soil column

Mangaluru coast belt spreads about 22 Kms with Arabian Sea in the West and the Western Ghats in the East. Coastal anthropogenic activities such as disposal of untreated or partially treated sewage and industrial effluents and their possible impacts hinder the coastal environment. Huge amount of pollution load from the major industries located nearby are discharged into the sea directly or through the west °owing rivers of the area i.e. Gurupura and Nethravathi. Due to this, the soil properties also get affected. The preliminary study was carried out at the study area by considering surface water samples, i.e. stream water, river water, sea water and also soil samples to study the physicochemical characteristics. The study reveals that most of the surface water samples have low dissolved oxygen concentration and are high in BOD, COD, TDS, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Chlorides Concentration. Very low dissolved oxygen concentration was observed in the Gurupura-Nethravathi Estuary point. With respect to fertility of the soil, most of the soil samples were below the normal range for the various parameters.

Majority of the industries located in the Mangaluru Coastal region, discharge their waste directly or indirectly into the Arabian Sea through the west flowing rivers of the region and also, due to the addition of municipal and sewage wastes, the surface water quality and soil quality were affected and causing the Physicochemical characteristics to alter. 10 Surface water samples and six soil samples were collected from selected locations of the study area and analyzed for various parameters by adopting standard methods. High values of Hardness, BOD and COD were found in the surface waters near Baikampady industrial area. With respect to soil samples, most of samples were acidic in nature and not met the sufficient range for agricultural activities.

This study explores pollutant behaviour in water and soil environments, specifically focusing on unsaturated soil zones where vertical moisture and contaminant migration predominate. Soil column experiments used undisturbed soil cores from Mangaluru's coastal sites. A constant-level tank stored seawater and distilled water, introduced from the top, with filtrate collected at the base. Both soil and water samples underwent a comprehensive parameter analysis preand post-experiments. The morphology, elemental composition, and mineralogical structure of the collected soil samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and X-ray diffraction. In addition to that, basic soil tests were also performed. The results show that when seawater traversed the undisturbed soil columns, there were reductions in the concentrations of EC, TDS, alkalinity, chlorides, and potassium, alongside an increase in the concentrations of hardness, BOD, and COD. Similarly, when distilled water flowed through the columns, there was an increase in the concentrations of all the parameters. In the realm of soil composition, the introduction of seawater led to declines in the concentrations of available P 2 O 5 , calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and manganese. In contrast, the passage of distilled water resulted in reductions in EC, available P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, boron and manganese concentrations. These soil analysis findings were congruent with the outcomes of the water analysis, affirming the migration of pollutants from the soil to the water medium. Overall, this study underscores the pivotal role played by soil properties in solute transport and the potential for the movement of pollutants between soil and water environments.

The influence of particle size fractions on infiltrability was investigated in soils sampled across Namibia and western South Africa. Infiltrability was determined using a laboratory technique calibrated with rainfall simulation, which measures the passage of a suspension of soil particles through a packed soil column. Water-dispersible soil particle size fractions were determined using a high definition digital laser particle size analyser. Total (calgon-dispersed) particle size fractions were determined by hydrometer. Dispersion of soil particles resulting in crust formation on the soil surface appeared to be a main mechanism reducing infiltrability. Waterdispersible clay and fine silt determined by laser analyser showed higher correlation with infiltrability (r 2 = -0.43 for clay and -0.47 for fine silt) than total clay and fine silt determined by hydrometer (r 2 = -0.30 and -0.28, respectively). Clay, fine silt, coarse silt, very fine sand and fine sand fractions (<120 µm) showed a probable plasmic role in soil crusts. At a content of these fractions > 5% infiltrability was inevitably restrained. The 120-200 µm fraction showed no clear relationship with infiltrability. It played either a plasmic or skeletal role, depending on its ratio to the <120 µm and >200 µm fractions. Fine, medium and coarse sand fractions (>200 µm) showed a probable skeletal role in soil crusts, i.e. forming pores that enhanced infiltrability. At levels >50% of these fractions, infiltrability was potentially maximal. This potentially maximal infiltrability was also explained by the concomitant decrease in plasmic fraction content with an increase of the skeletal fraction.

