dew point

Jennings and Middleman [1] measured the limit of superheat of polystyrene in cyclohexane and Jennings [2] derived the following equation for the effect, found in Jennings [3]. T-To = (3 k To 2 w2 MWo) / (σo ao MW2) Looking at the data in [1] one can see that the rise in superheat is falling to that of the cyclohexane as the molecular weight of the polystyrene rises. In this paper, the author takes the partial derivative of T, solution limit of superheat, and shows that ∂ T / ∂ ln MW2-> 0 as r-> ∞. r is the ratio of molar volume of polymer to that of solvent. An image of the apparatus used to measure the temperature of the superheated solution is presented from Holden and Katz [4]. Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the 1985 Jennings and Middleman data are here. In a previous paper, Jennings [5] , Jennings proved that, ∂ σ / ∂ r = 0 comes from r = ∞. I take the above equation to: ∂T / ∂ln MW2 =-(3 k To 2 ρo w2) / (σo ao r ρ2). Notice that the left side goes to zero as r goes to infinity. This is the tendency in the Jennings and Middleman data.

In this work, we report the infinite dilution activity coefficients (γ 1,2 ∞ ) of 39 to 43 diverse organic solutes dissolved in three 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ionic liquids (IL) homologues bearing propyl, butyl, and pentyl n-alkyl side chains, respectively, as determined by inverse gas chromatography at temperatures from 323 K to 343 K. The organic solutes include various (cyclo)alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, thiophene, ethers, nitroalkanes, and ketones. The measured retention data were further transformed to gas-to-IL and water-to-IL partition coefficients using established thermodynamic approaches based upon the corresponding gas-to-water partition coefficients of the test solutes. Both sets of partition coefficients were interpreted with a modified form of the basic Abraham general solvation parameter model. The mathematical correlations obtained by regression analysis backcalculated the observed gas-to-IL and water-to-IL partition coefficient data to within average standard deviations of 0.104 and 0.136 log units, respectively.

Many gas condensate wells show a significant decrease in productivity once the pressure falls below the dew point pressure. This significantly decreases the productivity of very high rate gas wells in many of the world's largest hydrocarbon reservoirs. A widely accepted cause of this decrease in productivity index (PI) is the decrease in gas relative permeability due to build up of condensate in the near weIlbore region. Predictions of well inflow performance require accurate models for the gas relative permeability as a function of interfacial tension (IFT) between the gas and condensate phases (actually it should be trapping number rather than IFT). Since these relative permeabilities depend on fluid composition and pressure as well as condensate and water saturations, a model is essential for both interpretation of lab data and for predictive field simulations. The key to such a gas condensate relative permeability model is the dependence of the critical condensate saturation...

A 33 year (1964–1996), climatic database has been developed for three climate stations on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed located near the north end of the Owyhee Mountains in southwest Idaho. The longest records (1964–1996) are for daily maximum and minimum air temperature. The length of record for other weather elements that include hourly air temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, vapor pressure, solar radiation, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, and daily class A pan evaporation varies, but, in general, the record is from 1974–1996. These data can be accessed from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Watershed Research Center database through the anonymous ftp site: ftp.nwrc.ars.usda.gov.

Jennings and Middleman [1] measured the limit of superheat of polystyrene in cyclohexane and Jennings [2] derived the following equation for the effect, found in Jennings [3]. T-To = (3 k To 2 w 2 MW o) / (σo ao MW 2) Looking at the data in [1] one can see that the rise in superheat is falling to that of the cyclohexane as the molecular weight of the polystyrene rises. In this paper, the author takes the partial derivative of T, solution limit of superheat, and shows that ∂ T / ∂ ln MW 2-> 0 as r-> ∞. r is the ratio of molar volume of polymer to that of solvent. An image of the apparatus used to measure the temperature of the superheated solution is presented from Holden and Katz [4]. Figures 1, 2 and 3 of the 1985 Jennings and Middleman data are here.. In a previous paper, Jennings [5], Jennings proved that ∂ σ / ∂ r = 0 comes from r = ∞. I take the above equation to: ∂T / ∂ln MW 2 =-(3 k T o 2 ρ o w 2) / (σ o a o r ρ 2). Notice that the left side goes to zero as r goes to infinity. This is the tendency in the Jennings and Middleman data.

