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Fig. 4. XPS peaks for the untreated PA (top) and its N PBIlI-treated variant (bottom).

Figure 4 XPS peaks for the untreated PA (top) and its N PBIlI-treated variant (bottom).

Related Figures (17)

Fig. 1. Publications on PBII and PBII&D of polymers vs. time. Fig. 3 demonstrates the distribution of publications according to the modified properties studied. The overwhelming majority of the papers report results of surface chemical investigations. Further characteristics studied are (in decreasing order): topological and morphological ones 5-9,14,16-19,24-27,29,30,32,38,41,45,51,55-57,61,63,66,75,78- 83,91,93,102-104,106,108,112,113,115,117,120,127- 130,132,133,138,140,142-145,147-149,151,152,157], wettability and hydrophobic recovery [4,11-13,15,17,21,22,25,38,41,48,51,54,55,59, 64,65,67,76,79-82,84,92,100,101,107,111,119,121,125,127,129, 130,132,134,135,137,138,141-143,147-149,151,155,159], biomedical properties (like attachment of proteins, platelets or cells, cell growth, antibacterial properties, controlled drug release, patterning, etc.) 17,18,36-38,40,41,44-46,48,51-53,55,57,64,70,73,76,79,80,82,84,91, 92,108,128,131,133,141,143,149,151,153,154,157], mechanical and tri-
Fig. 1. Publications on PBII and PBII&D of polymers vs. time. Fig. 3 demonstrates the distribution of publications according to the modified properties studied. The overwhelming majority of the papers report results of surface chemical investigations. Further characteristics studied are (in decreasing order): topological and morphological ones 5-9,14,16-19,24-27,29,30,32,38,41,45,51,55-57,61,63,66,75,78- 83,91,93,102-104,106,108,112,113,115,117,120,127- 130,132,133,138,140,142-145,147-149,151,152,157], wettability and hydrophobic recovery [4,11-13,15,17,21,22,25,38,41,48,51,54,55,59, 64,65,67,76,79-82,84,92,100,101,107,111,119,121,125,127,129, 130,132,134,135,137,138,141-143,147-149,151,155,159], biomedical properties (like attachment of proteins, platelets or cells, cell growth, antibacterial properties, controlled drug release, patterning, etc.) 17,18,36-38,40,41,44-46,48,51-53,55,57,64,70,73,76,79,80,82,84,91, 92,108,128,131,133,141,143,149,151,153,154,157], mechanical and tri-
Fig. 2. Distribution of related publications by polymers modified.
Fig. 2. Distribution of related publications by polymers modified.
Fig. 3. Distribution of related publications by properties studied. Commercial polyamide 6, (PA), type Ertalon, manufactured by Erta N.V., DSM and poly(bisphenol A carbonate), (PC), type Axxis PC,
Fig. 3. Distribution of related publications by properties studied. Commercial polyamide 6, (PA), type Ertalon, manufactured by Erta N.V., DSM and poly(bisphenol A carbonate), (PC), type Axxis PC,
Peak assignments for PA and PC and their N PBIl-treated variants. Table 1
Peak assignments for PA and PC and their N PBIl-treated variants. Table 1
Fig. 5. XPS peaks for the untreated PC (top) and its N PBIl-treated variant (bottom).
Fig. 5. XPS peaks for the untreated PC (top) and its N PBIl-treated variant (bottom).
Fig. 6. Evolution of surface C-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 6. Evolution of surface C-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 7. Evolution of surface N-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right). Regarding the results of quantitative surface analysis, the surface compositions for the untreated samples were as follows: C 82.1, 0 10.0 and N 7.3 at% for PA, and C 83.6 and O 16.4 at% for PC. Upon N PBII treatment, the C-content decreased to 56.3-76.2 at% for PA, and to 67.0-77.4 at% for PC. The N-content increased up to 10.6-16.6 at% for PA, and N became incorporated in PC, reaching values of 14.2-20.0 at%. The O-content varied in the range 7.8-22.5 at% for PA and decreased to 6.1-10.8 at% for PC. Concerning the effects of the main treatment parameters on the evolution of the surface concentration of the elements C, N and O, in the case of PA these correlate mainly with voltage and fluence rate applied (Figs. 6-8), while in the case of PC it is only the O-content, which changes essentially with voltage and fluence rate (Fig. 8), and the contents of C and N appear to correlate mainly with fluence and fluence rate (Figs. 6 and 7). Thus, for PA the C- content tends to decrease with the increase of voltage and fluence rate, and for PC it tends to decrease with the decrease of fluence rate For the untreated PC, the values of contact angles obtained by water and diiodomethane were Oy = 85.0° and Ogim = 28.9", respectively. The total surface free energy, calculated by the method of Owens and Wendt [172] was Yio =46.1 mJ m~?, while its polar and dispersive compo- nents proved to be Ypoi= 1.4 and Yai; = 44.7 mJ m~’, respectively. The corresponding data for PA were as follows: Qw=60.3°, Ogim = 33.3", Vrot = 54.0, Ypor=11.2 and yYgis = 42.8 mJ m. These data are in agreement with the available literature values [173,174].
