joint investigation teams

The first concrete reference to money laundering can be traced to the European Parliament [hereinafter "EP"] Resolution of October 16, 1986. This Resolution urged the Council of Ministers (the community's main decision making organ) to adopt promptly an instrument on "concerted action to tackle the drug problem."' More particularly, the EP urged the Council of Ministers to introduce effective measures to deal with laundering of proceeds from narcotics trafficking by, inter alia, adopting a directive making the reporting of currency transactions compulsory in all Member States. On October 30, 1986, the Council of Ministers meeting at

В статье проводится исследование истории теории и практики применения международно-правовых обычаев во внутреннем праве Англии. Изучено использование доктрин инкорпорации и трансформации в практике судов Англии на примерах основных дел, связанных с установлением, толкованием и применением международно-правовых обычаев: Buvot v. Barbuit (1737 г.), Triquet v. Bath (1764 г.), Queen v. Keyn (1876 г.), West Rand Central Gold Mining Co., Limited v. R. (1905 г.), Chung Chi Cheung v. The King (1939 г.), Trendtex Trading Corp. v. Central Bank of Nigeria (1977 г.), Maclaine Watson v. Departmant of Trade and Industry (1988 г.) и R. v. Jones and Milling (2006 г.).

Ключевые слова: международно-правовой обычай, международное обычное право, доктрина инкорпорации, доктрина трансформации, доктрина stare decisis.

The article is devoted to the research of theory and practice of application of international law customs in England law system. It has been studied the usage of  the incorporation and transformation doctrines in the English courts practice on the examples of the main cases, dealt with establishment, interpretation and application of international law customs: Buvot v. Barbuit (1737), Triquet v. Bath (1764), Queen v. Keyn (1876), West Rand Central Gold Mining Co., Limited v. R. (1905), Chung Chi Cheung v. The King (1939), Trendtex Trading Corp. v. Central Bank of Nigeria (1977), Maclaine Watson v. Departmant of Trade and Industry (1988) and R. v. Jones and Milling (2006).

Key words: international custom, international customary law, doctrine of incorporation, doctrine of transformation, doctrine stare decisis.

This Resolution urged the Council of Ministers (the community's main decision making organ) to adopt promptly an instrument on "concerted action to tackle the drug problem."' More particularly, the EP urged the Council of Ministers to introduce effective measures to deal with laundering of proceeds from narcotics trafficking by, inter alia, adopting a directive making the reporting of currency transactions compulsory in all Member States. On

It is responsibility of all the institutions of the European Union (hereinafter EU) as well as governments for the benefit of their citizens, to undertake the obligation to take effective measures to combat crime and its causes, with full respect for the fundamental rights of individuals, including the protection of personal data. Recognizing the important role that effective
information sharing and close cooperation between law enforcement agencies play in preventing and combating all forms of crime and
serious crime, including terrorism, international police and judicial cooperation has been promoted with establishment of International and
European organizations.
These organizations include Interpol (international organization), Europol, Frontex, Eurojust but also the recently established institution of the European Public Prosecutor Office (hereinafter EPPO).
Purpose according to Article 3 paragraph 2 of the Treaty on the European Union (hereinafter TEU): "The Union provides its citizens with an
area of freedom, security and justice without internal borders, within which the free movement of persons in combined with appropriate measures regarding external border controls, immigration and predation and suppression of criminality».

Пашковський, М. (2024). Міжнародний центр з кримінального переслідування за злочин агресії проти України: створення та мандат. Scientific Collection «InterConf+», (46(205), 191–198. https://doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.06.2024.021

Pashkovskyi, M. (2024). The International Centre for the Prosecution of the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine: Establishment and Mandate. Scientific Collection "InterConf+", (46(205), 191-198. https://doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.06.2024.021

Злочин агресії керівників російської федерації проти України розслідується як в Україні, так і в європейських державах паралельно з процесом створення спеціального міжнародного трибуналу, який буде уповноважений розслідувати та переслідувати ймовірні злочини агресії, скоєні проти України політичними лідерами та військовими командирами Росії та її союзників. Потреби в об’єднанні цих процесуальних зусиль, збиранні, обміні та аналізі доказів (що можуть стосуватися також й інших міжнародних злочинів, вчинених під час збройного конфлікту, спричиненого вказаною агресією), у формуванні та реалізації стратегії кримінального переслідування злочину агресії обумовили створення унікального інституту – Міжнародного центру з кримінального переслідування за злочин агресії проти України, основним етапам створення якого, а також його мандату присвячена ця публікація. Робиться висновок, що діяльність цього Центру спрямована не лише на уможливлення ефективного і невідкладного початку розслідувань у Спеціальному трибуналі після його створення, але й на підтримку відповідних національних розслідувань.

