cloud of things

The ultimate aim of a smart city is to enhance the quality of life for its residents and businesses through modern technologies in order to reduce resource deterioration and maintain overall costs. From this perspective, blockchain is one of these technologies that has received much attention during the recent years as it offers new alternatives for individuals and institutions in the smart city context. This study aims to explore the potential and contribution of blockchain in smart cities by studying and reviewing the literature of scientific research on the concept and fundamentals of blockchain, involving its most practical applications. In addition, it summarizes worldwide examples of success in using blockchain as well as exploring the challenges and opportunities related to this technology in smart cities. Thus, this study provides a useful reference for researchers to review all about the new blockchain technology.

The ARTICONF project funded by the European Horizon 2020 program addresses issues of trust, time-criticality and democratisation for a new generation of federated infrastructure, to fulfil the privacy, robustness, and autonomy related promises critical in proprietary social media platforms. It aims to: (1) simplify the creation of open and agile social media ecosystem with trusted participation using a two stage permissioned blockchain; (2) automatically detect interest groups and communities using graph anonymization techniques for decentralised and tokenized decision-making and reasoning; (3) elastically autoscale timecritical social media applications through an adaptive orchestrated Cloud edge-based infrastructure meeting application runtime requirements; and (4) enhance monetary inclusion in collaborative models through cognition and knowledge supply chains. We summarize the initial envisaged architecture of the ARTICONF ecosystem, the industrial pilot use cases for validating it, and the planned innovations compared to related other European research projects.

The rise of data-sharing platforms, driven by public demand for open data and legislative mandates, has raised several pertinent issues. These encompass uncertainties over data accuracy, provenance and lineage, privacy concerns, consent management, and the lack of equitable incentives for data providers. The advanced nature of blockchain makes it well suited to address these concerns. Yet, the limitations of blockchains, particularly their restricted performance, scalability, and high cost, make them less adept at managing the four "Vs" of big data-volume, variety, velocity, and veracity. As the body of work proposing blockchain-based data-sharing solutions grows, so does the confusion in selecting between these platforms, particularly in terms of sharing mechanisms, services, quality of services, and applications. In this article, we aim to fill this knowledge gap through an in-depth survey of blockchain-based data-sharing architectures and applications. We first identify the key challenges of existing data-sharing techniques and lay out the foundations of blockchains. Our focus then shifts to the intersection of blockchain and data sharing, wherein we aim to clarify the existing landscape and propose a reference architecture for blockchain-based data sharing. Subsequently, we explore various industrial applications of blockchain-based data sharing, spanning healthcare, smart grids, transportation, and decarbonization. For each application, we draw from real-world deployments to present key lessons learned in the implementation of blockchain-based data sharing. Lastly, we shed light on current research challenges and open avenues for further study in this space. This article aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers/practitioners looking to navigate the complex terrain of blockchain-based data-sharing solutions.

Sustainable analytical methods are highly demanded in the modern society. Within the green principles, novel procedures that attend the sustainable development goals have been proposed and the internet of things (IoT) can play key role to achieve this goal. The association of IoT with analytical chemistry enables the real-time obtaining of analytical data to control industrial processes as well as for monitoring different environmental scenarios and human health by accessing remotely analytical information. In this context, this review presents the main IoT technologies used for analytical chemistry as well as a tutorial for beginners in the field.

In this research, we investigate how to include a Trust Management System (TMS) into fog computing-a decentralized computing architecture that expands cloud computing's capabilities to the edge of a network. We conduct an inquiry into the application and evaluation of a new multi-criteria trust mechanism designed specifically for fog computing settings. This approach, which combines "soft trust" with "hard trust," is essential to assessing and controlling the dependability and credibility of entities in the fog computing environment. We discover that the implementation of trust models in this setting improves the reliability and usefulness of Electroencephalography (EEG) applications in various domains, including neurology and clinical medicine. Additionally, these models aid in the creation of implementations that are safe, intuitive, and compliant with ethical standards.