Low salinity water flooding (LSWF) is a promising strategy for improving oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs, and recent studies have shown that the recovery with low salinity water injection is a function of not only the salinity and ionic composition but also of the pH of injected brine, temperature, and the combined effect of both on the wetting properties of the clay mineral surfaces. Following brine flooding, the initial wettability of sandstone rock surfaces existed when crude oil, formation water (FW), and rock surface interaction were in chemical equilibrium at reservoir condition changes based on brine pH, salinity, temperature, and clay mineralogy. This study proposes pH, core flood temperature, and irreducible water saturation as key parameters in inducing wettability changes in the sandstone porous media. In the present work, the sandstone cores were subjected to flooding at temperatures of 70 °C, 85 °C, and 105 °C and measured the pH of the discharge effluents and initial or irreducible water saturation with respect to varying temperatures. This paper investigates the rise of the pH gradient and irreducible water saturation, S wir with respect to LS flooding, at increasing temperatures using a Barail sandstone core. The key results include the following: • The pH of the flood effluents increases with increasing core flood temperature, which indicates a shifting of the existing wetting state of the rock. • The combined effects of increasing pH and initial or irreducible water saturation pertaining to low salinity flooding at progressively increasing temperatures result in increasing water wettability of the sandstone rock. Increasing flooding temperatures cause an increase in S wir , which follows a linear relationship. The findings of the paper highlight the link of increasing pH and irreducible water saturation with the water wetting properties of the sandstone reservoir rock and hence the fluid flow or the oil-water relative permeability behaviour. This paper proposes that increased irreducible water saturation and pH of water flood effluents are connected to increasing water wetness in a sandstone rock as a function of elevated temperatures. As adequate work and consensus on the potential effects of temperature on wettability alteration under low salinity water flooding is still lacking, the current work in relation to the Barail sandstone of the upper Assam basin could be a novel reference for understanding of the importance of temperature dependent wettability alteration behaviour in sandstone cores. The findings of this study can assist in the formation of a novel approach towards considering the increasing irreducible water saturation and pH of the brine effluent as an effect of alternatively injection of low salinity water at elevated temperatures on sandstone porous rock.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

The dynamical behavior of the PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) has a direct effect on the air quality and on the boundary layer parameterization schemes used in local, regional and global models. Active remote sensing systems such as LIDARs (Light Detection and Ranging) use aerosols of the atmosphere as tracers for identification of atmospheric state determined by convective activity, turbulence or

Consider a rain cloud near the dew point, where droplets appear from the water vapor. Then, the nucleation equation previously derived for polymer solutions could be thought of as applying in reverse, water vapor--->water droplets in a cloud. The "solution" would then be the air phase with water vapor mixed with the constituents of the atmosphere and the new phase is the pure water droplet. This paper explains how the author's nucleation equation pertains to the rain-producing cloud in reverse in equation ( ), where T is the temperature of the cloud, To, the temperature it needs to cool to for water droplets to form and n 2 /n, the vapor pressure of water/air pressure. Presumably, atmospheric chemists have access to proper data from altostratus and nimbostratus clouds and could better predict when clouds will nucleate with this very simple formula. SEARCH TERMS "homogeneous nucleation" rain "dew point" cloud "relative humidity" "water vapor"

From the development of sour reserves and acid gas injection into oil reservoirs to the impact of hydrogen sulfide in CCS scheme, knowledge of the phase behaviour and thermophysical properties of the hydrogen sulfide + carbon dioxide is essential. Due to the toxicity of CO 2 -H 2 S system, there are few experimental data available in the literature. The aim of this work is to investigate the densities and thermodynamic properties of acid gases and liquids. Densities of the 95.05 mol% CO 2 + 4.95 mol% H 2 S binary system were measured continuously using a high temperature and pressure Vibrating Tube Densitometer (VTD), Anton Paar DMA 512 at pressures up to 41 MPa at five different temperatures, 273, 283, 298, 323 and 353 K in gas, liquid and supercritical regions. The specific heat capacity, compressibility factor, dew point and bubble point of the system have also been derived from the measured density data. The experimental data then were employed to evaluate the GERG-2008 equations of state and classical cubic equations of state (PR, SRK and VPT) with a CO 2 volume correction model as well as volume translation.

Open water evaporation is influenced by several meteorological parameters such as: irradiance, soil temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure and wind speed. However, dealing with that matter, in a case of measurements scarcity, is a challenging task. To overcome this problem, the authors sought a less-dimensional method to estimate lake evaporation. This technique takes into account only three weather variables: temperature, relative Humidity and dew point. In fact, the approach is summarized as follows: 1- using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, a Nonlinear Regression model based on Magnus formula is trained and tested to estimate the dew point. 2- a simplified Penman formula provides an estimate for the lake evaporation rate. To test the approach effectiveness, the suggested method was applied on Qaraoun Lake - Lebanon. Upon testing, the regression model exhibited high accuracy with a goodness of fit value equal to 0.99. Afterwards, the evaporation rates were estimated us...

Weather system is a facility with instrument for atmospheric physics condition monitoring at certain location and certain time/short period time with daily period maximum. This weather condition is important information in many fields, such as air transportation, voyage, agriculture, national defense, communication, and so on. Therefore it is a necessary to develop a cheap, accurate, and continuous atmosphere condition measurement equipment. This research realizes the telemetry system for monitoring weather elements, such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and sunlight intensity. This system is designed to have transmitter and receiver of weather information. Communication between transmitter and receiver is wireless. At receiver station the information will be processed by microcontroller. Then this weather element information which is measured periodically is displayed. The experiment result shows that the wireless microcontrollerbased system for we...

