phenomenological theory

Bahrain, a longstanding tourist destination in the Gulf region, has seen its economy benefit significantly from tourism. However, the improper development of tourism has led to negative impacts on urban tourism in historic areas, risking the loss of authenticity. This study aims to explore factors influencing the development of tourism strategies in Muharraq city, focusing on residents' perceptions. A qualitative approach was used, including a comprehensive literature review, interviews with residents to capture their views on tourism-related issues, and a self-administered questionnaire with key officials and stakeholders. The study identifies critical factors affecting tourism development and offers recommendations for enhancing cultural tourism in Muharraq. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to create sustainable strategies that balance economic growth with cultural preservation, ensuring that Muharraq remains a culturally vibrant city while promoting sustainable urban tourism. This research contributes to the broader field of urban tourism studies by highlighting the importance of local perceptions and participatory approaches in shaping effective tourism policies. By addressing key elements that influence tourism development, the study supports the creation of strategies that safeguard heritage while fostering sustainable growth in one of Bahrain's most culturally significant cities.

This study examines users’ socio-spatial behaviour in promoting sustainable retail district projects in Bahrain. It evaluates how customer behaviour and movement impact the social sustainability of contemporary open-space shopping districts. By employing qualitative methods such as questionnaires, on-site observations, and expert interviews, this study investigates factors influencing consumer preferences and attractions to shopping districts. Findings reveal that the vitality of shopping districts is closely linked to meeting users’ needs, which fosters social sustainability. The study identifies key elements for a framework that can integrate social sustainability measures into shopping district designs. This framework aims to support stakeholders and designers in planning sustainable commercial projects in Bahrain, ensuring long-term success and vitality. Research highlights the importance of considering socio-spatial interactions in retail environments to enhance livability and user experience. By understanding these dynamics, designers can create retail districts that not only attract consumers but also contribute to the well-being and sustainability of the community. Insights gained from this study can guide the development of future retail projects, emphasizing the significance of socio-spatial behaviour in achieving sustainable urban design and planning.

Patients complain that doctors and nurses do not listen, and therefore a need to develop the patient encounter is at hand. Phenomenological theory has opened new ways to develop professional competence. If the idea holds that we express our understanding about our work through our actions, a change in understanding might further develop professional competence. This idea offers a new way to develop competence in diabetes health care service. The aim of this study was to map health care professionals' understanding of the patient encounter before and after an educational intervention that focused the way the health care professional experienced the encounter, and to describe how their understanding changed. Two general practitioners and two diabetes nurses participated. They were interviewed before and after the intervention. The intervention comprised 4-5 sessions during which they together with a tutor reviewed their videotaped consultations with different persons with diabetes. The tutors' role was to make interventions that could alter the persons understanding of the diabetes consultation through questioning. The interviews were analysed using phenomenographic method. The results show that the professionals changed their ways of experiencing the encounter after the intervention. They started to question their way of working, focused the patient's learning process and became interested in how to stimulate it.

Wave energy converters (WECs) range significantly in respect of concepts, technologies and design maturation, with the majority of devices at an early commercial stage. To date, most large scale deployments have been conducted with a single WEC. However, there is a necessity to expand these to 'arrays' or 'farms' in the future in order to reduce both installation and maintenance cost per unit as well as harnessing maximum energy at a given site. There are complex hydrodynamic and environmental implications which require consideration when moving from a single device installation to an array of devices.

Wave energy converters (WECs) range significantly in respect of concepts, technologies and design maturation, with the majority of devices at an early commercial stage. To date, most large scale deployments have been conducted with a single WEC. However, there is a necessity to expand these to 'arrays' or 'farms' in the future in order to reduce both installation and maintenance cost per unit as well as harnessing maximum energy at a given site. There are complex hydrodynamic and environmental implications which require consideration when moving from a single device installation to an array of devices.

Negative capacitance in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations in an atomistic effective Hamiltonian model, using fluctuation formulas for responses to the local macroscopic field that incorporates depolarizing fields. We show epitaxial strain can tune the negative capacitance of the BaTiO3 ferroelectric layer and the overall capacitance of the system over a broad temperature range. In addition, we predict and explain an original switching of the negative capacitance from the BaTiO3 layer to the SrTiO3 layer at low temperatures for intermediate strains. Our results indicate how the diffusive character of the multidomain transition in these superlattices improves their viability for capacitance applications.