Reduction of viral surrogates (bacteriophage MS2 and murine norovirus-1 [MNV-1]) and viruses naturally present in wastewater (enteroviruses, adenoviruses, Aichi viruses, reovirus, pepper mild mottle virus) was studied in a long-term experiment simulating soil-aquifer treatment of a non-disinfected secondary treated wastewater effluent blend using a 4.4 m deep saturated soil column (95% sand, 4% silt, 1% clay) with a hydraulic residence time of 15.4 days under predominantly anoxic redox conditions. Water samples were collected over a four-week period from the column inflow and outflow as well as from seven intermediate sampling ports at different depths. Removal of MS2 was 3.5 log 10 over 4.4 m and removal of MNV-1 was 3 log 10 over 0.3 m. Notably, MNV-1 was removed to below detection limit within 0.3 m of soil passage. In secondary treated wastewater effluent, MNV-1 RNA and MS2 RNA degraded at a first-order rate of 0.59 day −1 and 0.12 day −1 , respectively. In 15.4 days, the time to pass the soil column, the RNA-degradation of MS2 would amount to 0.8 log 10, and in one day that of MNV-1 0.3 log 10 implying that attachment of MNV-1 and MS2 to the sandy soil took place. Among the indigenous viruses, genome copies reductions were observed for Aichi virus (4.9 log 10) and for pepper mild mottle virus (4.4 log 10). This study demonstrated that under saturated flow and predominantly anoxic redox conditions MS2 removal was non-linear and could be described well by a power-law relation. Pepper mild mottle virus was removed less than all of the other viruses studied, which substantiates field studies at managed aquifer recharge sites, suggesting it may be a conservative model/tracer for enteric virus transport through soil.

This study aimed to assess the differences of characteristics between the new ferronickel slag generated from the production of nickel and the slag which had been used as a material reclamation. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leaching. Then, the tests of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) are also conducted on the ferronickel slag samples. The results of TCLP test show that the new ferronickel slag samples contain Fe (158, 6775 ppm), Cr (0.64465 ppm), and Pb (0.0219 ppm), and that the ferronickel slag has been used as a reclamation material containing Fe (3.94 ppm) and Cr (2.91 ppm). The result of EDX test shows that the slag sample from the reclamation area contains higher Ni concentration than the new slag sample. Slag that has been used for reclamation contains high SiO2 and Mg2(SiO6). The XRD analysis result shows that the highest elements in the slag are Si and Mg with 18.94% and 15.83% respectively. The dominant mineral in the slag is forsterite (Mg 1.784 FeSiO4 0216) by 41% and the rest is magnesium silicate (Mg2(Si2O6)).

This study aimed to assess the differences of characteristics between the new ferronickel slag generated from the production of nickel and the slag which had been used as a material reclamation. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leaching. Then, the tests of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) are also conducted on the ferronickel slag samples. The results of TCLP test show that the new ferronickel slag samples contain Fe (158, 6775 ppm), Cr (0.64465 ppm), and Pb (0.0219 ppm), and that the ferronickel slag has been used as a reclamation material containing Fe (3.94 ppm) and Cr (2.91 ppm). The result of EDX test shows that the slag sample from the reclamation area contains higher Ni concentration than the new slag sample. Slag that has been used for reclamation contains high SiO2 and Mg2(SiO6). The XRD analysis result shows that the highest elements in the slag are Si and Mg with 18.94% and 15.83% respectively. The dominant mineral in the slag is forsterite (Mg 1.784 FeSiO4 0216) by 41% and the rest is magnesium silicate (Mg2(Si2O6)).

