Equivalent Circuit Diagram resistance of the armature winding, and Ey is the total voltage induced in the armature. The schematic diagram fora DC motor is shown below. A DC motor has two distinct circuits: Field circuit and armature circuit. 1 aquivalent circuit, the field wi L srepresent the resistance and nding is supplied inductance of the astablishes the magnetic field necessary for mo from a separate DC voltage source 0 tor operation. In the armature (rotor [he input is electrical power and the output is mechanical power. In this f voltage V;.R, and field winding. The current I; produced in the winding circuit, Vr is the voltage applied across the motor terminals, I, is the current flowing in the armature circuit, R, is the resistance of the armature winding, and Enis the total voltage induced in the armature.
Fig. 3.18 Equivalent Circuit Diagram resistance of the armature winding, and Ey is the total voltage induced in the armature. The schematic diagram fora DC motor is shown below. A DC motor has two distinct circuits: Field circuit and armature circuit. 1 aquivalent circuit, the field wi L srepresent the resistance and nding is supplied inductance of the astablishes the magnetic field necessary for mo from a separate DC voltage source 0 tor operation. In the armature (rotor [he input is electrical power and the output is mechanical power. In this f voltage V;.R, and field winding. The current I; produced in the winding circuit, Vr is the voltage applied across the motor terminals, I, is the current flowing in the armature circuit, R, is the resistance of the armature winding, and Enis the total voltage induced in the armature.
Fig. 3.20: NO Relay Here are two simple animations illustrating how relays use one circuit to switch on a second circuit When power flows through the first circuit (1), magnetic field (blue) that attracts a co switched off, a spring pulls the contac again. This is an example of a "norma connected by default, and switch on o ntact (red t back up ly open" NO) relay: the contacts nly when a current flows through t it activates the electromagnet (brown), generating a and activates the second circuit (2). When the pow to its original position, switching the second circuit in the second circuit are no he magnet. Other relays are "normally closed" (NC; the contacts are connected so a current flows through them by default) and switch off only when the magnet is ac relays are the most common. tivated, pulling or pushing the con tacts apart. Normally open
Fig. 3.20: NO Relay Here are two simple animations illustrating how relays use one circuit to switch on a second circuit When power flows through the first circuit (1), magnetic field (blue) that attracts a co switched off, a spring pulls the contac again. This is an example of a "norma connected by default, and switch on o ntact (red t back up ly open" NO) relay: the contacts nly when a current flows through t it activates the electromagnet (brown), generating a and activates the second circuit (2). When the pow to its original position, switching the second circuit in the second circuit are no he magnet. Other relays are "normally closed" (NC; the contacts are connected so a current flows through them by default) and switch off only when the magnet is ac relays are the most common. tivated, pulling or pushing the con tacts apart. Normally open
the input circuit thus activates the larger current in the output circuit: Here's another animation showing how a relay links two circuits together. It's essentially the same hing drawn in a slightly different way. On the left side, there's an input circuit powered by a switch ora ensor of some kind. When this circuit is activated, it feeds current to an electromagnet that pulls a metal witch closed and activates the second, output circuit (on the right side). The relatively small current in ha innit eimint thie acrhvyatac tha larvar ceurrant in tha aiutnit einmeiwit: switch closed and activates the second, output circuit (on the right side). The relatively small current in
the input circuit thus activates the larger current in the output circuit: Here's another animation showing how a relay links two circuits together. It's essentially the same hing drawn in a slightly different way. On the left side, there's an input circuit powered by a switch ora ensor of some kind. When this circuit is activated, it feeds current to an electromagnet that pulls a metal witch closed and activates the second, output circuit (on the right side). The relatively small current in ha innit eimint thie acrhvyatac tha larvar ceurrant in tha aiutnit einmeiwit: switch closed and activates the second, output circuit (on the right side). The relatively small current in
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