With the rise in operational parameters, structural elements within power plants are exposed to heightened temperatures and pressures, reaching levels conducive to creep. This phenomenon poses the risk of component failure and fracture. Over the preceding decades, substantial efforts have been dedicated to comprehending the fundamental mechanisms of creep. Significantly, there has been a focus on predicting the lifespan of equipment to ensure safety and reliability in plant operations. This article introduces a modified model, building upon the Norton-Bailey and KachanovRabotnov constitutive models, aiming to comprehensively characterize all three stages of creep (primary, secondary, and tertiary) specifically for stainless steel material. The proposed model undergoes numerical calculations to simulate damage development in thin-hole steel plates. Special attention is given to the influence of specimen dimensions and stress on damage evolution. The outcomes of the study reveal the efficacy of the novel model in generating complete creep curves for various materials, emphasizing the notable impact of stress on creep behavior and damage progression. Sensitivity studies, employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), are conducted to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the new creep model data in comparison to established models. The objective of these sensitivity studies is to assess the significant contributions of various factors to the target response strain in this specific case study.

The constitution of spatial perception. Phenomenological and experimental approaches. The aim of this article is to set up a reciprocal relationship between a scientific study of perception, and phenomenology as a philosophical method. The domain chosen for this exercise is the constitution of spatiality, and in particular spatial depth. After recalling the question of depth as it is presented in The phenomology of perception by Merleau-Ponty, we present an original experimental study based on a sensory substitution device. This study, which is based on an approach to perception as the extraction of sensory-motor loops, is carried out following two successive points of view : an objective, «third person » perspective, and a «first person » perspective involving a phenomenological analysis of the experience of the subject. The concluding discussion, based on the original phenomenological status of tools, proposes the existence of an «asymmetrical reciprocal envelopment » between that...

NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Acta Materialia. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Acta Materialia, 2011, v.

In this work, we consider electrocaloric (EC) device operation at high electric fields E above the temperature Tm of the maximum dielectric permittivity. Here, the EC response is determined by the temperature dependence of dielectric permittivity while dielectric losses are comparably low. We discuss materials selection and EC device concepts. An upper bound of the EC effectindependent on phase transition-is proposed which is based on the maximum energy density storable in a dielectric. Relaxors promising for EC applications are discussed.

An electrocaloric (EC) effect is the temperature change accompanied by the change in electric field intensity of a thermally isolated system. The EC effect is relatively new and a challenging research topic in the field of ferroelectric materials. In principle, the EC effect is analogous to magnetocaloric effect, and the latter utilizes magnetic fields to cool. A notable advantage of EC effect is the ease in generating large electric fields compared to magnetic fields. The EC refrigeration of ferroelectric materials is gaining much interest recently in solid-state cooling applications. The cooling method is often described as a clean, robust and efficient process due to its intriguingly simple design and operation. Moreover, an EC cooling device can be more suitable for special needs in medical appliances, hot spot cooling in integrated circuits due to its compactness and low noise performances.

© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. The temperature behavior of the dielectric properties of PMN-PT has been considered in the framework of phenomenological theory of phase transitions in the systems with defects. The results are presented for the region of the diffuse phase transition, where dynamics of the charge localization on defects affects the dielectric properties. The consideration has been performed on the basis of simple thermodynamic ideas.

Patients complain that doctors and nurses do not listen, and therefore a need to develop the patient encounter is at hand. Phenomenological theory has opened new ways to develop professional competence. If the idea holds that we express our understanding about our work through our actions, a change in understanding might further develop professional competence. This idea offers a new way to develop competence in diabetes health care service. The aim of this study was to map health care professionals' understanding of the patient encounter before and after an educational intervention that focused the way the health care professional experienced the encounter, and to describe how their understanding changed. Two general practitioners and two diabetes nurses participated. They were interviewed before and after the intervention. The intervention comprised 4-5 sessions during which they together with a tutor reviewed their videotaped consultations with different persons with diabetes. The tutors' role was to make interventions that could alter the persons understanding of the diabetes consultation through questioning. The interviews were analysed using phenomenographic method. The results show that the professionals changed their ways of experiencing the encounter after the intervention. They started to question their way of working, focused the patient's learning process and became interested in how to stimulate it.

