the transnational turn

B. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose the revolution C. Some short-term event sparks a conflict D. Government is too divided and weak to suppress the revolt III. THE MODERATE PHASE OF THE REVOLUTION A. The moderates come to control and initiate changes B. Electorate expanded, constitution liberalized, reforms initiated. IV. REACTION ARISES TO THE MODERATES A. Moderates stop reforms at some point having achieved what they sought B. Radicals feel the moderates are not moving far or fast enough C. Radicals mobilize their supporters V. THE RADICALS SEIZE CONTROL A. The radicals take control of the state and revolution B. The radicals initiate sweeping changes eliminating old institutions completely VI. RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR (THE REVOLUTION EATS ITS CHILDREN) A. Opposition both foreign and domestic arises to challenge the radical control B. The radicals remove their opposition through violent methods C. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies VII. THE MODERATE REACTION A. Moderates overthrow the radicals and reestablish a moderate regime B. Moderates repress the more radical elements C. Moderates abandon many of the more radical reforms of the revolution D. Moderates return some of the privileges and policies of the old regime E. Moderates lose touch with the majority of the population VIII. THE RISE OF A STRONG LEADER A. A leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates B. The leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army C. The leader blends better conservative, moderate, and radical policies D. The leader establishes new, effective, stable, and general popular institutions E. The revolution ends

As editor of the National Anti-Slavery Standard in the early 1840s, Lydia Maria Child was responsible for keeping the abolitionist movement in the United States informed of relevant news. She also used her editorial position to philosophize. Her column entitled "Letters from New York" is particularly philosophical, including considerations of infinity, free will, time, nature, art, and history. She especially turned to German philosophers and intellectuals such as Kant, Schiller, Bettina von Arnim, Karoline von Günderrode, Jean Paul, Herder, and Hegel in an attempt to guide her readers to a rejection of slavery for the right philosophical reasons. I consider the influence of German philosophy on three particular themes in her writings: a Romantic-Spinozistic view of humans and nature; a Kantian conception of conscience; and a Hegelian description of the philosophy of history.

The paper focused on the postmodern theory and its relevance to contemporary societies with America as a reference point. The argument here is that there is conceptual mutuality between postmodern theory and Obama's victory as the 44 th president of the United States of America. In this paper, the authors argue logically in favour of postmodern theory, that we are now in a postmodern world where stereotype perceptions against colour and gender are no longer necessary. Rather what counts most is the content of the character of an individual. The author relied extensively on secondary data and focused group discussion.

The paper focused on the postmodern theory and its relevance to contemporary societies with America as a reference point. The argument here is that there is conceptual mutuality between postmodern theory and Obama's victory as the 44 th president of the United States of America. In this paper, the authors argue logically in favour of postmodern theory, that we are now in a postmodern world where stereotype perceptions against colour and gender are no longer necessary. Rather what counts most is the content of the character of an individual. The author relied extensively on secondary data and focused group discussion.

This is the draft of my contribution—"Transnational Dimensions of Romanticism"—to the forthcoming DeGruyter Handbook to American Romanticism, edited by Philipp Löffler, Clemens Spahr,, and Jan Stievermann.

Though helping to usher in nineteenth-century nationalism, romanticism was a literary and philosophical movement that was transnational in scope. This chapter provides an overview of four different transnational dimensions of romanticism. It explores the idea of "world literature" as it was conceptualized by nineteenth-century writers in Germany, Britain, and the US. Secondly, it offers an introduction to the paradigm of influence studies that for a long time has dominated the study of transatlantic romanticism. As a case study of this approach, the chapter focuses on the transatlantic transmission of the twin concepts of reason and understanding. Thirdly, the essay surveys transnational romanticism from the perspective of transatlantic print culture and publishing networks. The final section examines transnational romanticism in its political dimension and demonstrates the close connections between romantic thought and literature and the revolutionary and reform movements of the late-eighteenth and nineteenth-century Atlantic world.

A study of the American imaginary in transnational America

The Imaginary and Its Worlds collects essays that boldly rethink the imaginary as a key concept for cultural criticism. Addressing both the emergence and the reproduction of the social, the imaginary is ideally suited to chart the consequences of the transnational turn in American studies. Leading scholars in the field from the United States and Europe address the literary, social, and political dimensions of the imaginary, providing a methodological and theoretical groundwork for American studies scholarship in the transnational era and opening new arenas for conceptualizing formations of imaginary belonging and subjectivity. This important state-of-the-field collection will appeal to a broad constituency of humanists working to overcome methodological nationalism.

