Figure 76 balanced once again (Figure 76 and Figure 77)
Related Figures (93)
Figure 1: The 117 Allied reported WWII U-Boat attack locations in the Southeast A tlantic Region in 1942 (Drawn from Rohwer 1983 and placed by Author in 2013). Attacks considered within the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) are white, while each attack outside the GOM is red with the numbered month within the marker. Figure 2: S.S. Cities Service Toledo at sea 13 February 1942 (unsourced USCG 1942). commodities for nearly 25 years (U. S. Department of Commerce (USDC) 1942:19) (Figure 2). Cities Service Toledo was 8,192 gross tons, active in the trading of oil-related Figure 3: S.S. R.W. Gallagher at sea in 1938 (Standard Oil Company 1946:357). mathematically broken down for their initial site formation process. helped in identifying a comparative model in which both sinking events could later be Both Cities Service Toledo and R.W. Gallagher were armed at the time they were Figure 4: Field archaeological crew and M/V Spree crew on deck in 2010. These data were streamed digitally into computer storage where they were additionally Figure 5: The 18 recorded WWII U-boat sinking attack locations surrounding the area where S.S. Cities Service Toledo and S.S. R.W. Gallagher currently lie (Rohwer 1983; Wiggins 1995:114-115). S.S. Cities Service Toledo and S.S. R.W. Gallagher are demarcated with a starred pin. base model that may be comparatively applied to other wrecks in similar conditions (Figure 5). Figure 6: Comparison of the armed guard reports regarding the arming areas and specific armaments 0: S.S. R.W. Gallagher and S.S. Cities Service Toledo. Both were armed in May 1942, when the reports were produced (OCNO 1942a; OCNO 1942b). determined by their area of operation (Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) 1942a; Figure 11: DKM U-67 in Lorient, France, 8 August 1942, after its tour in the Gulf of Mexico (Wiggins 1995:105). protect A llied shipping. Among the 24 U-boats present in the Gulf of Mexico from March 1942 U-158 was under the leadership of K apitanleutnant Erwin Rostin, a U-boat ace who had Figure 13: Korvettenkapitan Gunther Miiller-Stéckheim on board his DKM U-67 (Bredow 2012). The unfortunate loss of many crew members serving on vessels contracted by the War The oil tanker was intended to carry oil and fuel along the U.S. coast and across the Cities Service Toledo was built as S.S. J.A. Bostwick in 1918 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding The Attacks igure 15: Segment of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher original ship's profile plan (Bethlehem Shipbuilding 1938). Image Courtesy of very Munson via Evans et al. 2013. Figure 16: AB Herman W. Reuss sitting with fellow seamen in Ambrose Light, New Y ork (Reuss 2007). standing with other seamen in Ambrose Light, New Y ork (Reuss 2007) (Figure 16). who manages a website dedicated to his father, details the history of the event that surrounded Figure 17: Map of each of the 52 recorded sunken merchant vessel sites (Note that the S.S.J.A. Moffett, Jr. was towed in to port, but its point of sinking is still demarcated) in the Gulf of Mexico in 1942. These sites should all be considered war graves and qualify as battlefield sites from World War II (Locations drawn from Rohwer 1983 and Wiggins 1995 documented locations). and inherent war graves can be made (Rohwer 1983; Wiggins 1995) (Figure 17). interpretation of the Gulf of Mexico as a theater of war, the location of 52 specific battlefields negates Figure 18: Side-scan sonar image fi from the 1989 su survey of the area near the proposed S.S. R.W. Gallagher that named it the S.S. Heredia (Floyd and Callahan 1989). wreck as the S.S. Heredia, later to be corrected in 2010 (Evans et al. 2013:33; Floyd and The United States Coast Guard contracted divers to repair an oil leak reported to be Figure 19: Side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiler images from the 1996 survey of the area near the S.S. R.W. Gallagher (Saltus and El Darragi 1996). the site created on the seafloor (Saltus and El Darragi 1996) (Figure 19). provided very poor imagery for the site, aside from identifying the 7.01 m (23 ft.) of relief that Cities Service Toledo was discovered by Laura Landry and Jeffery Thomas during a casa 5: Figure 20: Side- scan sonar image from the 1992 survey near S.S. Cities Service ce Toledo (Landry and Thomas 1992). He also described the vessel as single-screw driven, missing its propeller, but possessed an intact report (Church et al. 2007a:197) (Figure 21). Figure 21: Hull profile of Steam Y acht Anona (Church et al. 2007a). Image courtesy of Andy Hall, illustrator. Figure 21: Hull profile of Steam Y acht Anona (Church et al. 2007a). Image courtesy of Andy Hall, liaehtnar Foundation utilized 3-dimensional modeling in constructing an artistic rendering of Anona in the archaeological practice involved in their documentation all serve a critical purpose in ‘esla Offshore, and UWF dive teams as its extensive length made it impractical to examine the standard for UWF for the trip, and each team was divided into arbitrary groups of two. previous day. Sharar briefed the team on the possible dangers and safety protocols set as Figure 24: Illustration of the observed hull plating pattern present on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo. Attempts to locate the missing propeller and rudder were given to the final dive teams, Figure 25: Point-and-line modeling process utilizing to-scale historical ship’s plans for the S.S. R.W. Gallagher. three axis planes in Google Sketchup (Figure 25). Dimensions from historical ship's plans were taken and given a point and line theme located on Figure 26: Simple draping method in Rhinoceros 3D to verify the site extents of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher for comparative analysis. essential diagnostic features on the wrecks (Figure 27). measurements, in conjunction with the historic plans, showing the potential relative location of Figure 27: Preliminary simple scale comparison of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher’s historical blueprint to the physical data’s point-cloud “mesh.” Utilizing these data will aid in further advancement of modeling in underwater Figure 28: Photograph mosaic of the war diary of DKM U-67, written by Gunther Muller-Stockheim during his service in 1942. Stockheim 1942; Wiggins 1995:103-104) (Figure 28). Figure 29: Photograph mosaic of the war diary of DKM U-158, written by Erwin Rostin during his service in 1942. Figure 31: Image of sonar data collected on the stern portion of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (Evans et al. 2013:41). Figure 30: Image of multi-beam bathymetry data collected on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (Evans et al. 2013:43). Figure 32: Image of sub-bottom data collected on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (Evans et al. 2013:44). zone surrounding the wreck (Evans et al. 2013:36) (Figure 32). Magnetometer data indicated a potential debris field, showing significant magnetic Sub-bottom profiler data recovered by Tesla Offshore, LLC. revealed a typical In addition to the survey that isolated the R.W. Gallagher, sector-scanning sonar was sector-scanning sonar was dropped without an internal compass, so exact direction was not Figure 34: Image of sector-scanning sonar data collected on the stern of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site witl 24 ft. offset circles. site (Figure 34) The results of remote-sensing on the Cities Service Toledo site yielded comparable data Figure 35: Image of multi-beam data collected on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site (Evans et al. 2013:68). Figure 36: Image of sonar data collected on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site (Evans et al. 2013:69). Figure 37: Image of 3D echoscope data collected on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site (Evans et al 2013:70). Figure 38: Image of sub-bottom data collected on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site (Evans et al. 2013:71). location in the Gulf of Mexico being less impacted by fluvial sedimentary deposition (Evans et al. Magnetometer data was consistent with a massive ferrous shipwreck, indicating that Sector-scanning sonar was deployed approximately 57.91 m (190 ft.) west of this wreck Figure 40: Image of sector-scanning sonar data collected on the stern of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site with 13.72 m (45 ft.) offset circles. Environmental data were also collected on these wreck sites with water and sediment BLA Dik AVERAGE SEDIMENT SHEAR STRENGTH AT THE S.S. R.W. GALLAGHER SITI DRAWN FROM EVANS ET AL. 2013. Radioisotope analysis of the core samples implied that a disturbance occurred in the area AVERAGE SALTWATER ANALYSIS DATA COLLECTED FROM THE S.S. R.W. GALLAGHER SITE, DRAWN FROM EVANS ET AL. 2013. The pH levels within these samples allow for sulfate-reducing bacteria to function in the increased pH at depth may prevent these bacteria from thriving, more alkaline environments can AVERAGE SALTWATER ANALYSIS DATA COLLECTED FROM THE S.S. CITIES SERVICE TOLEDO SITE, DRAWN FROM EVANS ET AL. 2013. This sample indicates that the previously mentioned sulfate-reducing bacteria will not preserve site integrity longer than that of the R.W. Gallagher. The lower salinity of the site in to the wreck site. The water sample measured a pH of 8.013, salinity of 30.8 ppT, and dissolved Figure 42: The bilge keel with white coral and rusticle growth on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (O’ Reilly 2010). inhibited precise measurements to be taken of hull plating or rivet patterns along the hull (Figure Figure 43: The propeller and conditions on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (O’Reilly 2010). in the variability of accuracy to historic blueprints and diver-recorded video observations. The S.S. Cities Service T oledo R.W. Gallagher and at an observed depth of 24.38-27.43 m (80-90 ft.), the environment around Figure 46: Hull plating with buttonhead rivet on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site. Figure 45: Profile photographs of the propeller “shaft” on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site. Scale bar is in 2 cm increments (10 cm total). A small fastener was observed on the lowest point of the rudder brace, which would have Figure 47: Scale ink drawing (Dr. Greg Cook) drawn from data gathered on the stern section of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site. Figure 48: Point-and-line modeling process utilizing to-scale historical ship’s plans for the S.S. Cities Service Toledo. Though the linear geometrical functions that the program uses to create 3-dimensional Figure 49: Rib construction in Sketchup to form an accurate outer hull on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher. Figure 51: Rib-formation process and initial hull shape of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo built in Rhino. Figure 50: Initial hull shape of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher built in Rhino. printed in 3D, and the results were extremely smooth and accurate to the ships’ plans (Figures Figure 52: Final rendered models of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher and the S.S. Cities Service Toledo. Figure 53: Historical photograph of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher (Standard Oil Company 1946:357) and the blueprint-reconstructed 3D model. Figure 54: Historical photograph of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo (unsourced USCG 