Lack of understanding of phenomenological theory and sustainable pillars and bodily experience for visitors causes poor design, then a bad feeling of the spaces via their five senses. If so, the complete interaction of users with the quality of such sites will be successful. Moreover, in such schemes, designers try to encourage walkability and staying longer, and enjoy the urban atmosphere in the historical parts of cities. This study aims to achieve sustainable renovation of projects using phenomenological theory when designing historical spaces, streets, squares, and green areas, as a conceptualizing key to the success of such projects. Culture as one of the sustainability pillars is the key limitation of this study. The study used phenomenological theory to analyze the area in renovation projects in the historic district of Manama city, Bab Al Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain. The study analyzed the bodily experiences of users at different times of the day. Furthermore, the results of...

In one space dimension, the phenomenological theory of sedimentation predicts the sedimentation-consolidation behavior of a flocculated suspension in dependence of two constitutive functions describing its material behavior, the solids flux density (or hindered settling function) and the solid effective stress. These functions are assumed to depend only on the local volumetric solids concentration. In this contribution, we review several experimental and theoretical studies of sedimentation in settling columns. We first resume the theories that have been employed to interpret the experimental measurements and then apply the phenomenological model to the available data. The two constitutive functions involved are determined from the published concentration, permeability and effective stress data. The mathematical model is then solved numerically using these functions, and the resulting predictions of settling behavior are compared with the respective authors' experimental findings and interpretations. In one case, the information obtained from a batch settling experiment is used to simulate continuous sedimentation.

In this paper, non-linear elastic pre-buckling and in-plane buckling analysis for a circular shallow concrete arch subjected to a uniformly distributed load and time-varying uniform temperature field is performed. Transient thermal strain and basic creep strain are considered, the latter modelled using a fractional derivative creep law, to investigate the coupling effects of time, temperature and geometric non-linearity on mechanical behaviour and stability boundaries. The first correspondence principle is invoked allowing the problem to be treated elastically and statically, with the non-linear equilibrium equations derived using the principle of virtual work. Numerical solutions to the variable order fractional derivatives are obtained through a finite-difference based discretisation scheme. Results show that the coupling effect between transient thermal strain and geometric non-linearity is significant as it influences pre-buckling behaviour and reduces buckling strength. Basic creep strain is less influential, causing a slight enhancement of the effects of transient thermal strain.

Lack of understanding of phenomenological theory and sustainable pillars and bodily experience for visitors causes poor design, then a bad feeling of the spaces via their five senses. If so, the complete interaction of users with the quality of such sites will be successful. Moreover, in such schemes, designers try to encourage walkability and staying longer, and enjoy the urban atmosphere in the historical parts of cities. This study aims to achieve sustainable renovation of projects using phenomenological theory when designing historical spaces, streets, squares, and green areas, as a conceptualizing key to the success of such projects. Culture as one of the sustainability pillars is the key limitation of this study. The study used phenomenological theory to analyze the area in renovation projects in the historic district of Manama city, Bab Al Bahrain, Kingdom of Bahrain. The study analyzed the bodily experiences of users at different times of the day. Furthermore, the results of this study illustrated the distraction between users and heritage places if designers ignore the five senses of users for such areas.

Knowledge of particle concentration is of extreme importance for the settling phenomenon. For well-diluted suspensions the solids concentration can be measured by sampling techniques. However, the use of such a technique for more concentrated suspension does not lead to good results. Knowledge of concentration distribution in sediments formed by decantation of aqueous suspensions inside a vertical vessel is fundamental for the evaluation of performance of some pieces of equipment such as continuous thickeners. In this work, the phenomenon of batch settling of aqueous suspensions of calcium carbonate was studied by using a nondestructive technique based upon the measurement of gamma-ray attenuation when the radiation beam goes through the physical medium as a function of the local concentration in several vertical positions of the vessel, and the sampling of suspension by aliquots is not necessary. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the use of gammaray attenuation techniq...

