pregnancy risk

South African children's long-term health and well-being is jeopardized during their mothers' pregnancies by the intersecting epidemics of HIV, alcohol use, low birth weight (LBW; <2500 grams) related to poor nutrition, and depressed mood. This research examines these overlapping risk factors among 1145 pregnant Xhosa women living in 24 township neighborhoods in Cape Town, South Africa. Results revealed that 66% of pregnant women experienced at least one risk factor. In descending order of prevalence, 37% reported depressed mood; 29% were HIV+; 25% used alcohol prior to knowing that they were pregnant; and 15% had a previous childbirth with a LBW infant. Approximately 27% percent of women had more than one risk factor: depressed mood was significantly associated with alcohol use and LBW, with a trend to significance with HIV+. In addition, alcohol use was significantly related to HIV+. These results suggest the importance of intervening across multiple risks to maternal and child health, and particularly with depression and alcohol use, to positively impact multiple maternal and infant outcomes.

Our vision of maternal death in childbed is conditioned by sources which foreground vicissitudes in the lives of aristocrats.

Where testimonies deal with commoners, death seems to be much less frequent than could be expected.  Possible reasons for this divergence between the spheres of the nobles and commoners will be discussed in this study. Moreover, it raises the question of the impact of epidemies and diseases on the course of pregnancy and birth.

The effectiveness of physical activity (PA) programs for prevention of gestational diabetes (GDM) lacks conclusive evidence. The aim of this study was to generate clear evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical activity programs in GDM prevention to guide clinical practice. Methods: PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched to identify the randomized trials (RCTs) published until June 2019. Randomised controlled trials enrolling women at high risk before the 20th week of gestation comparing the effect of PA interventions with usual care for prevention of GDM were retrieved. Data obtained were synthesised using a bias-adjusted model of meta-analysis. Results: A total of 1467 adult women in 11 eligible trials were included. The risk of GDM was significantly lower with PA, but only when it was delivered in the healthcare facility (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38-0.74). The number needed to treat with PA in pregnancy (compared to usual care) to prevent one GDM event was 18 (95% CI 14-29). The overall effect of PA interventions regardless of location of the intervention was RR 0.69 (95% CI 0.51-0.94). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that in-facility physical activity programs started before the 20th week of gestation can significantly decrease the incidence of GDM among women at high risk.

The effectiveness of physical activity (PA) programs for prevention of gestational diabetes (GDM) lacks conclusive evidence. The aim of this study was to generate clear evidence regarding the effectiveness of physical activity programs in GDM prevention to guide clinical practice. Methods: PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched to identify the randomized trials (RCTs) published until June 2019. Randomised controlled trials enrolling women at high risk before the 20th week of gestation comparing the effect of PA interventions with usual care for prevention of GDM were retrieved. Data obtained were synthesised using a bias-adjusted model of meta-analysis. Results: A total of 1467 adult women in 11 eligible trials were included. The risk of GDM was significantly lower with PA, but only when it was delivered in the healthcare facility (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38-0.74). The number needed to treat with PA in pregnancy (compared to usual care) to prevent one GDM event was 18 (95% CI 14-29). The overall effect of PA interventions regardless of location of the intervention was RR 0.69 (95% CI 0.51-0.94). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that in-facility physical activity programs started before the 20th week of gestation can significantly decrease the incidence of GDM among women at high risk.

The aims of the study were to describe the sociodemographic determinants, breastfeeding- and sexual life-related predictive factors of contraceptive use at 6-8 weeks postpartum. A prospective, web-based questionnaire survey was carried out by distributing an access code to women immediately after delivery at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, the University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary, between 1 September 2013 and 1 May 2015. In total, 1875 women were invited to participate in the study, 632 of whom refused or were excluded and 644 were not sexually active. The remaining sexually active women (n = 599) completed the questionnaire. At 6-8 weeks postpartum, 22.5% were using an effective contraceptive method and 40.2% were relying on lactational amenorrhoea (LAM). We found a significant direct association between the educational level of a woman&#39;s partner and her use of an effective contraceptive method (p &lt; .001) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.9) or LAM (AOR: 1.49). Us...

This study was conducted among 500 exclusively breast-feeding women in Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to assess the pattern of resumption of menstruation, identify the determinants of variations in the resumption of menstruation and determine the proportion of women at risk of pregnancy. Quantitative data was collected using semistructured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS (version 20). Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses done. Chi-Square were used where appropriate. P value was set at &lt; 0.05 Four sessions of Focus Group Discussion were held. Results showed that 50 % were sexually active 125 (25%) were using Modern Contraceptive which included Condom (75); IUCD (25); Injectables (25); Implanon (10). Majority relied on Lactational amenorrhea method 375 (75%). Unplanned Pregnancy occurred among those 4 women not on contraception. Three-quarter of the primiparous wo...

