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Fig. 14 Isovist analysis of the updated basic plan compared to the design proposal methodological framework can be applied not only at the scale of individual buildings, but also to all buildings that contribute to the city's image. Furthermore, this study is expected to enhance the city's image by increasing the visi- bility, perceptibility, and preservation possibility of histori- cal buildings. Additionally, it will provide insights into other studies within the context of a methodological framework, thereby contributing to the existing literature on this subject.

Figure 14 Isovist analysis of the updated basic plan compared to the design proposal methodological framework can be applied not only at the scale of individual buildings, but also to all buildings that contribute to the city's image. Furthermore, this study is expected to enhance the city's image by increasing the visi- bility, perceptibility, and preservation possibility of histori- cal buildings. Additionally, it will provide insights into other studies within the context of a methodological framework, thereby contributing to the existing literature on this subject.

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According to Sola-Morales Rubi, a new work of archi- ecture not only establishes a physical and spatial relation- hip with the existing but also a visual one (1996). Providing physical, spatial, functional as well as visually respectful ssociation with the existing one should be one of the main rinciples of new construction (Bilgin Altinéz, 2010). *harter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban \reas (ICOMOS, 1987) states that new construction in he historical environment should respect the context and hat the use of contemporary elements in harmony with he surroundings can be an important tool for enriching he area. Avoiding approaches that will limit the visibility f historical buildings in terms of location, scale, contour, nd height features in new constructions and landscaping vill contribute both to the preservation of historical build- ngs and their identification as a city image element - a andmark. Eventually, this paper aims to make a modest ontribution to the literature by using descriptive and syn- actic concepts to address a framework for examining the isibility of a historical building and defining new build- ng design proposals that improve its visibility. Fig. 1 The location of Bes Temmuz Primary School (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth map) ing design proposals that improve its visibility.
According to Sola-Morales Rubi, a new work of archi- ecture not only establishes a physical and spatial relation- hip with the existing but also a visual one (1996). Providing physical, spatial, functional as well as visually respectful ssociation with the existing one should be one of the main rinciples of new construction (Bilgin Altinéz, 2010). *harter for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban \reas (ICOMOS, 1987) states that new construction in he historical environment should respect the context and hat the use of contemporary elements in harmony with he surroundings can be an important tool for enriching he area. Avoiding approaches that will limit the visibility f historical buildings in terms of location, scale, contour, nd height features in new constructions and landscaping vill contribute both to the preservation of historical build- ngs and their identification as a city image element - a andmark. Eventually, this paper aims to make a modest ontribution to the literature by using descriptive and syn- actic concepts to address a framework for examining the isibility of a historical building and defining new build- ng design proposals that improve its visibility. Fig. 1 The location of Bes Temmuz Primary School (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth map) ing design proposals that improve its visibility.
Fig. 2 On the top, the area where Bes Temmuz Primary School was located on the 1929 French cadastral map of Iskenderun (Source: Revised by the authors from the original 1929 French cadastral map at Bibliotheque Nationale De France); on the bottom, the area where Begs Temmuz Primary School is located today (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth Map) It is unclear for what purpose the historical building, which served as a Boys' Art School between 1940-1966, was used in the following years (Garbioglu, 2017). It should be noted that the church, school and wooden buildings shown
Fig. 2 On the top, the area where Bes Temmuz Primary School was located on the 1929 French cadastral map of Iskenderun (Source: Revised by the authors from the original 1929 French cadastral map at Bibliotheque Nationale De France); on the bottom, the area where Begs Temmuz Primary School is located today (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth Map) It is unclear for what purpose the historical building, which served as a Boys' Art School between 1940-1966, was used in the following years (Garbioglu, 2017). It should be noted that the church, school and wooden buildings shown
Fig. 4 Service units built around the historical building, new and historical school buildings (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth Map, Photos Source: Authors' Archive) we determined the visibility levels belonging to different periods, which demonstrate the physical changes under- gone by the building, using the space syntax isovists tech- nique from the designated viewpoints. Thus, the changes in the visibility levels caused by the new buildings and environmental arrangements that developed around the historical building in the historical timeline were quan- tified. Again, we determine the visibility of the histori- cal building from the designated viewpoints through both observational fieldwork and the surveys conducted with the participants living in Iskenderun. By comparatively evaluating the results of these three different analyses, we have revealed the level of visibility of the historical building. As a result, we developed design approaches for additional new buildings and landscaping to improve the visibility of the historic building and its contribution to the city image. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed design in enhancing the visibility of the historical building was evaluated through isovists and VGA analyses. ‘ig. 3 Bes Temmuz Primary School in the development plan dated 1982 (Source: Revised by the authors from the original development plan dated 1982 at iskenderun Municipality Archive) visibility of the historic building and its contribution to