Fig. 7. Evolution of surface N-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right). Regarding the results of quantitative surface analysis, the surface compositions for the untreated samples were as follows: C 82.1, 0 10.0 and N 7.3 at% for PA, and C 83.6 and O 16.4 at% for PC. Upon N PBII treatment, the C-content decreased to 56.3-76.2 at% for PA, and to 67.0-77.4 at% for PC. The N-content increased up to 10.6-16.6 at% for PA, and N became incorporated in PC, reaching values of 14.2-20.0 at%. The O-content varied in the range 7.8-22.5 at% for PA and decreased to 6.1-10.8 at% for PC. Concerning the effects of the main treatment parameters on the evolution of the surface concentration of the elements C, N and O, in the case of PA these correlate mainly with voltage and fluence rate applied (Figs. 6-8), while in the case of PC it is only the O-content, which changes essentially with voltage and fluence rate (Fig. 8), and the contents of C and N appear to correlate mainly with fluence and fluence rate (Figs. 6 and 7). Thus, for PA the C- content tends to decrease with the increase of voltage and fluence rate, and for PC it tends to decrease with the decrease of fluence rate For the untreated PC, the values of contact angles obtained by water and diiodomethane were Oy = 85.0° and Ogim = 28.9", respectively. The total surface free energy, calculated by the method of Owens and Wendt [172] was Yio =46.1 mJ m~?, while its polar and dispersive compo- nents proved to be Ypoi= 1.4 and Yai; = 44.7 mJ m~’, respectively. The corresponding data for PA were as follows: Qw=60.3°, Ogim = 33.3", Vrot = 54.0, Ypor=11.2 and yYgis = 42.8 mJ m. These data are in agreement with the available literature values [173,174].
Fig. 9. Evolution of water contact angle and total surface free energy for the N PBIlI-treated PC. The multi-pass wear tests performed on the untreated PA and PC resulted in volume losses Vo of 6.0 and 10.3 m*, respectively. Similar tests performed on the PBII-treated samples showed values of volume loss V lower, ranging from 0.65 to 4.9 um? for PA and from 6.1 to The electrical resistance R of the surface of untreated PA and PC was higher than the upper limit of the measurement range of the equipment applied, which implies values of Ro> 2x10!” Ohm. For the
Fig. 9. Evolution of water contact angle and total surface free energy for the N PBIlI-treated PC. The multi-pass wear tests performed on the untreated PA and PC resulted in volume losses Vo of 6.0 and 10.3 m*, respectively. Similar tests performed on the PBII-treated samples showed values of volume loss V lower, ranging from 0.65 to 4.9 um? for PA and from 6.1 to The electrical resistance R of the surface of untreated PA and PC was higher than the upper limit of the measurement range of the equipment applied, which implies values of Ro> 2x10!” Ohm. For the
Fig. 8. Evolution of surface O-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 8. Evolution of surface O-content for the N PBIlI-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 10. Evolution of surface electrical resistance for the N PBll-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 10. Evolution of surface electrical resistance for the N PBll-treated PA (left) and PC (right).
Fig. 11. Evolution of volume loss for the N PBIl-treated PA (top) and PC (bottom).
Fig. 11. Evolution of volume loss for the N PBIl-treated PA (top) and PC (bottom).
Fig. 12. Volume loss vs. the ratio of hardness to reduced modulus (empty symbols: untreated sample, filled symbols: PBII-treated samples).
Fig. 12. Volume loss vs. the ratio of hardness to reduced modulus (empty symbols: untreated sample, filled symbols: PBII-treated samples).
Fig. 13. Volume loss vs. surface N/C ratio for untreated PA (empty symbol) and its N PBll-treated variants (filled symbols).
Fig. 13. Volume loss vs. surface N/C ratio for untreated PA (empty symbol) and its N PBll-treated variants (filled symbols).
Fig. 15. Volume loss vs. the N2wy component for PC.
Fig. 15. Volume loss vs. the N2wy component for PC.
Fig. 14. Volume loss vs. relative intensity of the C1 component for PC.
Fig. 14. Volume loss vs. relative intensity of the C1 component for PC.
Fig. 16. Intensities of features N1,, and N2y vs. N-content of the surface for PC.
Fig. 16. Intensities of features N1,, and N2y vs. N-content of the surface for PC.
Fig. 17. Evolution of feature N2\, for the N PBIlI-treated PC.
Fig. 17. Evolution of feature N2\, for the N PBIlI-treated PC.
Related topics:
Materials EngineeringCondensed Matter PhysicsAbrasive wearIon ImplantationDesign of experimentSurface and Coatings TechnologyWear resistanceEngineering Polymers
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