Nous établissons une théorie d'échelle des réseaux généraux de polymères, dans de bons solvants, en volume et en milieu semi-infini, en utilisant l'équivalence entre la fonction génératrice du nombre total de configurations et la fonction de corrélation à plusieurs spins du modèle de Heisenberg classique à n composantes dans la limite n ~ 0. Dans le cas de réseaux de polymères à topologie fixée G, composés de f chaînes linéaires de longueur f, le nombre total de configurations se comporte, pour f grand, comme Ng(l, l, ..., l) ~ l03B3g-103BClf. L'exposant 03B3g peut s'exprimer entièrement en terme des exposants y (f) et 03B3s(f) des polymères étoilés (libres et à centre fixé) à f branches. Quand les g des f branches du polymère étoilé sont attachés à une surface par leurs extrémités, les exposants 03B3g ~ 03B311 ... 1 (f) sont donnés en terme de ceux des polymères étoilés à f branches et des exposants des chaînes linéaires 03B311 ...1 (f) = 03B3 (f) + 03BD + g [03B3 11-03B31]. De plus, l'exposant 03B3g pour les polymères en forme de peigne (avec g unités trifonctionnelles) se réduit à une combinaison linéaire des polymères étoilés à 3 branches, y (3), et de l'exposant du nombre de configurations des chaines linéaires, 03B3 : 03B3comb (g) = 03B3 + g [03B3(3)-03B3 ]. Les exposants de polymères étoilés 03B3 (f), 03B3s(f) et 03B311...1 (f) sont calculés dans la théorie du champ moyen et dans le développement en 03B5.

This paper examines the use of an interaction coefficient to couple sedimentation and consolidation phenomena with the conventional finite strain consolidation theory. A specific continuous interaction function was implemented and the resulted model was examined. The model was found to able to capture proper sedimentation-consolidation features. It was also determined that the structural and maximum suspension void ratios are the major factors controlling the shape of the void ratio profile. The model was compared with experimental data and other numerical models and qualitatively good agreement was obtained.

A class of phenomenological strain gradient plasticity theories is formulated to accommodate more than one material length parameter. The objective is a generalization of the classical J2 ow theory of plasticity to account for strain gradient e ects that emerge in deformation phenomena at the micron scale. A special case involves a single length parameter and is of similar form to that proposed by Aifantis and co-workers. Distinct computational advantages are associated with this class of theories that make them attractive for applications requiring the generation of numerical solutions. The higher-order nature of the theories is emphasized, involving both higher-order stresses and additional boundary conditions. Competing members in the class of theories will be examined in light of experimental data on wire torsion, sheet bending, indentation and other micron scale plasticity phenomena. The data strongly suggest that at least two distinct material length parameters must be introduced in any phenomenological gradient plasticity theory, one parameter characterizing problems for which stretch gradients are dominant and the other relevant to problems when rotation gradients (or shearing gradients) are controlling. Flow and deformation theory versions of the theory are highlighted that can accommodate multiple length parameters. Examination of several basic problems reveals that the new formulations predict quantitatively similar plastic behavior to the theory proposed earlier by the present authors. The new formulations improve on the earlier theory in the manner in which elastic and plastic strains are decomposed and in the representation of behavior in the elastic range.

A phenomenological approach for construction theoretical phase diagrams with multiple phase transitions including incommensurate transitions is developed for the case when a special triple point, a Lifshitz-type point, is assumed to be present in the experimental diagram for {N(CH 3) 4 } 2 ZnCl 4 crystal family. The theoretical temperature-pressure phase diagram for {N(CH 3) 4 } 2 ZnCl 4 is plotted and is found to be in agreement with the experimental phase diagram. The approximations and assumptions made in the construction of the diagrams are discussed.

