fish protein hydrolysate

-Fractionation process by UF and NF membrane cascades of a fish protein hydrolysate -Basic integrated cascade identified as the most convenient configuration -Freshwater consumption was avoided by implementation of water recovery and reuse system -Product valued above the 95-212 $/m 3 range compensate the costs of the fractionation process

The present work proposes the design of cascades that integrate ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes to separate the different protein fractions from the protein hydrolysate obtained after hydrolysis of tuna by-products. Experimental data (permeate flux and rejection of proteins fractions under different applied pressures) previously obtained and published by this research group were fitted to empirical models, which were the base for a process simulation model. High recovery rates (0.9) in the UF stages implied high process yields by reduced desired fraction losses, while similar recovery rates in the NF stages were required for high product purity. Nevertheless, the applied pressures were not so influent over the performance of the system. Optimization problems were solved to identify the optimal design and operation conditions to maximize the product purity or the process yield. Maximal purity of the preferred 1-4 kDa fraction (49.3% from 19.0% in feed stream) obtained by the configuration with 3 UF stages and other 3 NF stages implied 2 and 5 bar pressures applied in the UF and NF stages respectively, while 0.9 was the optimal recovery rate value for all the stages. These maximal purity conditions resulted in 62.6% process yield, defined as the percentage of the 1-4 kDa fraction in the feed stream recovered in the product stream. Besides, multi-objective optimization of the process was also carried out to obtain the Pareto graphs that represent the counterbalance between maximal yields and purities.

Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) is an alternative to managing fish by-products. Protein hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes breaks down the protein into bioactive peptides (BP). Bioactive has a high-protein content and various beneficial health properties, including antioxidants, immunoregulatory, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other activities. The current study aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic and immunomodulatory activities of FPH from skipjack tuna by-products. Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 25) were equally divided into five groups: healthy group, diabetic mellitus (DM) group, DM + Imunos 0.8 g/ kg BW (drug control group), DM + 0.8 g/kg BW (FPH 1), DM + 1.6 g/kg BW FPH (FPH 2). Diabetic rats were induced by being fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 months, followed by nicotinamide (NA; 120 mg/kg BW)-streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg BW). The initial and final body weights before and after treatment were measured. The leukocyte and lymphocyte levels were measured using a hematology analyzer. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed that the blood glucose levels after treatment using FPH significantly decreased compared with DM rats. Leukocyte and lymphocyte numbers also decreased significantly after treatment using FPH 1 than in DM rats. The pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα in the FPH rat groups improved significantly compared with DM rats. These study results suggested that FPH from skipjack tuna by-product administration can be used as anti-diabetic and immunomodulatory candidates.

Vegetables are essential components of a balanced diet, providing vital nutrients and bioactive compounds that support human health and well-being. They are rich sources of vitamins, protein, minerals, dietary fiber, secondary metabolites, enzymes, and antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, and polyphenols. However, modern agricultural practices, soil fertility depletion, and prolonged use of nitrogen-dominated chemical fertilizers have led to a decline in the nutritional, nutraceutical, and organoleptic quality of many vegetables. There is an urgent need to restore their original nutrient density to ensure optimal human nutrition and health security. This study examined the effects of different ratios of chemical fertilizers and organic nutrient sources, in combination with Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs), on the nutritional and organoleptic quality of cultivated vegetables. The results showed that replacing chemical fertilizers with organic sources in the presence of PGPMs significantly enhances nutritional and sensory attributes. Notable improvements include increased crude fat, ash, crude fiber, total sugars, calcium, iron, zinc, and manganese, along with a higher organoleptic score and antioxidant content. In conclusion, integrating organic nutrient sources with PGPMs leads to substantial improvements in nutritional density, organoleptic properties, and nutraceutical value, with a significant boost in antioxidant content. These strategies not only enhance vegetable quality but also contribute to dietary diversity and reduce nutrient deficiencies, ultimately promoting global health and food security.

The production by enzymatic treatment of fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) is a promising route to add value to fisheries proteinic co-products (fish frames, heads etc.). Indeed, FPH possess good nutritional properties and biological activities for food and feed uses. Pressure-driven membrane separations such as ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) can be used after the hydrolysis to increase the specific activities of the FPH. This paper discusses the impact of a two-step UF/NF process producing four different fractions on two industrial FPH with different hydrolysis degrees. Fractionation is carried out in "realistic" conditions for an industrial process, on highly concentrated FPH solutions (about 100 g of dry matter/L) at a high volume reduction factor. For each step, UF or NF, the variation of the permeation flux in the course of the fractionation is discussed according to the FPH hydrolysis degree and the membranes cutoffs. The values of performance indicators defined in terms of nitrogen content are also examined, including the concentration factor (CF), the relative recovery in the retentate (η R) and the mean and final retention factors (RF m and RF f). Computed values of these indicators are validated through the setting of volume and mass balances around each step. The impact of fractionation on the FPH peptidic population is shown. Peptidic populations are described in terms of chromatographic profiles (SEC-FPLC). The UF fractionation produces a permeate enriched with respect to the FPH smaller than a molecular weight of about 600-750 Dalton, and a retentate enriched in large peptides (above the same MW). A similar behaviour is found for the NF fractionation. Comparing the impact of the UF fractionation on the two hydrolysates allows to conclude that the membrane cutoff is well-suited when comprised between the MWs of the biggest and the most abundant peptides in the FPH.