1942) and the blueprint-reconstructed 3D model. Figure 55: Rendered multi-beam data from the S.S. Cities Service Toledo site. equipment (Figure 26 and Figure 55). mathematically constructed using the point cloud data collected by the remote-sensing Point clouds collected with the multi-beam echosounder on both sites placed millions of Figure 56: High-frequency multi-beam mesh revealing visible internal structure on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site. These data were then virtually wrapped with a mathematically formulated surface that Figure 57: Comparison of the historical 3D model and remote-sensing data collected at the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site. Figure 59: Starboard torpedo strikes on the historical blueprints of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher based on historical accounts. the center of where tank number 8 would have been on the R.W. Gallagher (Figures 59-61). Figure 61: Starboard torpedo strikes on the hybrid 3D model and 3D multi-beam data of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher based on historical accounts and verified through archaeological evidence. Figure 60: Starboard torpedo strikes on the 3D model of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher based on historical accounts. Figure 62: Archaeological evidence suggesting the location of the historically documented “‘killshot” on the port side of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher. Additionally, the expanded breach toward the port-bow of the wreck could be the direct Figure 63: Naval grid square system used to identify German positions during WWII (Drawn from Rohwer 1983). U-67 was the only one to record an attack on the DA naval grid square (Rohwer 1983:109) Upon investigation of all four of the U-boats that recorded successful sinking attacks on this day, Additionally, no other record could be found for attacks on 13 July 1942 aside from the Figure 64: Coastguard Cutter Boutwell (left) and Eagle-Class PE boat (right) (Flynn 2012:20; Henson 2007). (Figure 64). escort vessel like the PE-27 from nearly a mile away at a distance of 1,500 m (4,921.26 ft.) The final point of deducing the identity of the U-boat responsible for the sinking of the Figure 67: Starboard torpedo strikes on the hybrid 3D model and 3D multi-beam data of the SS. Cities Service Toledo based on historical accounts and verified through archaeological evidence. Figure 66: Starboard torpedo strikes on the 3D model of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo based on historical accounts. ee —e Figure 65: Starboard torpedo : strikes on the historical blueprints of | of the S.S. Cities Service Toledo based on accounts. Figure 68: Proposed angle of torpedo strikes to explain structural damage direction on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo. time due to the remaining poor structural integrity. fact that the amount of structural damage to the starboard side of the vessel would collapse over Figure 69: Multi-beam echosounder slice of the major hull breach on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (Evans et al 2013:43) in comparison to the major 20 ft. x 30 ft. hull breach in the S.S. Paul H. Harwood in dry- dock ca. 1942 (Standard Oil Company 1946:328). This image is just one of many examples of the damage that torpedoes caused to merchant shipping vessels. This example correlates with the same damage observed on the R.W. Gallagher site. of other oil tankers struck by torpedoes in 1942, revealing several similarities (Figure 69). Figure 70: Bilge Keel on the S.S. R.W. Gallagher site (courtesy of Colm O’Reilly 2010) compared to the bilge keel on the U.S.S. New J ersey (Landgraff 1999). like that of the torpedo-strike damage being representative of Muller-Stockheim's battle strategy Figure 71: Propeller images captured from ship’s plans (Bethlehem Shipbuilding 1938), field photograpl (O’Reilly 2010), and ink drawing by Greg Cook of the S.S. R.W. Gallagher and related archaeological site. same dimensions as that on the ship's plans (Figure 71). Figure 73: Contemporary rudder styles ca. 1942 (Drawn | from Manning 1942:41; Osbourne 1943: 23-2), Figure 75: Original planned propeller stock and field measurements on the S.S. Cities Service Toledo. The fact that this unbalanced rudder system could be easily removed, exposing the Figure 77: Illustration of the principles of stability while being acted upon by an example of movement (i.e. waves). Figure 76: Illustration of the basic principles of stability and an example of acting arms of force. Figure 78: Illustration of the principles of stability applied to a block or prism. This same basic principle of stability is applied with the transverse movements of a vessel Figure 80: Illustration of the principles of stability applied to an oil tanker capsized after an attack Figure 79: Illustration of the principles of stability applied to an oil tanker struck by a torpedo. weight of saltwater (Figure 79 and Figure 80): Figure 81: Illustration of the principles of stability applied to a sinking, open-hulled, capsized oil tanker. ship capsized continues to escape into the Gulf of Mexico as the hull deteriorates over time. Figure 82: Still image of Fraga’s interactive 3D reconstruction of the Santo Antonio de Tanna (2009). methods like this at this time. 3D visual models expedited the analysis for the purposes of this This method also pushes the envelope of developing more advanced methods of 3D interpretation. Bringing this technology and capability to light is only the beginning, as it will aE FINAL CREW LIST FOR S:S. CITIES SERVICE TOLEDO (THOSE KILLED IN ACTION IN BOLD) FINAL CREW LIST FOR S.S. R.W. GALLAGHER (THOSE KILLED IN ACTION IN BOLD) Figure 83: Remote sensing equipment used by Tesla Offshore, LLC. during the 2010 field survey.