The crime of aggression committed by the leaders of the russian federation against Ukraine is being investigated both in Ukraine and in European states in parallel with the process of establishing a special international tribunal that will be empowered to investigate and prosecute alleged crimes of aggression committed against Ukraine by political leaders and military commanders of russia and its allies. The need to combine these procedural efforts, to collect, exchange and analyse evidence (which may also relate to other international crimes committed during the armed conflict caused by the said aggression), and to formulate and implement a strategy for prosecuting the crime of aggression, led to the creation of a unique institution - the International Centre for the Prosecution of the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine, the main stages of which, as well as its mandate, are the subject of this publication. It is concluded that the activities of this Centre are aimed not only at enabling effective and prompt commencement of investigations at the Special Tribunal after its establishment, but also at supporting relevant national investigations.

Автор: Пашковський Микола, к.ю.н., доцент, старший науковий співробітник відділу дослідження проблем кримінального процесу та судоустрою; Науково-дослідний інститут вивчення проблем злочинності імені академіка В. В. Сташиса НАПрН України; Україна

In the pandemic context generated by the epidemiological situation we face, crime has increased worldwide, criminals adapting to the environmental changes in which they operate. Thus, online criminal activities have become more widespread, especially in the area of fraud, and concrete and structured action is needed at EU level to combat all forms of organized crime. Modern technology is an essential tool in terms of serious and organized crime, facilitating systematic cooperation between criminals, in achieving the common goal, respectively the achievement of profit. Thus, it becomes much easier to access illegal tools and goods, the economic crisis generated by the pandemic giving a safe lever in this regard. The European Union is working to establish the tools and measures to be developed in the period 2020-2025, to ensure security in the physical and digital environment.

and Austria on the stepping up of cross border cooperation particularly in combating terrorism, cross border crime and illegal migration SIC Schengen Implementation Convention TEU Treaty of the European Union 157 6 Bibliography "Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria on the stepping up of cross border cooperation,particularly in combating terrorism, cross border crime and illegal migration (Prüm Convention)." 25.8.2005. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, of 27 September 1996 relating to Extradition between the Member States of the European Union." OJ C 313 of 23.10.1996. "Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders."

This paper deals with the legal frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina {BiH} for confiscation and criminal assets recovery. It contains proposals for improvement of local laws regulating domestic activities and international judicial cooperation for confiscation and criminal assets recovery. The presentation is in pursuit of two goals: increase the efficiency of confiscation in BiH and intensify international legal contacts of BiH with other countries for the purpose of depriving offenders of their wealth and deter them from committing new crimes. Several legislative proposals are made, namely: abandon the crime-related confiscation and adopt the unexplained wealth confiscation, create two domestic rules: for international sharing of crimeconditioned assets and for confiscation on foreign requests of assets when the conditioning crime is beyond the applicability of the local criminal law. Also, it is argued that BiH is in need of submitting a declaration to European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and the Second Additional Protocol thereto. This declaration should state that BiH accepts letters rogatory from Parties to the Convention through the EUROJUST channel.

Background: Turbulent technological progress in the 21st century has caused the emergence of a number of new possibilities, especially technical in nature, and allowed for new means of proof as evidence. Legal regulation of criminal law in the Slovak Republic is responding to this trend, and progressive approaches to evidence which reflect the current level of development of science and technology are gradually being introduced. This article focuses on current challenges in the field of legislation regulating the issue of evidence in criminal proceedings. Methods: Legal comparison, content analysis of websites, functional analysis of legal acts, and analysis of the decisions courts were used to process the research data. Results and Conclusions: Current legislation on executing evidence in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic requires modification. There is especially the need to reflect on the current state of economic and dynamic technological progress in the 21st century. ...