Acute effects of ferronickel slag toxicity on Chlorella vulgaris and Artemia sp. were studied. Tests were conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leached out to the environment. Toxicity tests were also carried out on the organisms with minimum exposure duration of 4 days or until the occurrence of a negative effect. About 400 cells mL-1 of C. vulgaris and 20 individuals of Artemia sp. were used in each of the reactors with media containing slag concentration ranged from 0 to 50%. Results showed that the IC50 (inhibition concentration) value of the percentage of slag (w/v) for C. vulgaris was 5-10%. Slag toxicity test on Artemia showed that LC50 (lethal concentration) for the percentage of slag was also between 5-10%. The study proved beyond doubt the acute effects of the slag at low concentration (10% w/v) as indicated by the inhibition of growth of 60% of the C. vulgaris population and deaths of more than 50% of the Artemia in the reactors. Hence the study suggests wise use of the slag to avoid disturbances to environment and society at large.

Jean laundering generates significant effluent flows with a high organic load, color, and other pollutants, making it difficult to adjust effluent releases within legal limits. Slow Sand Filters (SSF) with downflow were tested for seven days (bench scale), to propose an after-treatment of effluents from an Effluent Treatment Plant of a jean laundry. The research evaluated the removal of the following parameters: color, turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, conductivity, ammonia, total phosphorus and salinity of the textile effluent. The experimental apparatus had four SSF: the first filter was fed with distilled water, while the other three filters (triplicates) were fed with effluent. The filters had, on average, the following removal efficiencies: 91% for ammonia, 61.24% color, 89.43% turbidity, and 83.54% for phosphorus. Regarding the removal of organic matter, 98.11% for BOD and 81.17% for COD, demonstrating that SSFs were efficient in removing particulate, dissolve...

The issue of exchange processes, retention and leaching of ions in soil is far from being completely elucidated, most of the researches being conducted on pure materials and the organic-mineral complexes from soil differs significantly from those. In addition, details of soil nutrients availability rate are unknown, requiring fundamental research studies for each type of soil. In order to study the retention and migration processes it was developed an experiment on epicalcaric chernozem soil from Scânteia, Ialomi a County for a number of cations and anions involved in plant nutrition. The retention and migration in soil of ammonium, nitrate, phosphate and potassium nutrient ions have been experimentally investigated by providing an experimental device that consisted in a series of glass columns filled with 100 g of soil air dried. A solution containing investigated ions, in different doses, was applied in soil by percolation. The soil columns experimental method allows us to determine the equations that describe the availability of nitrogen forms (ammonium and nitrate), phosphorus and potassium based on applied dose of fertilizer. The relation between the content in soil of mineral nitrogen (N-NH 4 + and N-NO 3-), potentially available phosphorus and potassium and applied dose of N, P and K indicate a highly significant correlation. Nutrient retention and leaching simulation processes by applying different doses of chemical fertilizers in soil allowed us to establish the available and accessible quantities, and to obtain the optimal levels of fertilizer required by crops.

Introduction Anthropogenic activities have a high impact on urban areas and lead to severe pollution in large cities. Urban soils are huge &#39;basins&#39; for accumulation of various pollutants. Thus, they also serve as informative media. Therefore, the study of urban soils has developed in recent years. Mashhad is the second metropolitan city in Iran which has more than 3 million residences and over 20 million annual pilgrimage tourists. This city is surrounded by numerous factories and the high growth of urbanization has led to accelerated air pollution. In this research study, new analytical data for heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn) in soil of parks in Mashhad are presented and they are compared with unpolluted non-urban soils. Then, the origin of soil pollution in park soils is discussed by statistical methods and Pb isotope values. Materials and methods The main aim of this work is to focus on the urban areas of Mashhad and study park soil geochemistry. Twenty ...

Sand filters are composed of sand-filled containers with determined granulation and specified thicknesses of pressurized sand layers that work under pressure and they are placed in the center control system after the cyclone and before the grid or disk filter. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between water turbidity and Total suspended solids (TSS). To determine the samples turbidity, they were tested using a spectrophotometer and the percentage of light passing was obtained through each sample separately. The test of determining total suspended solids was also performed. The results of this experiment showed that there is a quadratic equation between the percentage of light passing and total suspended solids, which is presented as the main equation from figure 3, that is more correlated with the data. As can be seen, at 450 nm, there is a higher correlation between the turbidity and the light transmittance and less error.