As a major cause of death, cancer has affected the world population, both directly and indirectly. There are however, growing numbers of cancer cases some of which could be prevented or even treated using natural compounds. Bioactive peptides from terrestrial and marine environment have been claimed to potentially reduce the risk of chronic diseases or maintain health. Fish processing industry produces more than 50% by-products which can be converted into valuable fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) by chemical or biochemical hydrolysis. This paper discusses the potency of fish by-products as sources of bioactive peptides with anticarcinogenic potential. Moreover, a short review about the antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel bioactive peptides isolated from fish by-products is presented.

As a major cause of death, cancer has affected the world population, both directly and indirectly. There are however, growing numbers of cancer cases some of which could be prevented or even treated using natural compounds. Bioactive peptides from terrestrial and marine environment have been claimed to potentially reduce the risk of chronic diseases or maintain health. Fish processing industry produces more than 50% by-products which can be converted into valuable fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) by chemical or biochemical hydrolysis. This paper discusses the potency of fish by-products as sources of bioactive peptides with anticarcinogenic potential. Moreover, a short review about the antioxidant and anticancer activities of novel bioactive peptides isolated from fish by-products is presented.

The aim of this thesis was to develop two protein enriched products based on haddock and silver smelt, reaching the level of total protein in the utilized fish raw material. Both products were enriched by whey protein concentrate, sodium caseinate and fish protein hydrolysate and further investigated how the proteins affected color, texture, water holding capacity and sensory attributes. The products were developed as a contribution to the marked of personalized nutrition. Personalized nutrition is aimed for consumer groups with special needs or requirements to obtain a good health status. The first product was a texture modified fish product for elderly and other people with chewing and swallowing problems (dysphagia). The second product was a minced fish product to meet the regular consumer interested in protein enriched products. Many people have found interest in different diets and fitness in later years, which explains the great variation of protein enriched products available today. Preliminary testing was performed to optimize the processes and to test varying amounts of added protein, liquid, and oil. Rheological analysis, texture analysis including gel-test, texture profile analysis and penetration test, image analysis and water holding capacity were carried out during preliminary production and in pilot production were additional sensory analyses done. Texture analysis of texture modified products showed that higher total protein with fish protein hydrolysate was significantly firmer than products with less proteins, sensory analysis revealed equal correlation between protein and firmness. Further, it was revealed that higher amount of proteins significantly increased intensity of coarseness and cohesiveness. Texture profile analysis of minced fish revealed that hardness, force, and gumminess increased significantly with higher level of total protein. Cohesiveness and resilience on the other hand, decreased significantly with more protein enrichment. Sensory analysis showed that minced fish with higher protein enrichment was significantly less intense in sour flavor, while more proteins resulted in a significantly stronger aftertaste. Lower level of protein enrichment significantly increased juiciness and significantly decreased crumbliness. More added protein gave a significantly yellower tone and darker shade in both products. Water holding capacity was significantly improved by higher level of protein enrichment.

Quantitative profiling of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AOA) in seeds, sprouts, and grasses of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were performed. TPC and AOA were strongly correlated and increased with days. Grasses between 10 and 13 days showed the highest TPCs and AOA. The AOA in sprouts and grasses were a fifth and two-thirds of ascorbic acid (AA) standard, respectively, which are higher than in several popular natural antioxidants. Further cell-based studies or in vivo studies could be considered in future to draw more valuable information related to human health.

Highlights-Fractionation process by UF and NF membrane cascades of a fish protein hydrolysate-Basic integrated cascade identified as the most convenient configuration-Freshwater consumption was avoided by implementation of water recovery and reuse system-Product valued above the 95-212 $/m 3 range compensate the costs of the fractionation process

Wheatgrass is a plethora of essential phytochemicals considered to exhibit numerous benefits on human health. Therefore, the study of phytochemicals with varying stages of growth is essential. This study aims to determine the optimum harvesting period of wheatgrass based on its phytochemical content. During the growth of wheat seed (WK 1204 variety), the phytochemicals such as chlorophyll, total phenol content, flavonoids and tannins were extracted by 80% acetone and 80% methanol from wheatgrass harvested on days 6, 7, 8, 9 12 and 15, respectively. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, chlorophyll and flavonoid contents significantly (p<0.05) increased and reached the maximum level on day 9. Total phenol content was found to be increasing significantly (p<0.05), while the tannin content was decreasing considerably (p<0.05) on day 15. The optimum harvesting period was found on day 9. The DPPH radical scavenging activity, chlorophyll and flavonoid ...