The Candamo Cave contains an important group of paleolithic paintings which have been seriously deteriorated due to mass tourism. In this work, an analysis was carried out of different climatic parameters (CO 2 , temperature, humidity, 222 Rn) during annual cycles with the cave closed to the public and during an experimental period of controlled visits. The effect of visits on the geochemical characteristics of karstic water was also analyzed together with the cave ventilation. The natural variations in the cave air CO 2 were above 3000 ppm, the increase produced through visits was only 100-110 ppm and since the humidity is almost permanently at saturation point, the critical parameter which limits the visitor capacity becomes air temperature. The temperature changes during the annual cycle are of the order of 1 7C in the external part and less than 0.5 7C in the internal part of the cave and a maximum increase of 0.13 7C was observed during the period of the visits. The 222 Rn and CO 2 concentration minimums in the summer period (July-October) show that this is the most propitious time for visits, since the greatest ventilation is produced in the cave at this time and, therefore, the greatest capacity for recovery. The geochemistry of the water, on the other hand, indicated that this is the period of the year in which processes of wall corrosion can be most easily introduced, although this would be of limited magnitude. The visitor capacity calculated was 29 visitors/day.

The amount of water allocated to irrigation systems is significantly greater than the amount allocated to other sectors. Thus, irrigation water demand management is at the center of the attention of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Turkey. To plan more effective irrigation systems in agriculture, it is necessary to accurately calculate plant water requirements. In this study, daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) values were estimated using tree-based regression and deep learning-based gated recurrent unit (GRU) models. For this purpose, 15 input scenarios, consisting of meteorological variables including maximum and minimum temperature, wind speed, maximum and minimum relative humidity, dew point temperature, and sunshine duration, were considered. ETo values calculated according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith method were considered as model outputs. The results indicate that the random forest model, with a correlation co...

Synthetic gas or syngas from gasification process of coal, petcoke, biomass and other carbonaceous compounds contains acidic gases that need to be removed. Being considered as state of the art process, amine absorption is widely used for this purpose. Although amine absorption eliminates almost 99% acid gas, this process however generates significant amount of water in the treated synthetic gas. Until today, no specific process was designed for removal of water from synthetic gas. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of dehydration processes using glycol solution to remove water content in synthetic gas. Two gas dehydration processes is used in this study, which are typical gas dehydration unit and stripping gas and Stahl column gas dehydration unit to represent enhanced gas dehydration. Enhanced dehydration process is a process equipped with some modification of regeneration part to obtain higher glycol purity once it has been recycled. From the simulation run by Aspen HYSYS, the results showed that both typical gas dehydration unit and enhanced gas dehydration unit had successfully achieved the dehydration objective. These results are exhibited using phase envelope diagram of gas stream exiting the dehydration unit. Besides, gas dehydration system using ethylene glycol (MEG) also had reduced the water content of the synthetic gas down to the accepted level and meets the fuel specification. First and foremost, all praise to the Al-Mighty for giving me the strength, patience, ideas and energy in completing this Final Year Project after facing all the problems and challenges from the beginning until this report has been completed successfully. Secondly, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor and mentor, Dr. Usama Mohamed Nour El Demerdash for all his advices, guidance, and patience in guiding me throughout this period of study. He has been a very supportive supervisor and more than willing to share his knowledge and experiences in order to ensure high learning and understanding to me for every work that I do for this project. I also would like to thank to both my parent for their countless supports and motivations for me to complete this work study. My gratitude is also extended to Mr. Muhammad Aimen bin Isa for all his efforts and helps during this study. He has provided me with a lot of useful information and knowledge, and his work has been a very useful source in running this project. Besides, I would like to deliver my appreciation to Final Year Project coordinator, Dr. Asna M Zain for her efforts in planning the course structures so that it will run smoothly throughout the semester. Last but not least, thank you to all my family and friends for being together with me facing all the problems and challenges in order to finish this project successfully, and not to forget to those whom directly or indirectly involved and contributed in my project. Thank you.

Article village to the farm intended of lands productivity save important from the conditions one has been soil of compression ahead to get technician and technological ways to work on exiting dedicated. In this village economy technique and their aggregates by the soil, too much, except compression problems, was studied. Village economy of the car complex parameters and soil situation account received without, to the soil of movers pressure equations that determine the power were proposed. This topic, according to different scientific and practical materials used, research static information system analysis to do and again work method with done increased.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

The need to operate a boiler efficiently in today's environment is at the top of many plant owners and operators lists. Unfortunately, operating a boiler efficiently and meeting local emission regulations do not always go hand in hand. However, advances in boiler system design and technology have made this a much more achievable task. The potential for energy improvements and cost savings is substantial when considered that most boilers operating today are performing at efficiencies that are less than 70 percent. The performance calculation and rectification measures are essential for performance evaluation and efficiency enhancement. Since the efficiency decreases from time to time it is required to find out the losses occurring in boiler using proper methodology. The environmental issues and economy are the secondary factors to be considered after finding the losses. Due to increase in fuel price and demand in more energy requirement in everyday life, proper utilization of materials and resources are necessary. This present deals with the aim of estimating the heat losses occurring in thermal power plant boilers and hence finding suitable ways for reducing it, hence allowing plants to achieve more performance, sustainability and cost-effective maintenance operation of a steam system.