Background and Objective: In recent years, the management and disposal of municipal waste has become a global problem and the most important environmental concern. Landfill generates a large amount of leachate. Biologically process is considered a potential and cost-effective solution for the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. The aim of research was the biological treatment of landfill leachate using a two-stage anaerobic bioreactor in pilot scale. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed in two anaerobic completely stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with effective volumes of 10 and 30 L at a constant flow rate of 2 L/day and hydraulic retention times of 5 and 15 days under mesophilic conditions. After the start-up period, loading rate was increased from 0.07 to 2.65 kgCOD/m 3 .day. The effluent of the first anaerobic reactor was used as the influent of the second reactor. Physical and chemical analysis were performed based on standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, USA. Results: The results of experiments showed that the most suitable loading is 2.05 kgCOD/m 3 .day, which COD removal efficiency of reactors one, two and the system (total two steps CSTR) were 80, 65.1 and 93 %. In the whole system, BOD removal efficiency was obtained 92%. However, the NH4-N and alkalinity in the two anaerobic reactors were increased to 39 and 14.9%. The maximum methane percentage of the first and second reactors were 76 and 80%. Conclusion: Two-stage anaerobic process can be used as the effective process to improve degradability and remove the organic pollutants.

Acute effects of ferronickel slag toxicity on Chlorella vulgaris and Artemia sp. were studied. Tests were conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leached out to the environment. Toxicity tests were also carried out on the organisms with minimum exposure duration of 4 days or until the occurrence of a negative effect. About 400 cells mL-1 of C. vulgaris and 20 individuals of Artemia sp. were used in each of the reactors with media containing slag concentration ranged from 0 to 50%. Results showed that the IC50 (inhibition concentration) value of the percentage of slag (w/v) for C. vulgaris was 5-10%. Slag toxicity test on Artemia showed that LC50 (lethal concentration) for the percentage of slag was also between 5-10%. The study proved beyond doubt the acute effects of the slag at low concentration (10% w/v) as indicated by the inhibition of growth of 60% of the C. vulgaris population and deaths of more than 50% of the Artemia in the reactors. Hence the study suggests wise use of the slag to avoid disturbances to environment and society at large.

Background: The large part of sandy soils in Hungary has unfavorable water management properties. Studies have shown that the sewage sludge compost, due to its high organic content, is suitable for improving structure and water management of these soils. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of the application of sewage sludge compost on physical properties of sandy soil. Materials and Methods: The experiment was established in 2003 at the Research Institute of Nyíregyháza of the University of Debrecen in Hungary to study the utilization of sewage sludge compost in agriculture. In this study, however, the changes of water retention and erodibility of soil were measured for three periods. The soil type of the experiment is Arenosol (Dystric Lamellic Arenosol). The applied compost contained sewage sludge of 40%, straw of 25%, bentonite of 5% and rhyolite of 30%. The compost is applied every 3 year in the following amounts: 0, 9, 18 and 27 Mg ha of dry matter. Results: The ...

Background: Evolution of fate, transfer, distribution and transportation of pollution waste liquid (leachate), is one of the most important problems in urban community and environment. On the other hand, soil has complex biological, physical and chemical properties; therefore, soil characteristics are considered as a natural filtering for much type of pollutants.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, an experiment in polyethylene columns in the five period over 20 days with in a completely randomized design to evaluate the rate of change of many important parameters such as acidity, salinity, total nitrogen and refined nickel in leachate soil columns, with different textures of soils (loam, clay loam and sandy loam), were implemented. The amount of leachate has been applied, considering the volume of leachate collected from the waste storage in the area of Agh Ghala landfill, with water content calculated based on the rate of 10-year area was considered and in intermittent flood conditions to the soil columns, were added.
Results: The average amount of pH value decreased with time and use more applied leachate anaerobic landfill in all three soil textures; however, this change was especially obvious in clay loam soil. The average quantity of EC in loam soil texture increased, but decreased in other soil textures, therefore, the downward movement in clay loam soils was more intensity than the other soils. The mean values of total nitrogen in the soil drainage in clay loam and loam reduced; however, in sandy loam soils increased. The average change regarding soil nickel values in clay loam decreased and in sandy loam and loam soil texture increased, however providing that there is no statistically significance.
Conclusion: Although the application of latex on the amount of each of the desired parameters (such as nickel in loam and sandy loam, EC in loam and sandy loam soil and total nitrogen in sandy loam) increased in water drainage of leachate anaerobic landfill of Agh ghala, however, soil played an important role to improve the quality of leachate. The results confirmed it when the mean values of salinity and acidity in clay loam and sandy loam soils, nickel in sandy loam soil and total nitrogen in clay loam and loam decreased in output leachate anaerobic landfill than the input. Consequently, it seems the effect of clay loam soil in reducing parameter (Ec, pH, N and Ni) were higher and had more effective role in improve the quality of leachate.

