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The above result shows that sixty -seven, making 33.5% of the respondents are males while one hundred and thirty three, making 66.5% are females. In most of the offices and ylaces visited, there were more women than men. Table 2: Classification of respondents by sex

Table 2 The above result shows that sixty -seven, making 33.5% of the respondents are males while one hundred and thirty three, making 66.5% are females. In most of the offices and ylaces visited, there were more women than men. Table 2: Classification of respondents by sex

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Table 1: Languages spoken in Ondo State and the population distribution by Local Government Areas
Table 1: Languages spoken in Ondo State and the population distribution by Local Government Areas
The dialects in Ondo State are at various stages of development with majority >xisting only in oral form and have not been committed to writing (Emenanjo, 1985). The Jomains of use of these dialects range from home to larger environments like school, marketplace, playground and the media. Some of these dialects are being stifled as a result of oressure, largely from major languages. Ak6k6 land of Ond6 State is presently comprised of four local government areas which include Ak6k6 North-East, Ak6k6 North-West, Ak6k6- South East and Ak6k6 South-West. The major towns/villages in Ak6k6 land include Ikaré, Ugbé, Akiinni, Ikakimo, Ibordpa, Isé, Atiga in Ak6k6 North-East; Ajowa, Oyin, Gedegéde, bdrami, Ikaérami, Agasi, Esé, Oké-Agbé, Arigidi, Irin, Ogbagi i in Ak6k6 North-West; Ipési, fira, Sdsan, Ista, Epinmi in Ak6k6 South-East and Iki, Aktingbd, Oba, Stiparé and Oka in Ak6k6 South-West. Each of these towns is linguistically and politically independent. Olumuyiwa and Oshodi (2012) quoting Williamson & Blench (2000, p.31) reported that the speech forms in Ak6k6 land have been classified under the Yoruboid, Edoid and Ak6ok6id of he YEAI sub group of West Benue-Congo language family.
The dialects in Ondo State are at various stages of development with majority >xisting only in oral form and have not been committed to writing (Emenanjo, 1985). The Jomains of use of these dialects range from home to larger environments like school, marketplace, playground and the media. Some of these dialects are being stifled as a result of oressure, largely from major languages. Ak6k6 land of Ond6 State is presently comprised of four local government areas which include Ak6k6 North-East, Ak6k6 North-West, Ak6k6- South East and Ak6k6 South-West. The major towns/villages in Ak6k6 land include Ikaré, Ugbé, Akiinni, Ikakimo, Ibordpa, Isé, Atiga in Ak6k6 North-East; Ajowa, Oyin, Gedegéde, bdrami, Ikaérami, Agasi, Esé, Oké-Agbé, Arigidi, Irin, Ogbagi i in Ak6k6 North-West; Ipési, fira, Sdsan, Ista, Epinmi in Ak6k6 South-East and Iki, Aktingbd, Oba, Stiparé and Oka in Ak6k6 South-West. Each of these towns is linguistically and politically independent. Olumuyiwa and Oshodi (2012) quoting Williamson & Blench (2000, p.31) reported that the speech forms in Ak6k6 land have been classified under the Yoruboid, Edoid and Ak6ok6id of he YEAI sub group of West Benue-Congo language family.
Table 1: Classification of respondents by age
Table 1: Classification of respondents by age
Table 3: Academic qualifications of respondents The result shows that 13 making 6.5% are holders of Primary School certificate, 38 making 19% are holders of secondary school certificate, 41 making 21.5% are holders of Ordinary National Diploma certificate or Nigeria Certificate in Education, 65 making 32.5% of the respondents are holders of Bachelor Degree or Higher National Diploma (HND) certificates, 23 making 11.5% are Masters Degree holders, 6 making 3% have PhD and 14 making 7% are uneducated. This trend is an indication that the people of Ikaré-Ak6k6 value education.
Table 3: Academic qualifications of respondents The result shows that 13 making 6.5% are holders of Primary School certificate, 38 making 19% are holders of secondary school certificate, 41 making 21.5% are holders of Ordinary National Diploma certificate or Nigeria Certificate in Education, 65 making 32.5% of the respondents are holders of Bachelor Degree or Higher National Diploma (HND) certificates, 23 making 11.5% are Masters Degree holders, 6 making 3% have PhD and 14 making 7% are uneducated. This trend is an indication that the people of Ikaré-Ak6k6 value education.