The realization of thermal comfort through the use of refrigerated-based air conditioning systems is largely impeded by poverty and epileptic power supply. Furthermore, the use of some refrigerants has negative effect on the environment. Evaporative cooling systems are viable options for achieving thermal comfort because, apart from their low cost and power requirement, they are environmentally friendly. This paper attempts to determine the viability of using direct evaporative coolers to achieve human thermal comfort in several West African cities characterized by different climates using the feasibility index method. Employing the concept of the feasibility index reveals the suitability of using evaporative coolers in Agadez, Bamako, Diffa, Jos, and Nema while Conakry, Gagnoa and Port Harcourt are not recommended for the use of evaporative coolers. Evaporative coolers are therefore suitable alternative to refrigerated-based air conditioning systems for achieving human thermal comf...

This study was conducted to evaluate hydrocarbon and water dew points of natural gas. For this purpose, algorithm of suppressing divergence was devised to evaluate hydrocarbon dew point up to near critical point and algorithm for finding water dew points lower than that of hydrocarbon, which cannot be calculated by commercial dew point program, was developed. The evaluated values were compared to commercial program and ISO reference values, and the results showed that deviations were zero.

Objective Tar spot is a foliar disease of corn caused by Phyllachora maydis, which produces signs in the form of stromata that bear conidia and ascospores. Phyllachora maydis cannot be cultured in media; therefore, the inoculum source for studying tar spot comprises leaves with stromata collected from naturally infected plants. Currently, there is no effective protocol to induce infection under controlled conditions. In this study, an inoculation method was assessed under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions to test whether stromata of P. maydis could be induced on corn leaves. Experiments resulted in incubation periods ranging between 18 and 20 days and stromata development at the beginning of corn growth stage VT-R1 (silk). The induced stromata of P. maydis were confirmed by microscopy, PCR, or both. From thirteen experiments conducted, four (31%) resulted in the successful production of stromata. Statistical analyses indicate that if an experiment is conducted, there are equal chances of obtaining successful or unsuccessful infections. The information from this study will be valuable for developing more reliable P. maydis inoculation methods in the future.

Monitoring of PM₂․₅ concentrations in urban areas such as Jakarta is crucial given its impact on public health (WHO, 2021) and the urban environment (Zhang et al., 2020), where measuring PM₂․₅ levels is essential for assessing air quality and health risks in metropolitan regions, including Jakarta. However, the limited number of ground-based monitoring stations and variable weather conditions often result in uneven PM₂․₅ data availability (Alim et al., 2023). As an alternative, satellite-derived Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) can serve as a proxy for particulate pollution monitoring (Liang et al., 2018).This study aims to analyze the temporal trends and quantify the correlation between ground-based PM₂․₅ and satellite AOD in Jakarta from December 2022 through March 2025. PM₂․₅ data were obtained from five Air Quality Monitoring Stations (SPKU) located in Kebon Jeruk, Bundaran HI, Kelapa Gading, Lubang Buaya, and Jagakarsa, while AOD was extracted via Google Earth Engine (MODIS MCD19A2) at the same five locations. Key methods include additive seasonal decomposition of each time series, calculation of Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and cross-correlation analysis to determine the optimal lag. The results indicate that both PM₂․₅ and AOD trends rose from mid-2023, peaked in early 2024, and then gradually declined through late 2024; monthly correlations were very strong (Pearson r = 0.71, p < 0.001; Spearman ρ = 0.76, p < 0.001). Seasonal analysis revealed concentration maxima during the dry season (June–September) and minima in the wet season (December–February). Cross-correlation shows that AOD leads PM₂․₅ fluctuations by one month (lag +1). These findings underscore the potential of satellite AOD as a monthly proxy for estimating PM₂․₅ in Jakarta, supporting more spatially and temporally comprehensive air quality monitoring than ground-based networks alone. In conclusion, satellite AOD can be used as a supplementary indicator for PM₂․₅ air quality monitoring in Jakarta, particularly to fill gaps in ground-based PM₂․₅ data coverage.

Dew plays a vital role in ecosystem processes in arid and semi-arid regions and is expected to be affected by climate warming. Infrared heater warming systems have been widely used to simulate climate warming effects on ecosystem. However, how this warming system affects dew formation has been long ignored and rarely addressed. In a typical alpine grassland ecosystem on the Northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, we measured dew amount and duration by artificial condensing surfaces, leaf wetness sensors and in situ dew formation on plants from 2012 to 2017. We also measured plant traits related to dew conditions. The results showed that (1) warming reduced the dew amount by 41.6%-91.1% depending on the measurement method, and reduced dew duration by 32.1 days compared to the ambient condition. (2) Different plant functional groups differed in dew formation. (3) Under the infrared warming treatment, the dew amount decreased with plant height, while under the ambient conditions, the dew amount showed the opposite trend. We concluded that warming with an infrared heater system greatly reduces dew formation, and if ignored, it may lead to overestimation of the effects of climate warming on ecosystem processes in climate change simulation studies.