Implementation of legal reform in Ukraine, the content of which can be defined as a gradual movement towards a democratic and rule of law state, makes the problem of counteraction to crime especially relevant. Nowadays it is the object of broad regulatory measures, in particular, international and legal regulation of cooperation between states in combatting crime.
The multifaceted nature of modern international relations in one way or another causes expansion of the spheres of cooperation between states in counteracting crime, which requires universal and regional international cooperation. It is quite clear that universal international cooperation cannot cover all aspects of the cooperation of states. Regional international cooperation helps to get more effective cooperation between states located in the same geographic region.
Cooperation of the states at the regional level in combatting crime is mainly carried out in the framework established by regional international organizations of both general and special competence. The regional level of international cooperation allows the states to react promptly to any manifestations in the criminal sphere that pose a
threat of the international nature. In this case, the mechanism of such a cooperation and elements of control, as a rule, have a great degree of specificity and details.
Regional international organizations in Europe have a great deal of experience in intergovernmental cooperation in the field of combatting crime, which is explained by the historically established process of economic and political integration. The problem of counteracting crime is given considerable attention within the Council of Europe,
which is the most representative European intergovernmental organization
established on May 5, 1949, aimed at achieving greater unity between its members in order to preserve and realize the ideals and principles that are their common good, as well as to promote their economic and social progress. The Council of Europe is a purely European organization, with 47 Member States.

In this paper the authors analyse the introduced model of genuine corporate criminal liability in the Slovak Republic. Genuine corporate criminal liability is described in a more simplified way through the obligatory elements of corporate criminal liability. The authors also focus and conclude on practical reflections about potential excesses in the enforcement of the corporate criminal liability.

In this paper the authors analyse the introduced model of genuine corporate criminal liability in the Slovak Republic. Genuine corporate criminal liability is described in a more simplified way through the obligatory elements of corporate criminal liability. The authors also focus and conclude on practical reflections about potential excesses in the enforcement of the corporate criminal liability.

This article describes and analyses the implementation and results of undercover operations in one country (the Netherlands). First, we examine and analyse the main assumptions underlying academic and legislative discourses relating both to the regulation and control of undercover operations and to the kind of results the operations may produce. Second, we analyse documentation and interviews relating to all 89 Dutch criminal investigations in 2004 in which undercover teams were consulted.

Área do Direito: Penal Resumo: O presente artigo pretende compreender e discutir os principais aspectos relacionados à prevenção da corrupção organizada, por meio de identificação, detecção e correção de assimetrias ou fragilidades institucionais que favorecem a prática de crimes contra o erário público. A partir da revisão da literatura e do estudo de caso da Operação Zelotes, realizada pela Polícia Federal com apoio de outros órgãos públicos, buscar-se-á verificar como vulnerabilidades institucionais permitiram a captura e comercialização de serviços públicos junto ao Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais-CARF, por agentes públicos e atores privados, resultando em grande prejuízo aos cofres públicos. Por fim, a partir das teorias criminológicas da prevenção criminal, como a teoria da conjunção das oportunidades criminosas, da prevenção situacional e da estrutura de oportunidades sociais, pretende-se propor mecanismos para mitigar as fragilidades institucionais e prevenir a prática de crimes corporativos.

The subject matter of considerations undertaken in the paper is the issue of obtaining evidence entailing banking secrecy under the European Investigation Order at the stage of the preparatory proceedings from the Polish perspective. The examination of the described evidence activity is often necessary to make key findings, for example, in the field of the data on bank accounts or bank transactions. Actions taken in this regard may concern the monitoring of banking opera­tions and may also be used for establishing financial links be­tween entities operating in different European Union Member States. The procedure for applying the European Investigation Order generates many problems in the analysed scope, in par­ticular at the stage of the preparatory proceedings, starting from determining the authority competent to issue the European In­vestigation Order, to the need to consider legitimacy of obtain­ing the consent by the prosecutor to exempt from banking se­crecy in order to furthe...

Especialista em Direito Tributário e em Direito Financeiro pela FADUSP. SERGIMAR MARTINS DE ARAÚJO (Montreal/Canadá): Advogado com mais de 10 anos de experiência. Especialista em Direito Processual Civil Internacional. Professor universitário.