From the result in the above table, 137 making 68.5% of the respondents acquired and spoke Yoruba as their first language, 3 making 1.5% indicated that English was the first language they spoke in their childhood, 58 making 29% acquired Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect as their first language, and 2 which constitute 1% acquired Igbo as their first language. Majority of the respondents claimed that they speak Yoruba because it is the language of widet communication in the area. Some of the respondents are of the opinion that their dialect can best be learnt at home (that is, in the first language environment or within the family), therefore, Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect was introduced to their children as their first language. A good number of the respondents still respects and appreciates their dialect.
From the result in the above table, 137 making 68.5% of the respondents acquired and spoke Yoruba as their first language, 3 making 1.5% indicated that English was the first language they spoke in their childhood, 58 making 29% acquired Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect as their first language, and 2 which constitute 1% acquired Igbo as their first language. Majority of the respondents claimed that they speak Yoruba because it is the language of widet communication in the area. Some of the respondents are of the opinion that their dialect can best be learnt at home (that is, in the first language environment or within the family), therefore, Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect was introduced to their children as their first language. A good number of the respondents still respects and appreciates their dialect.
From the result on table 6, 87 making 43.5% of the respondents confirmed that the language they acquired first is still the one they speak best, while 60 making 30% indicated that the language they acquired first is not the one they can speak best. Fifty-three which constitute 26.5% did not give any response to the question. It was observed that Yoruba Language has gained prominence in Ikaré-Ak6k6 land. Majority of the respondents were introduced to Yoruba as their first language and it still remains the language they speak best.
From the result on table 6, 87 making 43.5% of the respondents confirmed that the language they acquired first is still the one they speak best, while 60 making 30% indicated that the language they acquired first is not the one they can speak best. Fifty-three which constitute 26.5% did not give any response to the question. It was observed that Yoruba Language has gained prominence in Ikaré-Ak6k6 land. Majority of the respondents were introduced to Yoruba as their first language and it still remains the language they speak best.
The result on table 7 above shows that majority of the respondents can no longer speak their first language fluently. One hundred sixteen making 58% of the respondents speak Yoruba, 12 making 6% of the respondents speak English, 40 making 20% indicated hat they speak their dialect best while 32 making 16% did not give any response to the juestion. It was observed that only the elderly people speak the dialect fluently while the younger ones code-switch or code-mix with Yoruba when speaking the dialect.
The result on table 7 above shows that majority of the respondents can no longer speak their first language fluently. One hundred sixteen making 58% of the respondents speak Yoruba, 12 making 6% of the respondents speak English, 40 making 20% indicated hat they speak their dialect best while 32 making 16% did not give any response to the juestion. It was observed that only the elderly people speak the dialect fluently while the younger ones code-switch or code-mix with Yoruba when speaking the dialect.
Fifty-three, making 26.5% chose Yoruba as the language they frequently use, 122 naking 66% chose English as the language they use mostly in their places of work and chools. Fourteen, making 7% of the respondents indicated that they use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect requently while 2 making 1% of the respondents indicated that they speak pidgin. These eople are Hausas who cannot speak English fluently. From observation, the only person who laims to speak French is a student who only knows how to greet in French but has no dvanced knowledge of the language. Eight making 4% of the respondents did not choose ny answer to the question probably because they speak their dialect and Yoruba language nterchangeably.
Fifty-three, making 26.5% chose Yoruba as the language they frequently use, 122 naking 66% chose English as the language they use mostly in their places of work and chools. Fourteen, making 7% of the respondents indicated that they use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect requently while 2 making 1% of the respondents indicated that they speak pidgin. These eople are Hausas who cannot speak English fluently. From observation, the only person who laims to speak French is a student who only knows how to greet in French but has no dvanced knowledge of the language. Eight making 4% of the respondents did not choose ny answer to the question probably because they speak their dialect and Yoruba language nterchangeably.
The result shows that 159 making 79.5% of the respondents can write. Among those who can write very well are students and civil servants like teachers and retired bankers. However, it was discovered during the administration of questionnaire that some, who claim they can write, could not actually write very well. Some of them later requested for assistance to fill the questionnaire because they cannot write very well or have bad handwriting. Twenty four, making 12% of the respondents claimed they cannot write at all because they are not educated. Seventeen, which constitute 8.5% of the respondents did not respond to the question but also confessed clearly that they cannot write even their names. The information on ability of the respondents to read or write is with regard to English, Yoruba and other languages.