The Imaginary and Its Worlds: An Introduction • LITERARY IMAGINARIES • Imagining Cultures: The Transnational Imaginary in Postrace America - Ramón Saldívar • The Necessary Fragmentation of the (U.S.) Literary-Cultural Imaginary - Lawrence Buell • Imaginaries of American Modernism - Heinz Ickstadt • SOCIAL IMAGINARIES • William James versus Charles Taylor: Philosophy of Religion and the Confines of the Social and Cultural Imaginaries - Herwig Friedl • The Shaping of We-Group Identities in the African American Community: A Perspective of Figurational Sociology on the Cultural Imaginary - Christa Buschendorf • Russia’s Californio Romance: The Other Shores of Whitman’s Pacific - Lene Johannessen • Form Games: Staging Life in the Systems Epoch - Mark Seltzer • POLITICAL IMAGINARIES • Real Toads - Walter Benn Michaels • Obama Unwound: The Romanticism of Victory and the Defeat of Compromise - Christopher Newfield • Barack Obama’s Orphic Mysteries - Donald E. Pease • Coda. The Imaginary and the Second Narrative: Reading as Transfer - Winfried Fluck • Contributors • Index

Cevdet bey et ses fils d'Orhan Pamuk représente la première importation dans le champ turc du genre de la saga familiale. Cet article étudie la manière dont Orhan Pamuk, à travers ce premier roman de famille, adapte le roman mannien au contexte turc. Il tente également de cerner les limites et les spécificités de l'adaptation-acculturation d'un modèle canonique du roman euro-péen à la périphérie turque. Cevdet bey and his sons by Orhan Pamuk represents the first importation in the Turkish literary field of the family novel genre. This article focuses on the way Orhan Pamuk, through this first family novel, adapts the mannian novel to the Turkish context. It also tries to figure out the limits and the specificities of the adaptation-acculturation of a canonical model of the European novel at the Turkish periphery.

Le choix d'un objet de recherche rétif aux catégories de la littérature générale et comparée force le développement de stratégies explicatives, et oblige à porter l'inquiétude dans nos manières de faire critiques. Le cas turc semble être à même de remplir un tel office, par sa valeur de dérangement et de dépaysement de la littérature générale et comparée. C'est un objet qui semble se situer dans un hors-champ, ou dans un angle mort de la discipline, et qui fait figure de cas-limite, et ce pour au moins trois raisons. La littérature turque paraît d'abord absente de la cartographie institutionnelle de la discipline, fondée sur la philologie romane. L'étude des langues et des littératures européennes y est très largement majoritaire (domaines anglophone, germanophone, hispanophone, lusophone, italophone, russophone). Le découpage institutionnel de la discipline, fondée sur la philologie des langues et des littératures européennes, relègue à la marge les littératures non européennes et situe donc la littérature turque en-dehors de la littérature comparée. Adresse institutionnelle des « Autres de l'Occident », les Langues' O 1 semblent entériner une différence de nature entre littérature générale et comparée et littératures orientales et asiatiques 2 , mettant en lumière l'européocentrisme de la discipline. L'incursion extra-européenne au sein d'une discipline qui se prétend générale révèle l'inégalité criante des traitements institutionnels « des » littératures. Les départements de littérature comparée ont pourtant produit un dispositif théoricoinstitutionnel de prise en charge des littératures extra-européennes : les études postcoloniales. Mais la littérature turque se trouve là encore dans un état d' « exception », sur un double plan historique et linguistique : d'une part la Turquie n'a jamais été colonisée et a même été, pendant des siècles, une puissance impériale ; d'autre part, le turc n'appartient pas au domaine traditionnel des langues europhones qui sont traditionnellement objets de l'attention des comparatistes. Cette langue représente même, pour le philologue européen, une étrangeté superlative, sans commune mesure avec les langues romanes, et n'appartient pas à la famille des langues indo-européennes. Au sein de l'orientalisme, la langue et la littérature turques semblent même occuper une place mineure par rapport à l'arabe, qui représente un Orient musulman plus « familier », moins introuvable que le turc : même si l'Empire ottoman a représenté le califat pendant des siècles, et même si la Turquie appartient au monde musulman, la 1 L'INALCO, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales 2 La turcologie fait une entrée modeste et tardive dans l'université française : en 1961 et 1962 sont créées les chaires d'Aix-en-Provence et Strasbourg ; plus tard, elle intégrera l'EHESS et le CNRS. En 1999 est créée la Chaire d'Histoire ottomane au Collège de France.