Background: Cloud robotics is an integration of cloud computing with robotics, which will bring efficiency to task management in both healthcare and manufacturing sectors. Optimization of performance needs effective scheduling and resource allocation. Objectives: This research is aimed at the optimization of dynamic task scheduling with fuzzy logic and metaheuristics in healthcare and manufacturing settings for enhanced task allocation and execution.s Methods: We adopted a hybrid methodology to integrate decision-making using fuzzy logic with optimization techniques of metaheuristic algorithms in order to optimally schedule the tasks. Parameters include resource usage, task priorities, and the time taken by each task during execution. Results: The result showed that it is possible to have 92% accuracy on the allocation of tasks with the proposed model where 35% execution time improvement compared to conventional approaches.

BACKGROUND: The development of 5G networks has made it increasingly difficult to maintain effective and safe network management. Innovative security solutions are needed due to the complexity of device heterogeneity and huge data flow. By enhancing security, transparency, and dynamic resource management, blockchain, SDN, ABAC, and HMAC have the ability to address these issues. METHODS: ABAC for attribute-based access control, HMAC for message integrity, blockchain for tamper-proof transaction records, SDN for flexible control, and API management for safe interactions are all integrated into the system. These elements work together to provide secure, scalable, and effective 5G network slicing. OBJECTIVE: The main objective is to use blockchain, SDN, ABAC, and HMAC to improve 5G network security, scalability, and agility. The technology intends to develop a more transparent, efficient, and reliable infrastructure for 5G and future networks such as 6G by optimizing network slicing and securing API interactions. RESULTS: Comparing the suggested system to conventional techniques, it performed substantially better, exhibiting 96.6% accuracy, 95.8% precision, and 93.1% recall. This improved resource management, security, and scalability. Our findings demonstrate the system's improved security and efficacy in managing 5G networks. CONCLUSION: This blockchain-based cloud-native network slicing solution provides an architecture that is flexible and scalable for future networks, including 6G, while effectively addressing security concerns related to 5G. It improves overall security, network agility, and resource optimization by combining SDN, HMAC, ABAC, and blockchain; this makes it a strong solution for changing network settings.

Background: Cloud robotics is an integration of cloud computing with robotics, which will bring efficiency to task management in both healthcare and manufacturing sectors. Optimization of performance needs effective scheduling and resource allocation. Objectives: This research is aimed at the optimization of dynamic task scheduling with fuzzy logic and metaheuristics in healthcare and manufacturing settings for enhanced task allocation and execution.s Methods: We adopted a hybrid methodology to integrate decision-making using fuzzy logic with optimization techniques of metaheuristic algorithms in order to optimally schedule the tasks. Parameters include resource usage, task priorities, and the time taken by each task during execution. Results: The result showed that it is possible to have 92% accuracy on the allocation of tasks with the proposed model where 35% execution time improvement compared to conventional approaches.

Blockchain technology is an innovative economic development that is transforming corporate relationships. Distributed ledgers, safely shared and dispersed across network nodes, comprise its structure and hold detailed transaction records. As communication technologies progress at a rapid pace, the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging from its early stages and into a fully developed state. Its rapid expansion is shown by the amount of data being processed and sent. A consensus method verifies every transaction that is logged in the network, guaranteeing that the data that is saved is unchangeable. Alongside the growth of the well-known digital currency Bitcoin, blockchain technology has gained popularity. Instead of depending on a single server or personal computer, cloud computing uses a network of distant servers housed on the internet to store, manage, and process data. In this regard, blockchain offers creative answers to problems with network security, data privacy, and decentralisation in cloud computing. Concurrently, Cloud of Things provides scalability and flexibility features to improve blockchain operations efficiency. A recently developed blockchain and cloud of things (BoCoT) combination is well known for being a powerful facilitator for a broad variety of application scenarios. This article provides readers with an indepth examination of the most recent state-of-the-art blockchain integration, covering a range of topics such as history, driving forces, and integrated design. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of blockchain's capabilities and how it integrates into different fields.