Fig. 4 Service units built around the historical building, new and historical school buildings (Prepared by the authors using Google Earth Map, Photos Source: Authors' Archive) we determined the visibility levels belonging to different periods, which demonstrate the physical changes under- gone by the building, using the space syntax isovists tech- nique from the designated viewpoints. Thus, the changes in the visibility levels caused by the new buildings and environmental arrangements that developed around the historical building in the historical timeline were quan- tified. Again, we determine the visibility of the histori- cal building from the designated viewpoints through both observational fieldwork and the surveys conducted with the participants living in Iskenderun. By comparatively evaluating the results of these three different analyses, we have revealed the level of visibility of the historical building. As a result, we developed design approaches for additional new buildings and landscaping to improve the visibility of the historic building and its contribution to the city image. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed design in enhancing the visibility of the historical building was evaluated through isovists and VGA analyses. ‘ig. 3 Bes Temmuz Primary School in the development plan dated 1982 (Source: Revised by the authors from the original development plan dated 1982 at iskenderun Municipality Archive) visibility of the historic building and its contribution to
Fig. 5 North and west facades of the historical building visible from inside the school courtyard (Source: Authors! Archive)
Fig. 5 North and west facades of the historical building visible from inside the school courtyard (Source: Authors! Archive)
2.1 Space syntax isovists and Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA)
2.1 Space syntax isovists and Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA)
Fig. 7 The three viewpoints from which participants were asked to stand and name the buildings they could see during the survey (Revised by authors using Google Earth Map) This part of the study presents the findings of isovist and visibility graph analysis (VGA), observational field- work and survey data analysis to understand the visibil- ity of the historical building of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz Primary School. mined viewpoints A, B and C for three different periods ity of the historical building of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz ibility of the historical building was questioned from deter-
Fig. 7 The three viewpoints from which participants were asked to stand and name the buildings they could see during the survey (Revised by authors using Google Earth Map) This part of the study presents the findings of isovist and visibility graph analysis (VGA), observational field- work and survey data analysis to understand the visibil- ity of the historical building of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz Primary School. mined viewpoints A, B and C for three different periods ity of the historical building of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz ibility of the historical building was questioned from deter-
Fig. 8 Visibility graph analysis (VGA) of the immediate surroundings of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz Primary School sing the French cadastral map of 1929, the iskenderun evelopment plan of 1982 and the updated basic plans. ased on the analysis conducted at point A, it was deter- ined that the visibility of the historical building was low uring all three periods due to the presence of other build- 1gs in front of it and the surrounding walls (Fig. 9). From oint B, assuming that the garden gate is open, it is under- ood that in the cadastral map of 1929 and the development lan of 1982, the western and partially northern facades ot \e building can be seen due to the church building in front: 1 the current situation, although there is no church, the his- rical building cannot be seen even from the gate due tc \e recently added service structures (Fig. 9). From point C, \e historical building was not visible during three different eriods due to obstruction by other buildings (Fig. 9). in the west according to the 1982 development plan; ser- vice buildings in the north, a new school building in the west, and a multi-storey Post Office Building in the east according to the basic map.
Fig. 8 Visibility graph analysis (VGA) of the immediate surroundings of Iskenderun Bes Temmuz Primary School sing the French cadastral map of 1929, the iskenderun evelopment plan of 1982 and the updated basic plans. ased on the analysis conducted at point A, it was deter- ined that the visibility of the historical building was low uring all three periods due to the presence of other build- 1gs in front of it and the surrounding walls (Fig. 9). From oint B, assuming that the garden gate is open, it is under- ood that in the cadastral map of 1929 and the development lan of 1982, the western and partially northern facades ot \e building can be seen due to the church building in front: 1 the current situation, although there is no church, the his- rical building cannot be seen even from the gate due tc \e recently added service structures (Fig. 9). From point C, \e historical building was not visible during three different eriods due to obstruction by other buildings (Fig. 9). in the west according to the 1982 development plan; ser- vice buildings in the north, a new school building in the west, and a multi-storey Post Office Building in the east according to the basic map.