Background and objectives: The study of adsorption/desorption process for heavy metals in soil and the evaluation of how these are transferred or accumulated or what happens to them in layers of soil is an important issue, that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Ability of accumulated metal transfer in layers of soil, because of surface water infiltration, precipitation and even infiltration of municipal and industrial wastewater in soil on one hand, and desorption of metals from soil as solution and their transfer and percolation into groundwater, which causes groundwater pollution, on the other hand are among other reasons which add to the importance of these types of research. Flow of raw wastewater in layers of soil due to adsorption/desorption process leads to transport of metals in soil column. This research was carried out as field operations, the aim of which was to assess desorption process for metals Ni, Zn and Pb that exist in soil in Semnan industrial region due to raw wastewater infiltration that are released from soil.
Materials and methods: After the region raw wastewater infiltration, changes of concentration of metals in soil layers were measured and a statistical assessment was carried out with data, then for infiltration of wastewater to be applied in soil a pit was excavated. Soil sampling from the lower layers of the infiltration pit was done and Samples depth was from 20 to 300 cm in different layers. Before infiltration of wastewater, samples from the lower depths of the infiltration pit was obtained and used for determining the initial concentration in the soil layers (pre-infiltration) and after infiltration of wastewater, amount of heavy metals concentrations in the same depths are considered as post-infiltration data. A statistical assessment was carried out for evaluating the effect of desorption process (a paired-samples T-test is used for comparison of means) for each metal in the total soil column. This assessment was conducted by using statistical package SPSS18.
Results: The results indicate that, displacement in the center of mass happens from the top to the lower layers for the three metals. The statistical assessment indicated in this soil column, desorption process of Ni from soil to wastewater solution was effective, but for metals Zn and Pb was not. Transport ratio was calculated and for Ni, Zn and Pb were 136, 21 and 10, respectively. Dissolved concentration was calculated for Ni, Zn and Pb at the end of soil column were 4.07, 1.95 and 1.25 (ppm), respectively.
Conclusion: wastewater infiltration leads to transfer of all of metals towards more depths in soil column. Ni percolates into the groundwater much faster than other metals. The order obtained from metals affected by desorption process and amount of percolation into ground water was Ni>Zn>Pb.

This work analyzed water leached from soil treated with leachate from plant biomass ash. The ash was generated by industrial boilers used in the pulp and paper industry. Experiments were carried out in columns filled with soil, and the ash was then added to the soil to simulate field conditions. The ash was applied at 30 and 60 tons per hectare rate. The simulated rainwater was prepared for three scenarios: pH 3.0, 6.5 and 8.0. Each leaching experiment simulated an annual precipitation of 2,045 mm. The results showed that the parameter that demands more attention is aluminum concentration. In this context, in acidic conditions (pH 3.0) and with a significant amount of ash added (60 tons per hectare), the level of aluminum may reach the maximum level for drinking water. Despite the potential impact of aluminum, the use of ash from plant biomass in soil for agricultural purposes may serve as an alternative strategy for disposal of this waste.