The result shows that 159 making 79.5% of the respondents can write. Among those who can write very well are students and civil servants like teachers and retired bankers. However, it was discovered during the administration of questionnaire that some, who claim they can write, could not actually write very well. Some of them later requested for assistance to fill the questionnaire because they cannot write very well or have bad handwriting. Twenty four, making 12% of the respondents claimed they cannot write at all because they are not educated. Seventeen, which constitute 8.5% of the respondents did not respond to the question but also confessed clearly that they cannot write even their names. The information on ability of the respondents to read or write is with regard to English, Yoruba and other languages.
From the result in the above table 74 of the respondents who are married, constituting 37% communicate with their spouses in Yoruba language while 25 making 12.5% use English language when communicating with their spouses. Twenty-one making 10.5% of the respondents who are married use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect when communicating with their spouses. Eighty making 44% of the respondents did not indicate any language. These are students, spinsters and bachelors who are not yet married. On language spoken to parents, 95 constituting 47.5% of the respondents who are children use Yoruba when communicating with their parents 16 making 8% use English to communicate with their parents, 61 making 30.5% who are children use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect to with their parents. Most of these are children whose parents are illiterates and those whose parents have made the dialect compulsory as a medium of communication at home. Also, some adults who have mothers or grandmothers and grandfathers communicate with their parents in Ikaré dialect. On language spoken to children by parents, 57 making 28.5% who are parents communicate with their children in Yoruba language, 14 making 7% use English language, 20 making 10% use Ikaré- Ak6k6, while 109 making 55.5% gave no response because some of the respondents are not yet parents. This category of people who are students, spinsters and bachelors when interviewed, said they are proud of their dialect and will uphold it till death. On language spoken with friends, 62 making 31% chose Yoruba, 43 making 21.5% chose English, 7 making 3.5% chose Ikar¢-Ak6k6 dialect claiming that all their friends are from their town, 88 making 44% did not indicate any language because some said their wives and children are their friends and others said they have no friends. Some of the respondents said the choice of language they use when communicating with friends depend on the tribe of the friends. On
From the result in the above table 74 of the respondents who are married, constituting 37% communicate with their spouses in Yoruba language while 25 making 12.5% use English language when communicating with their spouses. Twenty-one making 10.5% of the respondents who are married use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect when communicating with their spouses. Eighty making 44% of the respondents did not indicate any language. These are students, spinsters and bachelors who are not yet married. On language spoken to parents, 95 constituting 47.5% of the respondents who are children use Yoruba when communicating with their parents 16 making 8% use English to communicate with their parents, 61 making 30.5% who are children use Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect to with their parents. Most of these are children whose parents are illiterates and those whose parents have made the dialect compulsory as a medium of communication at home. Also, some adults who have mothers or grandmothers and grandfathers communicate with their parents in Ikaré dialect. On language spoken to children by parents, 57 making 28.5% who are parents communicate with their children in Yoruba language, 14 making 7% use English language, 20 making 10% use Ikaré- Ak6k6, while 109 making 55.5% gave no response because some of the respondents are not yet parents. This category of people who are students, spinsters and bachelors when interviewed, said they are proud of their dialect and will uphold it till death. On language spoken with friends, 62 making 31% chose Yoruba, 43 making 21.5% chose English, 7 making 3.5% chose Ikar¢-Ak6k6 dialect claiming that all their friends are from their town, 88 making 44% did not indicate any language because some said their wives and children are their friends and others said they have no friends. Some of the respondents said the choice of language they use when communicating with friends depend on the tribe of the friends. On