Gas condensate reservoirs face persistent challenges due to condensate dropout near the wellbore, which results in a reduction in permeability and overall production efficiency. Recent innovations in stimulation technologies have focused on mitigating these issues by enhancing fluid inflow and bypassing the formation of condensate banks. This article presents an in-depth theoretical analysis of advanced stimulation methods, including selective acid stimulation, foam injection, and hydraulic micro-fracturing. By synthesizing current literature and employing numerical simulations, the study compares these approaches, highlighting their relative effectiveness and potential integration. Results indicate that foam injection not only improves the inflow performance factor (IPF) by modifying near-wellbore flow dynamics but also shows synergistic benefits when combined with microfracturing. These positive outcomes underline the promise of hybrid techniques for enhanced oil recovery in gas condensate wells. The prospects for field-scale validation and further optimization suggest that these strategies could significantly shift current industry practices toward more efficient and robust reservoir management.

This research focused on the simulation of dehydration-regeneration plant for natural gas processing in Aspen Hysys using triethylene glycol(TEG) as the absorbent. The simulation data for the process plant was obtained from relevant literatures and were introduced into the software, which by the application of the principles of mass and heat transfer did the basic calculations and provided the results for analysis of the process.The simulated results for the dehydrator and regenerator showed reasonable agreement with established experimental results, which made the simulated plant a better option for the dehydration of natural gas and regeneration of the absorbent. The results obtained for the regenerator and dehydrator; area = 0.8938m,0.2919m, column diameter = 1.07m, 0.6096m and column height = 7.14m, 6.034m respectively.The results showed that there was 92.5% regeneration of the absorbent which when validated with literature data gave deviation of -5.5%.

UNLV hosted an NHI Systems Interface Meeting on Dec. 16 and a UNLVRF HTHX Kickoff Meeting on Dec. 17. The purpose of the meetings was to coordinate the FY05 research and development effort of the UNLV Research Foundation portion of the Nuclear Hydrogen Initiative among the DOE, national program technical directors and the UNLVRF collaborators. Collaborators also had the opportunity to discuss their research program plan and update their progress. It was decided that these type of collaboration meetings were very useful and they will be held quarterly at the various collaborator sites. The next meeting will be in March in Salt Lake City hosted by Ceramatec, Inc. • HTHX Computational Design. The work on the three-dimensional numerical simulations for both the rectangular and curved fin edge cases for the baseline heat exchanger using UC Berkeley dimensions with He-Flinak as the working fluids continued. Simulations indicate that temperature dependent physical properties do not significantly affect the flow and heat transfer results. The mesh independence investigation for CFD calculations of high temperature heat exchanger was completed and investigations of correctness for periodic boundary conditions for upper and lower walls were completed, both showing satisfactory results. Turbulence modeling had a pronounced effect on the helium channel heat exchanger channels with rectangular fin edges (23% difference in the pressure drop results) while other results were not significantly affected. • Metallic Materials Testing. Tensile properties of Alloy C-22, Alloy C-276 and Waspaloy have been determined at ambient temperature, 450 and 600 o C in the presence of nitrogen. The evaluation of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of all three alloys in a 90 o C aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid and sodium iodide under a constant-loading condition was completed. Fractographic evaluations of the tested tensile specimens by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also performed. Based on the review of literature gathered from numerous materials-related meetings held at ORNL and UNLV during the quarter, additional materials have been identified for material testing: Incoloy 800H, Incoloy 800HT, AL 610, Niobium (Nb)-1 Zirconium (Zr), Nb-7.5 Tantalum (Ta), and Zr 705. • LSI C-C/Si-C Composite Material Studies. The high-pressure helium permeation tests on a CVD SiC and Pyrolytic Carbon coated fiber sample were performed up to 5.5 MPa. The coating layer kept good hermeticity as no helium bubbles were observed on the sample surface. The sample, however, failed about five minutes later, while experiencing a tensile stress of 276 MPa before breaking (which is much higher than 9 MPa maximum tensile stress typically found from unit cell stress analysis). This test directly verified that CVD carbon coated SiSiC material can keep helium hermeticity under high pressure and stress well beyond the working pressure and stress expected for NGNP.

The paper presents the results obtained in the SMART farm by using an advanced method of managing soil conservation works. These works involve, first of all, the collection and storage of data on the spot regarding the following parameters in which the plants will grow: disease climate (air temperature, dew point), growth climate (air temperature, solar radiation, deficiency vapours pressure, relative air humidity, precipitation, wind speed, maximum wind speed, daily evaporation) and soil monitoring (soil moisture, precipitation, soil salinity, soil temperature). Data collection is done through intelligent sensors from a wireless weather station and the reception of this information in real-time on a computer/smartphone by the farmer. Therefore, the farmer will be able to make instant decisions on soil conservation work, thusly saving time and workforce for additional on farm inspections.

A new method for biogas heating, cooling and drying has been developed. The method is based on two channel counter flow where recuperation happens. Biogas cooling is done with the dried colder flow to get the gas below the dew point temperature and allow it to condensate, but heating is done with humid hot gas flow from bioreactor. The system is being tested both experimentally and numerically by mathematical modelling. A previously developed 1D model has been implemented in MATLAB and calculations made for experimental setup. The results are also compared to 3D model made with ANSYS/CFX software.