Recent security issues in Europe have included anything from terrorism and cybercrime to organised crime and border security. Due to these difficulties, it is now more important than ever to take strong institutional security measures to protect people, businesses, and institutions. The EU has established a complete system of institutional security measures to address these issues. These steps, which aim to improve the ability of law enforcement organisations to prevent and combat crime, particularly transnational crime, comprise a variety of agencies, databases, and collaboration mechanisms.

This paper gives a general review of institutional security measures in Europe from the lens of law enforcement. The function of the European Police College, Joint Investigation Teams, European Arrest Warrant, Schengen Information System, and European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats will be covered. It examines the significance of these actions as major contributing elements to the safety and security of European citizens and institutions. Additionally, it will examine the drawbacks and restrictions of these actions and talk about potential future advancements in institutional security in Europe.

The overall goal is to give readers a thorough grasp of European institutional security measures and their role in preserving public safety and order.

Esta investigación recoge una experiencia docente puesta en marcha para la enseñanza de competencias del Grado en Publicidad online. El objetivo es demostrar cómo la creatividad o el trabajo en equipo, entre otras, se pueden asimilar en el aula virtual. El trabajo se completa con una entrevista realizada a los estudiantes matriculados en la asignatura Redacción Publicitaria, materia en la que se diseñó la práctica. Los resultados demuestran la buena acogida por parte del alumnado y cómo “The Copy Star” es una herramienta que les permite aprender haciendo. Por lo que la educación no presencial, con margen de crecimiento en España, permite la adquisición de competencias clave en el perfil profesional de la publicidad.

Wspólne zespoły śledcze (WZŚ) są jedną z powstałych na przełomie XX i XXI wieku nowych form współpracy międzynarodowej w zakresie postępowań karnych. Intencją niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie przedmiotowej instytucji oraz dokonanie oceny, czy może ona stanowić efektywne narzędzie do walki z przestępczością transgraniczną. W tym celu poddano krytycznej analizie stosowne regulacje prawne, na czele z art. 589b-589f Kodeku postępowania karnego. Poczyniono również istotne uwagi natury prawnej oraz faktycznej co do poszczególnych etapów działalności WZŚ, a także wska-zano na potencjalne korzyści płynące z przedmiotowej formy współpracy. Osobną uwagę poświęcono wsparciu, jakie WZŚ mogą otrzymywać ze strony Eurojustu oraz Europolu, a które to w znaczny sposób może wpłynąć na efektywność ich funkcjonowania.The aim of this article is to analyse the concept of joint investigation teams (JITs) as a modern form of international cooperation in criminal matters and evaluate if it can provide...

The fi ght against cybercrime requires effective and rapid solutions for the collection of digital evidence at the international level. An example of such an instrument is the European Investigation Order, which introduces a comprehensive system for obtaining evidence in cross-border cases. The legislation on this solution is contained in directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the European Investigation Order in criminal matters. The above regulations have been implemented into the Polish national law by the Act of 10 January 2018 amending the Act — The Code of Criminal Procedure and certain other acts. The European Investigation Order was presumably fi rst used by Polish law enforcement authorities in a case involving cybercrimes committed by a person using the aliases Thomas and Armaged0n. The use of this investigation measure made it possible to apprehend the offender many years after the fi rst offence was committed and the offender...

This publication contains abstracts of contributions presented at the conference "European Investigation Order – Practical Dilemmas and Theoretical Considerations", which was held online on 8th and 9th of December 2020. Practitioners and academics from multiple EU Member States shared best practices and identified key shortcomings of the European Investigation Order. The event was executed as an integral part of the EU JUST project “European Investigation Order – Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas (EIP-LAPD)”, coordinated by the University of Maribor. The structure of the publication roughly follows the agenda of the conference. In the first part the future of mutual recognition and judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU is addressed. The second part is more closely focused at the European Investigation Order. Some theoretical dilemmas as well as practical considerations are presented. Lastly, some national reports which were drafted as a key deliverable of ...