The result on table 14 above shows that 47 making 23.5% of the respondents communicate with their employers in Yoruba language. These include apprentices, salesgirls or sales boys etc. while 94 making 47% use English as the language of communication with their employers. Some of these are civil servants like teachers and bank workers. This is because English is the official language in Nigeria. Nine, making 4.5% use their dialect, 50 which constitute 25% of the respondents did not indicate any language because they are unemployed. These include students and those that are unemployed. On languages spoken to subordinates, 72 making 36% of the respondents speak Yoruba to the junior staff most especially at the local government secretariat, school staffrooms, police offices, etc. Yoruba serves as medium of communication between the salesgirls and their bosses. Most of the bosses in fashion designers’ shops, mechanic workshops, and other trade centres use Yoruba to communicate with their apprentices especially those that are not from their community who do not understand Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect. Sixty five, making 32.5% use both English and Yoruba depending on the language they find convenient and the context of their discussion, 9 making 4.5% of the respondents chose Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect as the language of communication with their subordinates. A teacher during the interaction sessions said he could speak his language anywhere he comes in contact with someone who can understand
The result on table 14 above shows that 47 making 23.5% of the respondents communicate with their employers in Yoruba language. These include apprentices, salesgirls or sales boys etc. while 94 making 47% use English as the language of communication with their employers. Some of these are civil servants like teachers and bank workers. This is because English is the official language in Nigeria. Nine, making 4.5% use their dialect, 50 which constitute 25% of the respondents did not indicate any language because they are unemployed. These include students and those that are unemployed. On languages spoken to subordinates, 72 making 36% of the respondents speak Yoruba to the junior staff most especially at the local government secretariat, school staffrooms, police offices, etc. Yoruba serves as medium of communication between the salesgirls and their bosses. Most of the bosses in fashion designers’ shops, mechanic workshops, and other trade centres use Yoruba to communicate with their apprentices especially those that are not from their community who do not understand Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect. Sixty five, making 32.5% use both English and Yoruba depending on the language they find convenient and the context of their discussion, 9 making 4.5% of the respondents chose Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect as the language of communication with their subordinates. A teacher during the interaction sessions said he could speak his language anywhere he comes in contact with someone who can understand
The result in table 15 above shows that 115 making 57.5% of the respondents do not go home directly after work. Some women and youths said they play with their friends before going home. Some of the men said they chat with their co-workers in the office after work. Some said they need to meet some friends or business partners to discuss business while some go to their shops after office hours. Some attend evening services in their various churches after work. The language used depends on the company of friends and meetings they attend. Most of the respondents said Yoruba is the language they use because it helps them to express themselves freely. Only few whose friends are Igbo said they communicate with them in English or Pidgin. Fifty two, making 26% of the respondents do not visit other places office hours; they go home immediately after work. More than half of the respondents in this category said Ikaré dialect is their medium of communication at home. Most of the respondents in this category are youths who help their parents at home after school hours and women who have to prepare lunch for members of their families. Some of them are civil servants like teachers while some are shop attendants. Thirty three, making 16.5% did not respond to the question because they are unemployed. ema ae = = ss Tae: 4 = ze a a OsK Le hte =< =. ae him. Fifty four, making 27% of the respondents did not indicate any language because they are not employed and do not have any boss or subordinate. On language spoken with equals at work, 102 making 51% of the respondents communicate with their colleagues in Yoruba language, 26 making 13% make use of both English and Yoruba, 18 making 9% use Ikaré- Ak6k6 dialect to communicate with their equals at work and 54 making 27% did not indicate any language because they are unemployed. On language spoken with customers, the result shows that 106 making 53% use Yoruba language, 52 making 26% indicated that they use English and pidgin. It was observed that whenever a Hausa or an Igbo speaker or trader wants to communicate with an Ikaré trader, he/she will try to speak Yorttb4 as much as he/she can. Five, making 2.5% of the respondents said that they speak their dialect irrespective of what language group the customer belongs while 37 making 18.5% did not select any language. The result indicates that Yoruba is the language mostly used by traders in Ikaré-Ak6k6. Even in work places when communicating with subordinates and equals, the use of Yorubéd language is mostly employed. English language, being the language of wider communication, also has a high number of speakers in all the domains examined.