Although degree-days can be used to determine when insect emergence begins, peak swarming events in species that exhibit extended emergence periods are difficult to estimate. With the aid of logistic regression, we estimated the probability of adult mayfly swarms (≥50 individuals/m2), occurring on any given night in western Lake Erie, using meteorological data. We sampled adult Hexagenia Walsh, 1863 from 2130 (sunset) to 2300 on 18 dates in 2000 (2 June – 18 July), with the largest numbers retrieved between 13 June and 2 July. Water temperature (20 °C) was the cue to the onset of swarming (subimagos). Highest mean (±SE) density of all Hexagenia adults (subimagos and imagos) was 24 740 ± 8 757 individuals/m2. Overall, 10-fold more imagos (mostly females) than subimagos were attracted to lights. Of the factors examined (air and water temperature, Julian day, dew point, heat index, humidity, moon phase, wind chill, wind direction, wind speed), onshore wind speed (0–9.2 km/h) on calenda...

An Airtight room was installed to prevent the diffusion of tritium from the instrument room to other areas in HANARO. It was isolated by a robust structure and the inside was closed tightly. A Tritium removal system located outside the instrument room was connected to the airtight room to lower the tritium concentration when the workers enter the room for maintenance of the instruments. The tritium concentration and the dew point in the airtight room were continuously measured during the operation of the tritium removal system. The data were analyzed by using a model. There was a difference between the measured tritium concentration and the one obtained by the model. It is believed that the difference is due to the change of the generation rate of tritium which would increase as the dew point becomes lower. Based on this assumption, the previous equation was revised to better express the performance of the tritium removal system. It was re-estimated that the change of tritium concen...

O orvalho e a sua formação são componentes importantes em diferentes áreas, principalmente em contextos de escassez de água ou excesso de humidade.

Este trabalho teve como objectivo desenvolver e validar um modelo estatístico probabilístico para a previsão do ponto de orvalho, avaliando a influência da altitude, utilizando dados históricos e técnicas de visualização aplicados ao campus do Instituto Superior Politécnico da Tundavala, localizado na Humpata. Foram utilizados dados meteorológicos históricos (1992-2022) da base ERA5 do ECMWF, com foco nas variáveis de temperatura do ar e humidade relativa. Os dados foram processados utilizando o software QGIS para análise geoespacial e conversões, e em Python para o cálculo das probabilidades de formação do ponto de orvalho. Além disso, foram analisados perfis topográficos para avaliar a influência da altitude neste fenômeno. Os resultados revelaram variações sazonais significativas no ponto de orvalho, com temperaturas mínimas de -4°C em Junho e Julho e máximas de 15°C em Março. A probabilidade de formação de orvalho foi maior entre Janeiro e Março, especialmente nas primeiras horas da manhã e ao final da tarde, enquanto entre Maio e Setembro, as chances de formação foram quase nulas. As análises topográficas indicaram que variações de altitude de 14 a 17 metros não tiveram impacto significativo na formação de orvalho. Conclui-se que o modelo desenvolvido apresentou resultados consistentes, sendo uma ferramenta eficaz para previsões locais, com aplicações potenciais em áreas como agricultura e estudos de condensação. Estudos futuros podem incluir análises experimentais para validar a recolha de orvalho em campo e refinar o modelo.

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The possibility of identifying the degree of influence of the process parameters on the efficiency of work in environmental engineering by means of simulation method of stepby-step variation of the value of the parameters of technological operations and operational and technological parameters of the working bodies of mechanization tools that are part of the

Dew point pressure is one of the most critical quantities for characterizing a gas condensate reservoir. So, accurate determination of this property has been the main challenge in reservoir development and management. The experimental determination of dew point pressure in PVT cell is often difficult especially in case of lean retrograde gas condensate. Empirical correlations and some equations of state can be used to calculate reservoir fluid properties. Empirical correlations do not have ability to reliable duplicate the temperature behavior of constant composition fluids. Equations of state have convergence problem and need to be tuned against some experimental data. Complexity, non-linearity and vagueness are some reservoir parameter characteristic which can be propagated simply by intelligent system. With the advantage of fuzzy sets in knowledge representation and the high capacity of neural nets (NNs) in learning knowledge expressed in data, in this paper a neural fuzzy system(NFS) is proposed to predict dew point pressure of gas condensate reservoir. The model was developed using 110 measurements of dew point pressure. The performance of the model is compared against performance of some of the most accurate and general correlations for dew point pressure calculation. From the results of this study, it can be pointed out that this novel method is more accurate and reliable with the mean square error of 0.058%, 0.074% and 0.044% for training, validation and test processes, respectively.