Las investigaciones en escritura han girado en torno a dos modalidades instruccionales: el producto y el proceso. En los últimos años, se hace plausible la necesidad de considerar, estas en un entorno web y añadir la modalidad mixta (combinación de los dos anteriores) y la ecológica, complementaria de la procesual, pero prestando atención al contexto educativo. Se presenta una revisión de treinta estudios empíricos de intervenciones en línea sobre escritura, publicados en el último lustro en revistas de impacto con el objetivo de ofrecer una visión panorámica del tema. Los resultados demuestran que la mayoría de las intervenciones cumplen parcialmente las directrices acordadas en la reunión científica de la European Research Network Learning to Write Effectively. Muchos de los estudios no evidencian la existencia de un periodo de formación del profesorado participante, de un grupo de control, de una medida específica de fidelidad del tratamiento, de durabilidad y de generalización.

This research paper explores the confiscation under the Somali Penal Code, its compatibility with confiscations in foreign countries as well as the possibilities of cooperation between Somalia and other countries with different confiscation systems for the purposes of depriving serious criminal offenders of their financial powers. The problem of such mutual legal assistance occurs when the confiscation has been ordered in one country while the target property is located, in whole or in part, in the territory of another country. Even in such cases, the confiscation should be achieved so that -crime does not pay‖. The successful solution to this complex problem requires serious legislative work and operational efforts by competent authorities. The aim of this paper is to prompt some ideas to Somalia as to how progress in this area might be made.

The issue of direct coercive measures and firearm falls in concerto within the subject of the protection of the state internal security – since it belongs to the activity scope of entities holding competences for use or making use of the above. The entitled entities mostly include services, formations or inspections which are established for the protection of widely understood security, in particular public safety and order. The objective of this study is to attempt to conduct de lege lata analysis and the comparative analysis of the use or making use of direct coercive measures and firearm in selected European countries, and also to indicate de lege ferenda postulates. The objective of this study is to attempt to conduct de lege lata analysis and the comparative analysis of the use or making use of direct coercive measures and firearm in selected European countries, and also to indicate de lege ferenda postulates.The triangulation of research methods is applied in this study. The following methods are used: descriptive, theoretical-legal, comparative with the elements of legal comparative literature.

A finalidade do presente artigo está relacionada à utilização do instituto das Equipes Conjuntas de Investigação como instrumento probatório apto a subsidiar a investigação e a persecução penal do que atualmente convencionou-se denominar de macrocriminalidade organizada, fenômeno de acentuada gravidade e complexidade, em especial quando se trata da colheita de provas. Traz-se ao contexto elementos informativos referentes à criminalidade transnacional, conformada pela prática além-fronteira e concomitante de infrações penais de elevada danosidade social. Além disso e principalmente, busca-se compreender a sistemática e os fundamentos jurídicos das Equipes Conjuntas de Investigação nos ordenamentos legais nacional e internacional, demonstrando tratar-se de mecanismo de relevante efetividade no campo da obtenção de provas em investigações transnacionais, condição determinante para o êxito posterior da persecução penal no território nacional.

The article deals with the peculiarities of the application of legal liability for commercial contraband in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine. In particular, the authors of the article investigate the feasibility of criminalization of the smuggling of a wide range of goods, and not only withdrawn from the circulation of things and forests, as recorded in the Criminal Code of Ukraine at this moment. In addition to a thorough analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of Ukrainian legislation with the legislation of foreign countries, which helped to objectively assess the state of the studied issues in Ukraine. The methodology of the study includes general scientific methods, among which the methods of analysis and synthesis should be noted, as well as special-legal methods, among which it is necessary to distinguish system-functional, and comparative methods. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the...

This paper deals with the legal frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina {BiH} for confiscation and criminal assets recovery. It contains proposals for improvement of local laws regulating domestic activities and international judicial cooperation for confiscation and criminal assets recovery. The presentation is in pursuit of two goals: increase the efficiency of confiscation in BiH and intensify international legal contacts of BiH with other countries for the purpose of depriving offenders of their wealth and deter them from committing new crimes. Several legislative proposals are made, namely: abandon the crime-related confiscation and adopt the unexplained wealth confiscation, create two domestic rules: for international sharing of crimeconditioned assets and for confiscation on foreign requests of assets when the conditioning crime is beyond the applicability of the local criminal law. Also, it is argued that BiH is in need of submitting a declaration to European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and the Second Additional Protocol thereto. This declaration should state that BiH accepts letters rogatory from Parties to the Convention through the EUROJUST channel.