The result in table 15 above shows that 115 making 57.5% of the respondents do not go home directly after work. Some women and youths said they play with their friends before going home. Some of the men said they chat with their co-workers in the office after work. Some said they need to meet some friends or business partners to discuss business while some go to their shops after office hours. Some attend evening services in their various churches after work. The language used depends on the company of friends and meetings they attend. Most of the respondents said Yoruba is the language they use because it helps them to express themselves freely. Only few whose friends are Igbo said they communicate with them in English or Pidgin. Fifty two, making 26% of the respondents do not visit other places office hours; they go home immediately after work. More than half of the respondents in this category said Ikaré dialect is their medium of communication at home. Most of the respondents in this category are youths who help their parents at home after school hours and women who have to prepare lunch for members of their families. Some of them are civil servants like teachers while some are shop attendants. Thirty three, making 16.5% did not respond to the question because they are unemployed. ema ae = = ss Tae: 4 = ze a a OsK Le hte =< =. ae him. Fifty four, making 27% of the respondents did not indicate any language because they are not employed and do not have any boss or subordinate. On language spoken with equals at work, 102 making 51% of the respondents communicate with their colleagues in Yoruba language, 26 making 13% make use of both English and Yoruba, 18 making 9% use Ikaré- Ak6k6 dialect to communicate with their equals at work and 54 making 27% did not indicate any language because they are unemployed. On language spoken with customers, the result shows that 106 making 53% use Yoruba language, 52 making 26% indicated that they use English and pidgin. It was observed that whenever a Hausa or an Igbo speaker or trader wants to communicate with an Ikaré trader, he/she will try to speak Yorttb4 as much as he/she can. Five, making 2.5% of the respondents said that they speak their dialect irrespective of what language group the customer belongs while 37 making 18.5% did not select any language. The result indicates that Yoruba is the language mostly used by traders in Ikaré-Ak6k6. Even in work places when communicating with subordinates and equals, the use of Yorubéd language is mostly employed. English language, being the language of wider communication, also has a high number of speakers in all the domains examined.
Table 16: List of words as used by elders and youths in Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect
Table 16: List of words as used by elders and youths in Ikaré-Ak6k6 dialect
Table 17: Other differences observed in the use of language by elders and youths in Ikare-Ak6k6 dialect It was observed that the way Ikaré-Ak6k6 youths make use of the dialect has been greatly influenced by Yoruba language. One of the differences discovered between the use of the dialect by the elders and the instances, the words are comple nibeyén” instead of “Ralé Ibeyen a consonant sound ‘r’. While t youths is omission of some sounds by the youths. In some ely changed. For instance, the younger people use “Sokalé ”. The second example in Table 17 above shows omission of he elder says ‘Kariya’, the youths say ‘Kaiya’. This also reflects in the third example in which “Si ba wé w6?” is uttered as “I bi wé wo?” - Omission of ‘s’ consonant from ‘si’. Exam ple 6 on the table shows the use of Yoruba words to replace some words in Ikaré dialect. “Otuta” is commonly used by the elders while the youths use “Tjoko6”. Also, in example: dy ees gbé aye yen rang” and “... gbé obe yennuna”. “Aye” in Ikaré dialect means ‘soup” whi substituted with ‘obe’ and ‘nina’. e “rano” means “warm on He” These words have been In example 8, “gba” is used by the youths to replace “san” for “sweep”. It was further observed that loan words from English and Yoruba exist in Ikaré- Ak6k6 dialect. Examples are presented below: 1 Sy an a ee Se ee OO , a |
Table 17: Other differences observed in the use of language by elders and youths in Ikare-Ak6k6 dialect It was observed that the way Ikaré-Ak6k6 youths make use of the dialect has been greatly influenced by Yoruba language. One of the differences discovered between the use of the dialect by the elders and the instances, the words are comple nibeyén” instead of “Ralé Ibeyen a consonant sound ‘r’. While t youths is omission of some sounds by the youths. In some ely changed. For instance, the younger people use “Sokalé ”. The second example in Table 17 above shows omission of he elder says ‘Kariya’, the youths say ‘Kaiya’. This also reflects in the third example in which “Si ba wé w6?” is uttered as “I bi wé wo?” - Omission of ‘s’ consonant from ‘si’. Exam ple 6 on the table shows the use of Yoruba words to replace some words in Ikaré dialect. “Otuta” is commonly used by the elders while the youths use “Tjoko6”. Also, in example: dy ees gbé aye yen rang” and “... gbé obe yennuna”. “Aye” in Ikaré dialect means ‘soup” whi substituted with ‘obe’ and ‘nina’. e “rano” means “warm on He” These words have been In example 8, “gba” is used by the youths to replace “san” for “sweep”. It was further observed that loan words from English and Yoruba exist in Ikaré- Ak6k6 dialect. Examples are presented below: 1 Sy an a ee Se ee OO , a |
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Language Linguistics and literary studies
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