Scree, as the main result of the gelivation (gelifraction) processes, represents a very interesting habitat type through the ecologic particularities it has. The formation and the spreading of scree is strongly related to the type of rock that generated it. Different types of rock lead to a different behavior against gelifraction and also against meteorization and bio-meteorization (chemical and biochemical alteration). Some of the mechanical features of rocks are defining regarding the higher or lower susceptibility of generating scree. The present paper is the result of the research on the porosity of meso-metamorphical crystalline schist extracted from different types of scree located on the north-western side of Leaota Mountains. It represents the continuation of some research of similar researches on limestone scree in the previously mentioned geographical area, leading to the conclusion that one can make a comparison between the two categories of rocks (limestone and schist) r...

The paper presents a method used in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences for a reliable and traceable relative humidity calibration in the temperature range from 5 °C to 45 °C. Inside a controllable temperature and humidity environment, supplied by a mixed-flow humidity generator, measurements of hygrometers under calibration are compared with those of calibrated reference instruments. A traceability chain from temperature to reference relative humidity and next to the hygrometers under calibrations is provided by using a chilled-mirror dew-point temperature system and precise relative humidity probes. Corresponding calibration uncertainties are analyzed, particularly those associated to the temperature uniformity of controlled calibration environment. Two examples of relative humidity calibration with dew-point and relative humidity reference measurements in the range from 15 to 75% of RH and 5 °C to 45 °C are presented and discussed.

Losing heat additionally results in greater energy expenses and waste of resources. In any construction building, the façades ensure the heat transfer between the exterior and the interior surfaces of the structure. The thermal transfer of a façade is dominated by conduction. This exchange makes them responsible for guaranteeing thermal comfort to the occupants. Uninsulated outside walls can cause substantial heat loss, particularly during the winter. The heat is able to pass via such façade, leaving it hard to keep the appropriate temperature inside the construction. Furthermore, there is traditional outside insulation that uses isolative boards, which come in a variety of materials. They require a coat of render on top to provide additional protection from the outdoors as well as a beautiful finish. Impermeability and additional costs are the main disadvantages of such systems. In recent façades (rainscreens), the use of ventilated or unventilated cavities influences the thermal resistance. The rainscreen tends to have lower thermal transmittance than the stone façade. The thermal transmittance of the curtain wall depends on the thermal transmittance of the glazing and that of the mullions/transoms including the spacer of the double-glazing, calculated from a 2D analysis, so the total thermal transmittance will be a weighted average value. Surface or interstitial condensation occurs when humid air touches a surface T less than the dew point temperature; it is less likely to occur in a recent façade than in an old one. The aim of this topic is to achieve an energy comparison between two identical resident structures. The first one was provided with an old façade; however, the other house had a recent façade. The obtained results show an important saving of energy of the recent façade (refund in electricity bills), ensures thermal comfort, reduces embodied carbon, and protects the planet, the atmosphere, and the environment.

The impact of climate change and its relation with evapotranspiration was evaluated in the Duero River Basin (Spain). The study shows possible future situations 50 yr from now from the reference evapotranspiration (ET o ). The maximum temperature (T max ), minimum temperature (T min ), dew point (T d ), wind speed (U ) and net radiation (R n ) trends during the 1980-2009 period were obtained and extrapolated with the FAO-56 Penman-Montheith equation to estimate ET o . Changes in stomatal resistance in response to increases in CO 2 were also considered. Four scenarios were done, taking the concentration of CO 2 and the period analyzed (annual or monthly) into consideration. The scenarios studied showed the changes in ET o as a consequence of the annual and monthly trends in the variables T max , T min , T d , U and R n with current and future CO 2 concentrations (372 ppm and 550 ppm). The future ET o showed increases between 118 mm (11 %) and 55 mm (5 %) with respect to the current situation of the river basin at 1042 mm. The months most affected by climate change are May, June, July, August and September, which also coincide with the maximum water needs of the basin's crops.

An approach to determine the convective available potential energy (CAPE) and the convective inhibition (CIN) based on the use of data from a Raman lidar system is illustrated in this work. The use of Raman lidar data allows to provide high temporal resolution measurements (5 min) of CAPE and CIN and follow their evolution over extended time periods covering the full cycle of convective activity. Lidar-based measurements of CAPE and CIN are obtained from Raman lidar measurements of the temperature and water vapor mixing ratio profiles and the surface measurements of temperature, pressure and dew point temperature provided by a surface weather station. The approach is applied to the data collected by the Raman lidar system BASIL in the frame of COPS. Attention was focused on 15 July and 25-26 July 2007. Lidar-based measurements are in good agreement with simultaneous measurements from radiosondes and with estimates from different mesoscale models.