About a decade and a half ago, research on fluid mechanical aspects of settling suspensions entered a phase of significant growth. Several seminal contributions that were published during a couple of years opened up new routes to successful research. As the field is one of both scientific and technological importance, it is certainly a good idea to sum up what has been done. This intention is well fulfilled by the book by Professor M. Ungarish, who has himself made several important contributions to this subject. One of the main themes of the book is to clarify the sometimes very profound differences between settling due to gravity and that due to a centrifugal force field. The primary reason for these differences is that in most settling devices used in industry, the rather passive settling process itself is accompanied by a buoyancy-driven motion due to the difference in specific weight between suspension and clear fluid. Thus, effects of the Coriolis force will almost always lead to completely different behaviour of settling suspensions in non-rotating and rotating vessels. It may be worth pointing out that the main title of the book is slightly misleading. In its present form, the title does not indicate that by far the most thoroughly discussed class of phenomena is related to settling. This may give the impression that, for example, mechanical properties of suspensions, which is probably an even larger field than that discussed in the book, are also taken up. In the book, the latter aspect of the hydrodynamics of suspensions is discussed very briefly, which per se, is not a shortcoming. The book is well written and edited. The style is vivid and enthusiastic. The mathematics is presented in a consistent way and usually supplemented by pedagogically well formulated explanations in mechanical terms. The level aimed at is high and the author has taken great care to not only derive but also explain, in detail, many of the seminal contributions to the subject. However, even though this is all well done, it makes the book a bit heavy to read. As an example, in several chapters, certain problems are examined by using two different models for the mechanical properties of the suspension. In all cases, the results are very similar. Detailed analysis using one of the models only and a brief summary of results from the other one would, in the reviewer's opinion, have been sufficient. Even though most of the contributions to the field that are dealt with in the book are theoretical results, there are some experimental investigations reported on in the literature as well. Some of these experimental results are presented in the text, including some interesting photographs. But the inclusion of more experimental results would have given the book a better balance between theory and experimental verification. After reading this book, the present reviewer gets the impression that the theory of settling two-phase flows lacks experimental verification to an extent that is not always admitted. A short but illustrative account of various general aspects of settling is given in chapter 1. Theoretical arguments are supported by numerical examples. Chapter 2, which is entitled ' Physico-mathematical formulation', deals with the

The electrocaloric (EC) effect is promising in realizing solid state refrigeration, which requires EC materials possessing pronounced pyroelectric effect over a broad temperature range. Pauli's master equation is adopted to investigate the recently observed phenomenon of enhanced EC effect above Curie temperature in relaxor ferroelectrics. The proposed approach allows the EC coefficient to be determined within the framework of classic Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire thermodynamics and Maxwell relation, taking into accounts both depolarization and dielectric permittivity dispersion based on the concept of superparaelectricity and nanopolar region. We analyze three contributions of the EC effect: temperature-dependent dielectric dispersion, intrinsic pyroelectric effect and enhanced dielectric stiffness. The maximum EC coefficient is determined through the derivatives of the three components with respect to temperature. The proposed approach, in which the evolution of polarization correlation length is accounted for, not only can provide a microscopic explanation for the thermal-driven enhancement of EC responses, it also improves upon the existing models for estimating the EC effect in paraelectric phase of relaxors. Finally, some potential approaches for engineering the enhancement of EC coefficient are also suggested.

In this contribution we show how the phenomenological theory of sedimentation-consolidation processes can be extended to the presence of centrifugal field. The modelling starts from the basic mass and linear momentum balances for the solid and liquid phase, which are referred to a rotating frame of reference. These equations are specified for flocculated suspensions by constitutive assumptions that are similar to that of the pure gravity case. The neglection of the influence of the gravitational relative to the centrifugal field and of Coriolis terms leads to one scalar hyperbolicparabolic partial differential equation for the solids concentration distribution as a function of radius and time. Both cases of a rotating tube and of a rotating axisymmetric vessel are included. A numerical algorithm to solve this equation is presented and employed to calculate numerical examples of the dynamic behaviour of a flocculated suspension in a sedimenting centrifuge. The phenomenological model is appropriately embedded into the existing theories of kinematic Ž. centrifugation processes of ideal non-flocculated suspensions.