The Volkswagen emissions scandal started on 18th September 2015, when it was publicly announced that the software in some models of cars with Volkswagen diesel engine had been programmed to cheat testing of NOx emissions. The defeat device had been deployed in about eleven millions of cars around the world. The software installed in the cars is able to recognize whether the vehicle is put to an emission test and to decrease NOx emissions during the test. In day-to-dayoperation an invalid engine emits a quantity of NOx that exceeds the legal limits. Moreover, Volkswagen cars with defeat device had been called 'the green cars', won several awards for environmental friendliness and been a subject of tax breaks. The scandal concerns some models of Audi, Porsche, Skoda and Seat cars with Volkswagen engine as well. In November 2015 Volkswagen admitted that some irregularities concerning CO2 emission affected not only diesel but also petrol engines.Soon after the scandal haderupted, Volkswagen decided on various ways of compensation to its US customers. According to the company statement, they were to receive vouchers and full compensation packages. The company was eager to resolve the problem as in just six weeks after the scandal eruption 230 class action lawsuits against Volkswagen had been filed. Eventually in June 2016 Volkswagen decided to settle public and private civil actions in the US. The US federal judge approved the settlement on 25th October 2016. According to the settlement Volkswagen will pay 15.3 billion dollars. Out of that sum the compensation of 10 billion dollars will be paid to the consumers -owners of the vehicles with defective device.Initially, in December 2015, Volkswagen announced that customers outside US and Canada will also receive some compensation in the form of compensation package for reduction in residual values in the cars affected. However, a month later they had changed the approach, claiming that the situation of their customers in the EU is not comparable to the one in the US. Even after the settlement in the US, Volkswagen announced that the settlement should not be replicated in the EU as it would financially overwhelm the company.Until the end of 2016 the national courts in the EU ruled in favor of Volkswagen customers in individual cases. The question is whether the EU citizens can obtain the same result as the customers in the US, preferably in class action.

Much of the cooperation on criminal justice matters between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is based on EU level instruments. While there has been consideration of the broader impact of Brexit on the Good Friday Agreement and consensus on the need to avoid a return to a hard border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, more detailed consideration has not been given to the effect that Brexit may have on continued criminal justice cooperation across the border. This article highlights the combined risks that Brexit presents for Northern Ireland in the form of increased criminality at a time when the loss of EU police cooperation mechanisms may result in a reduction of operational capacity and the removal of the legal architecture underpinning informal cooperation. Part 1 seeks to highlight the historical context of UK-Irish cooperation in policing matters. Part 2 explores the risk that post Brexit the Irish border may become a focus for criminal activity. The risks relating to increased immigration crime, smuggling of commodities and potential rise in terrorist activities are explored. Part 3 considers how the risks of increased criminal threats are exacerbated by the loss of EU criminal justice cooperation mechanisms and how this will affect UK-Irish cooperation specifically. Consideration is particularly given to the loss of information sharing systems. Part 4 considers how loss of EU level cooperation mechanisms could be mitigated. The viability of bilateral agreements between the UK and Ireland is considered alongside ways which police cooperation can be formalised to compensate for the potential loss of EU criminal justice information sharing systems. Nordic police cooperation is considered as a potential blueprint for the UK and Ireland.