Losing heat additionally results in greater energy expenses and waste of resources. In any construction building, the façades ensure the heat transfer between the exterior and the interior surfaces of the structure. The thermal transfer of a façade is dominated by conduction. This exchange makes them responsible for guaranteeing thermal comfort to the occupants. Uninsulated outside walls can cause substantial heat loss, particularly during the winter. The heat is able to pass via such façade, leaving it hard to keep the appropriate temperature inside the construction. Furthermore, there is traditional outside insulation that uses isolative boards, which come in a variety of materials. They require a coat of render on top to provide additional protection from the outdoors as well as a beautiful finish. Impermeability and additional costs are the main disadvantages of such systems. In recent façades (rainscreens), the use of ventilated or unventilated cavities influences the thermal resistance. The rainscreen tends to have lower thermal transmittance than the stone façade. The thermal transmittance of the curtain wall depends on the thermal transmittance of the glazing and that of the mullions/transoms including the spacer of the double-glazing, calculated from a 2D analysis, so the total thermal transmittance will be a weighted average value. Surface or interstitial condensation occurs when humid air touches a surface T less than the dew point temperature; it is less likely to occur in a recent façade than in an old one. The aim of this topic is to achieve an energy comparison between two identical resident structures. The first one was provided with an old façade; however, the other house had a recent façade. The obtained results show an important saving of energy of the recent façade (refund in electricity bills), ensures thermal comfort, reduces embodied carbon, and protects the planet, the atmosphere, and the environment.

This paper proposed a new empirical K-value equation is developed to calculate dew pressure for gas condensate reservoirs. This equation is applicable in the wide ranges of composition, temperature, and pressure by considering the effect of composition via two equations for normal boiling point and critical temperature of the mixture. The range of dew pressure, temperature, heptane plus mole fraction, methane mole fraction, N ଶ mole fraction, CO ଶ mole fraction, and H ଶ S mole fraction are fallen into 2666.7-9655 Psia, 40-350.87 ℉, 0.0021-0.213, 0.3344-0.9668, 0-0.4322, 0-0.0864, and 0-0.942 respectively. As an important point, the proposed equation has any adjustable parameters, in addition, this equation indicates that in order to predict of dew pressure of gas condensate reservoirs, trial and error was not needed and therefore, computational speed increases beyond the accuracy. Moreover, the accuracy is validated by comparing against the experimental data of 81 gas condensate reservoirs samples from published literature and the results of Wilson, Whitson, and Ghafoori equations. Compared to the experimental data, the absolute average deviations of dew pressure calculations for the proposed equation, Wilson, Whitson, and Ghafoori were 7.6%, 97.6%, 99.4%, and 94.9% respectively.

Indoor radon and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, precipitation, indoor dew point, wind direction, wind speed and heat index) were simultaneously monitored in an old residential house in a radon suspected area. Measurements were performed during the period from winter to summer (13 February 2021-15 August 2021). Indoor radon concentrations were measured with detectors, Airthings Corentium Home (alpha spectrometry method), and meteorological parameters were continuously monitored by the meteorological station WTH600-E (wireless weather station). The influence of geological characteristics in the study area was analyzed, as well as some observed variations and correlations with indoor/outdoor meteorological parameters. The results indicated that indoor radon levels are higher in the spring/summer season than in the winter season. Diurnal radon concentrations varied during measuring period from 303-1708 Bq/m 3 (average 949 Bq/m 3 ) and 427-1852 Bq/m 3 (average 1116 Bq/m 3 ) for the living room and bedroom, respectively. Indoor radon concentrations correlated with: outdoor/indoor temperature, indoor humidity (r = 0.45, r = 0.40, r = 0.32, r = 0.56, respectively); indoor dew point (r = 0.53); outdoor barometric pressure (r = -0.26); there were no clear correlation with precipitation and outdoor humidity. The health risk due to long-term, high radon exposure was assessed through the calculated inhalation dose.

Simple and precise methods for accurate calculation of wet -bulb temperature and dew-point temperatures are presented in the paper. Input parameters required for calculation of dew-point temperature and wet-bulb temperature are dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity. In this paper, the equations for determining dew point temperature for the entire pressure range are given. The equations proposed here for saturation vapour pressure for temperature range (0ºC to 110ºC) has an average error of 0.042% only and for temperature range (0ºC to -40ºC) error of 0.108% and the same equations can be rewritten to determine the value of dew-point temperature. The mean absolute deviation in calculated values of dew-point temperature was 0.04%. The proposed method for dew-point temperature led to an average error of 0.083%as compared to that of correct values. The mean absolute deviation in calculated values of wet-bulb temperature for the entire range (-40ºC to 110ºC) was 0.031ºC. The proposed method for wet-bulb temperature led to an average error of 0.09% as compared to that of correct values.

The loss in condensate recovery from gas condensate reservoirs due to condensate dropout when the flowing bottom hole pressure drops below the dew point pressure of the in-situ reservoir fluid is significant. Pressure maintenance and gas cycling are the standard practices used to alleviate this problem and enhance the condensate and gas recoveries. In this study, swelling and constant volume depletion tests are conducted on the original fluid sample from a gas condensate reservoir. Various scenarios regarding gas injection recycling are examined to determine the most appropriate gas for injection which enhances gas and condensate recovery. In this study, injection of three gases (CO2, N2 and separator gas) with different injection volumes on the current field fluid were tested using simulation. Based on the results of this study, CO2 was the most efficient gas followed by separator gas and N2 respectively to inject into the gas condensate reservoirs for decreasing the condensate dropout and enhancing its recovery. This result is significant as CO2 injection in gas condensate reservoirs could be used to sequestrate the produced CO2 from power plants and other sources while enhancing the production from gas condensate reservoirs.