Ferronickel slag (FNS) is solid byproducts from ferronickel smelter. It has been used in construction fields as compaction material in road construction and concrete construction. This study aims to characterize the ferronickel slag physical, chemical and leaching potential, identify the soil properties in the study area, and the chromium content in the leachate by conducting leaching test through soil columns in the laboratory. Methods used in this study were TCLP, X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction. Soil samples were taken from three locations, i.e. settlement area, plantation area, and harbor area and the ferronickel slag samples from the stockpile nearby the ferronickel plant in Pomalaa District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that in the soil surface of settlement and plantation area, the correlation between leaching time and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn) concentration are positive strong – very strong, while soil from harbor area showed negative strong – very strong correlation. The soil from settlement and plantation area are able to adsorb and retain the heavy metals at the surface, making it more suitable to use the ferronickel slag as compaction material for road construction than the soil from harbor area.

Ferronickel slag (FNS) is solid byproducts from ferronickel smelter. It has been used in construction fields as compaction material in road construction and concrete construction. This study aims to characterize the ferronickel slag physical, chemical and leaching potential, identify the soil properties in the study area, and the chromium content in the leachate by conducting leaching test through soil columns in the laboratory. Methods used in this study were TCLP, X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Dif raction. Soil samples were taken from three locations, i.e. settlement area, plantation area, and harbor area and the ferronickel slag samples from the stockpile nearby the ferronickel plant in Pomalaa District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that in the soil surface of settlement and plantation area, the correlation between leaching time and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn) concentration are positive strong – very strong, while soil from harbor area showed negative strong – very strong correlation. The soil from settlement and plantation area are able to adsorb and retain the heavy metals at the surface, making it more suitable to use the ferronickel slag as compaction material for road construction than the soil from harbor area

Ferronickel slag (FNS) is solid byproducts from ferronickel smelter. It has been used in construction fields as compaction material in road construction and concrete construction. This study aims to characterize the ferronickel slag physical, chemical and leaching potential, identify the soil properties in the study area, and the chromium content in the leachate by conducting leaching test through soil columns in the laboratory. Methods used in this study were TCLP, X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction. Soil samples were taken from three locations, i.e. settlement area, plantation area, and harbor area and the ferronickel slag samples from the stockpile nearby the ferronickel plant in Pomalaa District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed that in the soil surface of settlement and plantation area, the correlation between leaching time and heavy metals (Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn) concentration are positive strong – very strong, while soil from harbor area showed negative strong – very strong correlation. The soil from settlement and plantation area are able to adsorb and retain the heavy metals at the surface, making it more suitable to use the ferronickel slag as compaction material for road construction than the soil from harbor area.

Jean laundering generates significant effluent flows with a high organic load, color, and other pollutants, making it difficult to adjust effluent releases within legal limits. Slow Sand Filters (SSF) with downflow were tested for seven days (bench scale), to propose an after-treatment of effluents from an Effluent Treatment Plant of a jean laundry. The research evaluated the removal of the following parameters: color, turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, conductivity, ammonia, total phosphorus and salinity of the textile effluent. The experimental apparatus had four SSF: the first filter was fed with distilled water, while the other three filters (triplicates) were fed with effluent. The filters had, on average, the following removal efficiencies: 91% for ammonia, 61.24% color, 89.43% turbidity, and 83.54% for phosphorus. Regarding the removal of organic matter, 98.11% for BOD and 81.17% for COD, demonstrating that SSFs were efficient in removing particulate, dissolved materials and organic matter.

Acute effects of ferronickel slag toxicity on Chlorella vulgaris and Artemia sp. were studied. Tests were conducted on ferronickel slag to determine the concentration of heavy metals leached out to the environment. Toxicity tests were also carried out on the organisms with minimum exposure duration of 4 days or until the occurrence of a negative effect. About 400 cells mL-1 of C. vulgaris and 20 individuals of Artemia sp. were used in each of the reactors with media containing slag concentration ranged from 0 to 50%. Results showed that the IC50 (inhibition concentration) value of the percentage of slag (w/v) for C. vulgaris was 5-10%. Slag toxicity test on Artemia showed that LC50 (lethal concentration) for the percentage of slag was also between 5-10%. The study proved beyond doubt the acute effects of the slag at low concentration (10% w/v) as indicated by the inhibition of growth of 60% of the C. vulgaris population and deaths of more than 50% of the Artemia in the reactors. Hence the study suggests wise use of the slag to avoid disturbances to environment and society at large.