Background: Routine follow-up is recommended for safe and effective use of contraception in healthy women. However, it has been
observed, that a large proportion of acceptors never return to the clinic for follow-up.
Objective: To investigate this problem, this study sought to determine the rate and factors associated with Lost to follow-up (LFU)
among acceptors of modern contraceptives at a family planning clinic in a tertiary hospital.
Methodology: This was a retrospective descriptive study of All women who initiated a modern contraceptive method between 1st
January 2014 and 31st December 2018, that were lost to follow-up. Data were retrieved from the hospital records and case notes of all
the women using a proforma data sheet. Information on maternal age, parity, educational status, contraceptive use intention (spacing
or limiting) and method chosen were retrieved. Data were entered into Excel sheet and analyzed with SPSS version 20. Chi-square
test and Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables were used for bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression was applied to
test for significant association with P-values of < 0.05 taken as significant.
Results: There were 168 LFU acceptors (of 517 total acceptors) during the five-year study period giving a LFU rate of 32.5%. The
Mean age of the LFU acceptors ± SD was 34.36 ± 5.28 years and median parity was Para 3. Majority 103 (61.3%) accepted Implants
followed by the IUDs in 64 (38.1%). Majority 105 (62.5%) initiated contraception for completed family size. Significantly more LFU
acceptors were using contraception for completed family size than for child spacing compared to those who continued follow-up.
There was significant association between LFU acceptors with age (P = 0.001) and education (P = 0.047), but not with parity (P =
0.259). However, following logistic regression analysis, only age remained statistically significant (P = 0.002). Women > 30 years of
age were almost twice as likely to be LFU than those below ≤ 30 years.
Conclusion: The LFU rate of 32.5% in this study is unacceptably high. Older women over 30 years using contraception for completed
family size were more likely to be lost to follow-up. There is need to identify means of reducing LFU. Recording contact details such as
e-mail and cell phone numbers can assist in follow-up with women who do not keep appointments. Improved participant retention
will improve validity of programs and allows for important clinical outcomes, such as pregnancy, to be assessed.

Hormonal changes during pregnancy accompanied by local factors such as plaque or calculus will cause enlargement
or inflammation of the gums. Oral diseases that occur during pregnancy are not solely influenced by the pregnancy itself but also by the
knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of the pregnant mother. Objective: to know the description of knowledge and attitudes of dental and oral
health maintenance in pregnant women visiting Obstetrics and Gyneclogy Polyclinic at Pertamina Jakarta Central Hospital. Method: This
study used a descriptive method with a sample of 30 respondents. The data used are primary data taken by giving questionnaires. Results: From
the research results obtained by respondents with primipara parity totaling 11 people (36.7%) and multipara parity totaling 19 people (63.3%).
Respondents have good knowledge of 25 people (83.3%) and moderate knowledge of 5 people (16.7%). Respondents had good attitudes
amounted to 19 people (63.3%) and moderate attitudes amounted to 11 people (36.7%). Conclusion: The majority of pregnant woman patients
who visited Obstetrics and Gyneclogy Polyclinic at Pertamina Central Hospital with multipara parity and had good knowledge and attitude
criteria regarding maintenance of dental and oral health.

This study was conducted among 500 exclusively breast-feeding women in Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to assess the pattern of resumption of menstruation, identify the determinants of variations in the resumption of menstruation and determine the proportion of women at risk of pregnancy. Quantitative data was collected using semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS (version 20). Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses done. Chi-Square were used where appropriate. P value was set at < 0.05 Four sessions of Focus Group Discussion were held. Results showed that 50 % were sexually active 125 (25%) were using Modern Contraceptive which included Condom (75); IUCD (25); Injectables (25); Implanon (10). Majority relied on Lactational amenorrhea method 375 (75%). Unplanned Pregnancy occurred among those 4 women not on contraception. Three-quarter of the primiparous women breastfed their babies every 2-3 hours day and night. Majority of multiparous women breast feed mostly on demand. Only increasing age and parity is positively associated with early resumption of menses. In conclusion increasing age and increasing parity increases risks of early menstrual resumption.

A gender gap exists in biomedical research because more Caucasian men take part than women. As a result, recommended dosages are based on the male physiology with the risks to women unknown. The symptoms, severity, prevalence and age of onset of many diseases may be different in men. Warning signs, and adverse effects may also be different in women and the number of women who have Adverse Events from taking male based recommended dosages is unknown. The gender gap may contribute to medication errors which cause an increasingly large amount of deaths each year. Although women participants are needed and mandated, they may be underrepresented because of child-bearing age and its fluctuating hormones. The possible long-term effect of study drugs on women's gonads is unknown. Women may have a knowledge gap that needs to be bridged as they may not be aware of biomedical medicine research, are unfamiliar with the terms being used to describe the topic, and when faced with multiple therapeutic options, may worry about making informed decisions. Shareholders and women benefit when the gender gap is decreased, safety and efficacy is increased and the result of research become more generalizable. This study investigated perception barriers to participation in Clinical Trials of the women of Liberty City who were 94% African-American, were contrasted with the women of Coral Gables who were 90% Latin-American. This study has never been done before and investigates the barriers that prevent women who are ambulatory patients, from participating in clinical studies.

Background: Literature has shown that quality of care received may or may not improve the outcome of care during emergency situations. However, in Nigeria, there is dearth of data as regards the perception of emergency nursing care among adult patients. Aim: The study examined adult patients' perception of emergency nursing care in southwestern Nigeria Methodology: Descriptive design was used among 428 patients using purposive sampling technique. University College Hospital, Ibadan and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology teaching Hospital Ogbomoso were the study settings. A modified Consumer Quality Index for accident and emergency department was used for data collection. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi square test and multiple regressions. Result: Generally, 67% of the patients perceived the emergency nursing care in the selected hospitals as unsatisfactory (negative perception). However, the 18.5% of the patients exhibited positive or satisfactory perception'. Conclusion: Patients perceived emergency nursing care as important but unsatisfactory. Therefore nurses need to do their best in delivering emergency care to improve survival rate and quality of life.