In this contribution we show how the phenomenological theory of sedimentation-consolidation processes can be extended to the presence of centrifugal field. The modelling starts from the basic mass and linear momentum balances for the solid and liquid phase, which are referred to a rotating frame of reference. These equations are specified for flocculated suspensions by constitutive assumptions that are similar to that of the pure gravity case. The neglection of the influence of the gravitational relative to the centrifugal field and of Coriolis terms leads to one scalar hyperbolicparabolic partial differential equation for the solids concentration distribution as a function of radius and time. Both cases of a rotating tube and of a rotating axisymmetric vessel are included. A numerical algorithm to solve this equation is presented and employed to calculate numerical examples of the dynamic behaviour of a flocculated suspension in a sedimenting centrifuge. The phenomenological model is appropriately embedded into the existing theories of kinematic Ž. centrifugation processes of ideal non-flocculated suspensions.

Using Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory and effective medium approximation, we analytically calculate typical dependences of the pyroelectric and electrocaloric coefficients on external electric field, temperature and radius for spherical single-domain ferroelectric nanoparticles. The considered physical model corresponds to the nanocomposite with small fraction of ferroelectric nanoparticles.

Ingenieurwerkstoffe neigen bei erh€ o ohten Temperaturen zus€ a atzlich zum elastischen Verhalten zum Kriechen oder, mit anderen Worten, man kann neben einer spontanen Werkstoffreaktion auch eine zeitabh€ a angige beobachten. Unter Ber€ u ucksichtigung der wachsenden Sicherheitsanforderungen f€ u ur Kraftwerke, Flugzeugkomponenten, chemischen Anlagen usw. ist das zeitabh€ a angige Werkstoffverhalten in den Konstruktionsprozess einzubeziehen. Zahlreiche Bauteile, die unter Kriechbedingungen eingesetzt werden, k€ o onnen als d€ u unnwandig klassifiziert werden. Ihre Analyse ist dann mit drei Problemen verbunden: mit der Auswahl eines geeigneten Werkstoffmodells, mit der Auswahl eines ad€ a aquaten strukturmechanischen Modells und mit der Auswahl eines geeigneten numerischen L€ o osungsverfahrens. Dabei besteht eine enge Verbindung zwischen den drei Problemen. Beispielsweise hat die Auswahl des strukturmechanischen Modells (Balken, Platte, Schale usw.) signifikanten Einfluss auf den numerischen Aufwand. Andererseits wird die Berechnungsgenauigkeit durch das Materialverhaltensmodell beeinflusst, wenn verschiedene Effekte einbezogen oder vernachl€ a assigt werden. Die Kriechmechanik als Zweig der Festk€ o orpermechanik hat eine mehr als einhundertj€ a ahrige Geschichte. Nach einer kurzen Diskussion der geschichtlichen Entwicklung sowie der Anf€ u uhrung ausgew€ a ahlter Referenzliteratur werden zwei Modelle zur Beschreibung des Kriechverhaltens eingef€ u uhrt. Das erste Modell ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Art des Spannungszustandes keine Rolle bei der Beschreibung des Materialverhaltens spielt, w€ a ahrend in die Formulierung des zweiten Modells eine derartige Abh€ a angigkeit eingeht. Ein typisches Beispiel f€ u ur das zweite Modell ist ein unterschiedliches Zugund Druckverhalten. Dieses kann beispielsweise im Terti€ a arkriechbereich vorausgesetzt werden, da eine Sch€ a adigung durch Zugbedingungen gef€ o ordert wird. Wenn man Druckbedingungen antrifft, k€ o onnen Kriechverzerrungen auftreten, der Sch€ a adigungszustand ist jedoch teilweise eingefroren (u.a. kein Auftreten neuer Hohlr€ a aume). Der letzte Teil ist strukturmechanischen Modellen gewidmet. F€ u ur d€ u unnwandige Strukturen werden in der Regel alle Annahmen in € U Ubereinstimmung mit der ,,D€ u unne'' der Struktur getroffen. Damit kann man beispielsweise Hypothesen f€ u ur die Spannungen, Verzerrungen und/oder Verschiebungen in Dickenrichtung einf€ u uhren, und es werden zu l€ o osende Gleichungen abgeleitet, die bez€ u uglich der Dimension reduziert sind (statt dreidimensionaler Feldgleichungen hat man ein System von zwei-oder eindimensionalen Feldgleichungen). € U Uber die Korrektheit und Genauigkeit dieses Konzepts wird berichtet.