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IN4007 diode protects the transistor by eliminating back e.m.f when the relay switches off [5]. LED indicates status of the relay. Value of resistor R; was calculated to 13.5 kQ for base voltage (V,) of 5 V, supply voltage (V) of 12 V, 0.7 V of transistor biasing and relay resistance(R) of 350 Q. But R1 was set to 1 kQ to pull collector to ground as transistor goes in saturation and to achieve effective switching. Figure 4 shows relay driving circuit.

Figure 4 IN4007 diode protects the transistor by eliminating back e.m.f when the relay switches off [5]. LED indicates status of the relay. Value of resistor R; was calculated to 13.5 kQ for base voltage (V,) of 5 V, supply voltage (V) of 12 V, 0.7 V of transistor biasing and relay resistance(R) of 350 Q. But R1 was set to 1 kQ to pull collector to ground as transistor goes in saturation and to achieve effective switching. Figure 4 shows relay driving circuit.

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