The paper presents the results of the first stage of the scientific research task VYSK. no. 231 "National Criminal Intelligence Model in the Slovak Republic". In the paper, the authors analyses the theoretical, content, legal and practice bases of building a new model of criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic. The paper contains "preliminary" conclusions and suggestions of a possible legal solution in the implementation of the new concept of criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic. Keyworlds: operative-investigative activity, means of operative-investigative activity, criminal intelligence , crime detection In accordance with The Hague Program, in its Resolution No. 163 of 12 March 2008, the Government of the Slovak Republic accepted the task of introducing a European Criminal Intelligence Model (ECIM) into police practice with a view to launch it in 2008. It is this commitment that became a very important and perhaps a very decisive initiative, which has influenced not only the opinion of the professional public on the theoretical definition of the European Criminal Intelligence Model, but also on the need for further changes in law in redefining operative search activity and criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic. In an assessment of the Government Resolution of February 2010, the Ministry of Interior Affairs states, among other things, that the full implementation of the ECIM into police practice consists of several activities, namely information flow, analytical activity, processing of analytical reports and own strategic analysis for management and their application to the direct performance of police services. At the same time, it was stated that the ECIM was introduced at the level of information flow into police practice by building the Acheron information system intended to store and process all information of participating police departments obtained and processed during the performance of the operational-investigative activity. However, the basic attribute necessary for the introduction of the European Criminal Intelligence Model into police practice, i.e. primary and secondary legislation in the field of operational search and criminal intelligence, has so far been addressed only marginally. For successful introduction of the European Criminal Intelligence Model into police practice and creating its own national criminal intelligence model, some changes in the field of operational intelligence and criminal intelligence are necessary to harmonize the concept of criminal intelligence in the Slovak Republic so it is understood the same way as it is by Europol officials and police specialists, so-called 'old countries' of the European Union. When defining, it is necessary to take into account basic theoretical starting points, namely that the concept of intelligence is a 'universal' way of working with information. Intelligence can be focused on getting to know different objects, e.g. activities

Autor vo svojom príspevku charakterizuje spravodajskú činnosť ako realitu v systéme identifikácie trestných činov. Na tomto základe do diskusie predkladá návrhy, ktorými je možné zvýšiť účinnosť a efektivitu identifikácie trestných činov v rámci trestného konania za využitia spravodajskej činnosti, osobitne v procese dokazovania. Kľúčové slová: informácia, spravodajská informácia, trestné konanie, dokazovanie, vyšetrovanie/ In his contribution, the author describes the intelligence activity as a reality in the system of criminal identification. On this basis, it puts forward in the debate proposals to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of criminal prosecution in the use of intelligence, particularly in the process of taking evidence.

Autor vo svojom príspevku hľadá odpovede na niektoré otázky, ktoré sú spájané s realizáciou medzinárodnej policajnej koordinácie v rámci boja s nelegálnou migráciou. Z prezentovaného poznania vyplýva, že zriaďovanie a fungovanie spoločných vyšetrovacích tímov je efektívnym nástrojom v skúmanej oblasti. Osobitnú pozornosť venuje medzinárodnej právnej úprave spoločných vyšetrovacích tímov, ich zloženiu a podmienok pre ich činnosť /In his contribution, the author looks for answers to some of the questions that are linked to the implementation of international police coordination in the fight against illegal migration. From the presented knowledge, the establishment and functioning of joint investigation teams is an effective tool in the area under review. Special attention is paid to the international law of joint investigation teams, their composition and the conditions for their activities.

The purpose of this article is to study the possibility of using intelligence in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic. The author examines the current legislation related to the examined issue in the context of criminal procedural law. The aim of the study is to analyze and justify the possibility of using intelligence in criminal proceedings, especially in the taking of evidence. In the context of the current security challenges, this is a serious issue which is currently relatively little developed in theory. The author concluded that the use of intelligence information is possible and applied in criminal proceedings in the Slovak Republic. This is justified by the specific provisions of the legislation in force and by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. In this context, it can be expected that the importance of intelligence in criminal proceedings will increase.

Спільне розслідування (joint investigation) - це
діяльність  спільних  слідчих  груп  (joint  investigation  team),  що  складаються  з делегованих  співробітників  правоохоронних  органів  різних  держав, уповноважених  виконувати  процесуальні  дії  з  розслідування  певного кримінального  правопорушення  в  рамках  територіальної  юрисдикції  тих держав,  з  представників  яких  складаються  дані  групи.  Спільні  слідчі  групи (JIT)  є  інструментом  міжнародного  співробітництва,  що  застосовується  на основі  угоди  між  судовими  та  правоохоронними  органами  двох  і  більш держав  на  конкретний  термін  з  метою  проведення  розслідування  злочину  в одній або кількох державах.