Wheatgrass is an inexpensive and efficient source to provide all the required nutrients and medicinal benefits for a healthy body. The major objective of this study is to formulate a health-beneficial beverage that could be organoleptically accepted by people of all age groups, to bring forward a new product from wheatgrass that has mostly remained unexplored. The wheatgrass harvested on the 9th day (optimized on the basis of chlorophyll, tannin, total polyphenols, flavonoids and DPPH radical scavenging activity) was taken for study. The wheat seeds (WK 1204 variety), collected from Agriculture Botany Division, Nepal Agriculture Research Council were used for the preparation of ready-to-serve juice. Eight different formulations of RTS were prepared with the help of Design-Expert®, version 7, keeping juice content 7-13%, TSS 9-16 °Bx and constant acidity at 0.3%. Response Surface Methodology, D-optimal design was adapted for the formulations. The optimization of the formulation was i...

This study evaluates the possibility of recovery of high-quality valuable fish oil and proteins from fish co-streams by traditional means or a combination of several technologies. A techno-economically feasible and sustainable zero-waste process is needed for full utilisation of this co-stream’s potential. This study aims to determine the energy efficiency and economic feasibility of four different zero-waste bio-refineries based on salmon filleting co-streams. The study covers four concepts: (I) biogas and fertiliser production from salmon co-streams, (II) fish silage production, (III) thermal processing of salmon co-streams for producing oil, protein concentrate, and meal, and (IV) novel two-stage thermal and enzymatic process for producing high-quality oil and protein hydrolysate, while the solid residue is converted to biogas and fertilisers. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate uncertainties in economic evaluation. The results show that the two-stage processing of fish co...

Fresh wheatgrass was dried using shade, oven and freeze drying methods. The ascorbic acid and b-carotene and content of oven dried wheatgrass was significantly lower (133.13 lg and 1.98 mg) in comparison to shade dried (193.62 lg and 2.30 mg) and freeze dried (230.35 lg and 3.18 mg) wheatgrass. A significantly lower iron and zinc was observed in freeze dried (13.19 and 6.55 mg) wheatgrass in comparison to shade dried (28.94 and 7.40 mg) and oven dried (19.65 and 8.35 mg) wheatgrass. The chlorophyll in freeze dried (3.61 g) wheatgrass was significantly higher than shade dried (2.35 g) and oven dried (2.14 g) wheatgrass. The tannin content in wheatgrass was significantly higher in oven dried wheatgrass (8.18 mg/100 g) as compared to shade dried (6.68 mg/ 100 g) and freeze dried (6.34 mg/100 g) wheatgrass. The antioxidant activity of shade, oven and freeze dried wheatgrass was 50.13, 48.94 and 53.78%, respectively. The study concluded that freeze drying had preserved maximum amounts of chlorophyll, flavonoids, saponins and antioxidant activity in wheatgrass.

This study evaluated the effect of protein hydrolysate (PH) and clove essential oil (CEO) on agar film properties and the shelf-life improvement of flounder fillets. Firstly, Argentine croaker muscle protein was alkali-solubilised and recovered to obtain a stable substrate. This substrate was hydrolysed to 20% degree of hydrolysis, by Alcalase (A20) and Protamex (P20). The molecular weight (MW) distribution, amino acid and in vitro antimicrobial activity of these hydrolysates were tested. Agar films were prepared with and without (control) incorporation of PH (A20 hydrolysate) or CEO characterised by mechanical properties, water vapour permeability, solubility and optical properties. The microbiological, physical and chemical properties of flounder fillets coated with these films were monitored during storage at 5°C for 15 days. Compared to P20, A20 hydrolysate possessed lower MW, higher hydrophobic amino acid content and the most effective antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonas hydrophila, Debaryomyces hansenii and Listeria innocua. The presence of PH increased the water solubility, water vapour permeability, elongation at break and yellowness of the films. The CEO films possessed less transparency than PH films and control films, due to the presence of oil in the formulations. Fillets covered with PH and CEO films, especially the latter, presented lower total volatile bases and pH values, and delayed considerably the growth of H 2 S-producing microorganisms compared to the control films. The CEO might be used as a natural biopreservative to extend the flounder shelf-life. However, further studies are necessary, to assess the antimicrobial effect of PH when used as food packaging.

Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) freshly juiced for human consumption. The objective of the investigation performed was to assess the nutritional value of wheatgrass juice under laboratory and open field conditions at two different cuts. Protein, chlorophyll contents, minerals content (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and Se) and amino acids content as well as phytochemical constituents were determined. Grown wheatgrass at laboratory caused an increase of the protein content of its juice over open field condition. High chlorophyll content was observed under open field especially at second cut. Most of minerals content underwent to increase under open field except Mg content. Aspartic acid was recorded the highest amino acid in both laboratory and open field. Total essential amino acids were increased under open field condition at both first and second cut followed by first cut at laboratory. No big changes of natural phytochemicals constituents can shown between laboratory and open field condition while it was more pronounced compare with wheat seeds. The study suggested that sprouting wheat seeds at laboratory and open field improve the nutritional value of grass juice with preferably to laboratory condition especially at first cut and for saving agricultural land.

Background:  Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) is worldwide consumed and has been used for health benefit or functional or nutraceutical food while ricegrass (Oryza sativa L.) is still not well documented, which is also in the grass family (Poaceae) as wheatgrass and it is also produced with aged around 8-10 d which similar to wheatgrass production. Moreover, priming is a process for enhancing seed vigour properties and improving bioactive compounds. Utilization of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) for liquid fertilizer is more interesting in order to increasing of nutritional value and bioactive compounds as well as antioxidant activity of many plants.Objective: To investigate the nutritional value and bioactivity of ricegrass as affected of priming process with fish protein hydrolysate.Methods: The Chainat 1 rice seeds were soaked with FPH at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm at a ratio of rice seed to FPH as 1:5 and grown for 7 d, thereafter, the ricegrass were determined seed vigour properti...

Background:  Wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) is worldwide consumed and has been used for health benefit or functional or nutraceutical food while ricegrass (Oryza sativa L.) is still not well documented, which is also in the grass family (Poaceae) as wheatgrass and it is also produced with aged around 8-10 d which similar to wheatgrass production. Moreover, priming is a process for enhancing seed vigour properties and improving bioactive compounds. Utilization of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) for liquid fertilizer is more interesting in order to increasing of nutritional value and bioactive compounds as well as antioxidant activity of many plants.

Objective: To investigate the nutritional value and bioactivity of ricegrass as affected of priming process with fish protein hydrolysate.

Methods: The Chainat 1 rice seeds were soaked with FPH at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppm at a ratio of rice seed to FPH as 1:5 and grown for 7 d, thereafter, the ricegrass were determined seed vigour properties, nutritional value and bioactive compounds such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, total phenolic and phytic acid. The ricegrass was extracted with water at a ratio 1:2 (ricegrass : water), then homogenized and centrifuged at 10000xg for 20 min. The thereafter, the supernatant was brought to freeze dry. The freeze-dried powder was dissolved in distilled water and brought to measure total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activities were determined by 3 assays as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS) methods

Results: The results showed that FPH at 10 ppm significantly improved (p<0.05) seed vigour properties including germination percentage, germination rate, height and fresh weight and nutritional values such as ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate. In addition, bioactive compounds including chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content in ricegrass primed with 10 ppm FPH were higher than control. Phytic acid content in ricegrass primed with FPH at 5 and 10 ppm but not 15 and 20 ppm was lower than control. The ricegrass primed with FPH at 10 ppm yielded highest total phenolic content. Though, ABTS activity was not highest in rice primed with FPH at 10 ppm, DPPH and FRAP assays were highest.

Conclusion: The ricegrass primed with FPH was significant improved seed vigour properties, nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The appropriate of FPH priming for ricegrass was 10 ppm because it could improve seed vigour, nutritional value and bioactive compounds including chlorophyll, carotenoid, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity determined as FRAP, DPPH and ABTS and reduce the anti-nutrient compounds as phytic acid.

Wheatgrass juice is the young grass of the common wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) freshly juiced for human consumption. The objective of the investigation performed was to assess the nutritional value of wheatgrass juice under laboratory and open field conditions at two different cuts. Protein, chlorophyll contents, minerals content (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn and Se) and amino acids content as well as phytochemical constituents were determined. Grown wheatgrass at laboratory caused an increase of the protein content of its juice over open field condition. High chlorophyll content was observed under open field especially at second cut. Most of minerals content underwent to increase under open field except Mg content. Aspartic acid was recorded the highest amino acid in both laboratory and open field. Total essential amino acids were increased under open field condition at both first and second cut followed by first cut at laboratory. No big changes of natural phytochemicals constituents can shown between laboratory and open field condition while it was more pronounced compare with wheat seeds. The study suggested that sprouting wheat seeds at laboratory and open field improve the nutritional value of grass juice with preferably to laboratory condition especially at first cut and for saving agricultural land.