Fig. 9 Isovist analysis of the historical building from points A, B and C according to the French cadastral Map (1929), Iskenderun development plan (1982) and current situation
Fig. 9 Isovist analysis of the historical building from points A, B and C according to the French cadastral Map (1929), Iskenderun development plan (1982) and current situation
Fig. 10 The historical building's visibility and the view of the Bes Temmuz Primary School Historical Building from specific viewpoints (Source: Revised by the authors from the base map at Iskenderun Municipality Archive, Photos: Authors' Archive)
Fig. 10 The historical building's visibility and the view of the Bes Temmuz Primary School Historical Building from specific viewpoints (Source: Revised by the authors from the base map at Iskenderun Municipality Archive, Photos: Authors' Archive)
Fig. 11 The historic building of the Bes Temmuz Primary School in the silhouette of the street
Fig. 11 The historic building of the Bes Temmuz Primary School in the silhouette of the street
Table 1 Survey findings regarding the known buildings located or Namik Kemal Street ipants reported that the traffic on this street is congested and
Table 1 Survey findings regarding the known buildings located or Namik Kemal Street ipants reported that the traffic on this street is congested and
Table 2 Survey findings describing the current state of Namik Kemal Street
Table 2 Survey findings describing the current state of Namik Kemal Street
Table 4 Buildings seen from viewpoints A, B and C on Namik Kemal Street
Table 4 Buildings seen from viewpoints A, B and C on Namik Kemal Street
Table 3 Suggestions for the improvement of the street
Table 3 Suggestions for the improvement of the street
Table 5 Suggestions for improving the view of historical buildings on thie athena ar a syntactical analysis of the study area using isovist and visibility graph analysis (VGA). With the help of visibility graph analysis, viewpoints A, B and C were determined. Then, the visibility of the historical building from these points was questioned by isovist analysis for three differ- ent periods using the cadastral map of 1929, the zoning plan of 1982 and the updated basic maps. The visibility of the historical building has decreased over time due to sur- rounding structures. According to the 1929 cadastral maps, there were buildings to the west and east, and a church to the north. The 1982 development plan showed a church to the north and a building to the west. The basic map revealed service buildings to the north, a new school build- ing to the west, and a multi-storey Post Office Building to the east. Consequently, the historical building has been inadequately visible throughout its history due to the exis- tence of nearby buildings and surrounding garden walls.
Table 5 Suggestions for improving the view of historical buildings on thie athena ar a syntactical analysis of the study area using isovist and visibility graph analysis (VGA). With the help of visibility graph analysis, viewpoints A, B and C were determined. Then, the visibility of the historical building from these points was questioned by isovist analysis for three differ- ent periods using the cadastral map of 1929, the zoning plan of 1982 and the updated basic maps. The visibility of the historical building has decreased over time due to sur- rounding structures. According to the 1929 cadastral maps, there were buildings to the west and east, and a church to the north. The 1982 development plan showed a church to the north and a building to the west. The basic map revealed service buildings to the north, a new school build- ing to the west, and a multi-storey Post Office Building to the east. Consequently, the historical building has been inadequately visible throughout its history due to the exis- tence of nearby buildings and surrounding garden walls.
Fig. 12 The layout and silhouette of the historical building as a result of the proposed design. The historical building's visibility and the view of the Bes Temmuz Primary School Historical Building from specific viewpoints (Source: Revised by the authors from the base map at Iskenderun Municipality Archive)
Fig. 12 The layout and silhouette of the historical building as a result of the proposed design. The historical building's visibility and the view of the Bes Temmuz Primary School Historical Building from specific viewpoints (Source: Revised by the authors from the base map at Iskenderun Municipality Archive)
Fig. 13 Visibility graph analysis (VGA) of the proposed design
Fig. 13 Visibility graph analysis (VGA) of the proposed design
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