Why exactly did Moscow send an as sophisticated and high-flying missile as the Buk missile to Ukraine when such a weapon was not necessary to shoot down lower flying Ukrainian military planes? What is so far missing in Western debates of the incident is proper consideration of the predominant explanation proposed by various more or less competent Russian and Ukrainian researchers of the incident. Many East European investigators of the circumstances of the shooting believe that the only full explanation for the arrival of the Russian BUK in the Donbas in July 2014 was that Moscow indeed wanted to shoot down a high-flying passenger plane. Yet, the Kremlin wanted to shoot not a Malaysian airliner, but a Russian one. The responsibility for the shooting of a Russian passenger plane over Eastern Ukraine would have been ascribed to the Ukrainian armed forces, with reference to Ukraine’s accidental shooting of a Russian passenger plane, Siberian Airlines 1812, in October 2001. The horrible incident and blaming of Kyiv in July 2014 would have provided Moscow with a casus belli to implement its "Novorossiia” (New Russia) project – i.e. the annexation of Russophone Eastern and Southern mainland Ukraine via an invasion of regular Russian military forces.

International police cooperation is facing a new and serious challenge, as the fight against current emerging security threats (terrorism, foreign fighters, radicalisation and extremism) in the world and in Europe requires a real time, non-bureaucratic information exchange among all The report aims to introduce briefly the methods of international police cooperation, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of information exchange conducted by PCCCs within the European Union (EU) and in the Western Balkan region. The main objective of the document is to ascertain, whether the current situation in the field of PCCCs in the Western Balkans fulfils the requirement of the above-mentioned criteria, such as the capability to conduct real time data exchange without geographical limits. To find this out, we will analyse the state of play, reveal strengths and weaknesses of the system, and will elaborate a way forward to an enhanced and effective information exchange, that can ensure the overall goal; to increase the efficiency of LEAs in their fight against terrorism and Transnational Threats (TNT). The report aims to introduce briefly the methods of international police cooperation, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of information exchange conducted by Police and Customs Cooperation Centres within the European Union and in the Western Balkan region. The main objective of the document is to ascertain, whether the current situation in the field of Police and Customs Cooperation Centres in the Western Balkans fulfils the requirement of the above-mentioned criteria, such as the capability to conduct real time data exchange without geographical limits. To find this out, we are analysing the state of play, revealing the strengths and the weaknesses of the system, and are elaborating a way forward to an enhanced and effective information exchange, that can ensure the overall goal; to increase the efficiency of Law Enforcement Agencies in their fight against terrorism and Transnational Threats. This report provides an analysis and evaluation of the current situation and future directions of international police information exchange conducted by Police and Customs

• Potential loss of influence and reduced engagement with Europol and other EU security agencies.
• A number of agencies and cooperation agreements are currently in place to which the UK is a member. Leaving the EU creates the need for new arrangements and protocols for information exchange; as well as discontinuities in exchange and cooperation.
• Reduced access to EU intelligence and loss of influence over EU security agencies will diminish significance of UK agencies in international fora

The concept of Joint Investigation Team might not be new, but, was conceptualised and modernised in year 2000 when EU ministers felt the need for forming a mechanism to fight the trans border organised crime. Now  EUROPOL and EUROJUST are the major arms supporting this idea of fighting the organised criminal groups together.

▲ Among the main obstacles to the use of JITs with third States remains length of procedures for negotiating/signing the agreement; diverse national perceptions of the JIT concept at national levels; the insufficient legal basis for setting up JITs with third States; and already acknowledged different stages of domestic criminal investigations; ▲ Independently from all reasons that would prevent to establish any JIT with a third State but also independently from the operational or strategic agreements established between Third Countries and EUROPOL/EUROJUST, the successful joint investigations depend mainly on motivation and willingness to cooperate with the same aim and similar objectives. It is to be said in this connection that the rest comes soon afterwards; ▲ As the non EU member, the UK might not be able to directly participate, (as a third State) in EU security measures, such as EUROPOL, EUROJUST and if so, only upon the consideration of Member States. But in light of the EU Treaties, thus EU JHA agencies, a 'third State' can only be non-EU Member State, which is not case of the UK either.

A prominent role in a criminal investigation(s) is reserved for police performance; therefore, based on certain procedural steps at the national level, JIT could be seen mainly as a form of police cooperation, while in fact, it is a judicial instrument, used in an executive law enforcement environment. Furthermore, the choice of a legal basis for the establishment of JIT may significantly influence the operational ability of JIT.