This systematic review paper delves into the evolving landscape of cloud architectures for distributed edge computing, with a particular focus on decentralized and collaborative computing models. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize recent advancements in decentralization techniques, collaborative scheduling, federated learning, and blockchain integration for edge computing. As edge computing becomes increasingly vital for supporting the Internet of Things (IoT) and other distributed systems, innovative strategies are needed to address challenges related to latency, resource management, and data security.The key findings highlight the benefits of latency-aware task management, autonomous serverless frameworks, and the collaborative sharing of computational resources. Additionally, the integration of federated learning and blockchain technologies offers promising solutions for enhancing data privacy and resource allocation. The versatility of edge computing is showcased through its applications in diverse domains, including healthcare and smart cities. Future research directions emphasize the need for optimized resource management, improved security protocols, standardization efforts, and application-specific innovations. By providing a comprehensive review of these developments, this paper underscores the critical role of decentralized and collaborative models in advancing the capabilities and efficiency of edge computing systems.

The advent of 6G technology heralds a transformative era for the Internet of Things (IoT), characterized by ultra-low latency, massive connectivity, and
unprecedented data rates. This paper explores the pivotal role of edge computing in enhancing the performance, scalability, and efficiency of 6G-enabled IoT
applications. Edge computing brings computational resources closer to data sources, enabling real-time processing and reducing reliance on centralized cloud
infrastructures. This paradigm shift addresses critical challenges in IoT ecosystems, including bandwidth limitations, energy consumption, and data privacy
concerns. By integrating edge computing with 6G networks, IoT applications can achieve superior performance in diverse domains such as autonomous systems,
smart cities, healthcare, and industrial automation. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the synergies between 6G and edge computing, highlighting key
architectural considerations, technological enablers, and application scenarios. The findings demonstrate that edge computing is indispensable for unlocking the
full potential of 6G-enabled IoT, paving the way for innovative and sustainable digital solutions.

Securing the legitimacy of credentials and protecting the privacy of sensitive information have become crucial in the constantly changing world of supply chain management. Despite the fact that IoT-based supply chain management excels at providing real-time data and prompt responses, it may have trouble maintaining data security, integrity, and trust. The core components of our proposed framework include IoT sensors, smart contracts, and the Hyperledger blockchain. Through this integration, we establish a robust and transparent system for verifying the authenticity of the products. One of the most promising technological advancements is the convergence of Hyperledger blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT), a synergy that promises to revolutionize the way supply chains are managed and secured. This innovative approach not only enhances trust among supply chain participants but also contributes to the overall efficiency, transparency, and security of global supply chains. This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of our framework's performance, including scalability, security, and usability aspects.

Blockchain technology is an innovative database tool that permits obvious information allocation within a business link. A blockchain database stocks records in hunks that are allied together in a fetter. The data is chronologically unswerving as data can’t be modified or deleted in the chain lacking consent in the network. Therefore, it produces an irreversible or unassailable ledger for trailing orders, outflows, accounts, and extra dealings. The system has an integrated mechanism that prevents unsanctioned pact items and creates steadiness in the pooled assessment of these transactions. In a centralized network, data security is not efficient and once data is lost digital evidence suffers the effect. However, a decentralized approach is being proposed because each member or participant of the blockchain construction has entree to the unabridged dispersed database. Data provenance makes it conceivable to trail the derivation of every deal inside the blockchain ledger. Blockchain communications are corroborated and reliable due to the multifaceted computations and cryptographic proof among tangled parties. Hence, any annals in a blockchain can’t be altered or scrubbed as a result of the immutability technique. This proposal presents a blockchain-based charter for ensuring secure data provenance and traceability in digital forensics. The framework leverages blockchain technology to create an immutable and transparent data origin, processing, and analysis record. The goal is to enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of digital evidence in criminal investigations and legal proceedings. The research aims to contribute to developing a reliable and trustworthy digital forensic process, ultimately supporting the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes.

h i g h l i g h t s • It justifies the importance of considering external events of interest while determining SLA violations. • It proposes a systematic framework to capture and process such events for proactive SLA violation identification in a CoT environment. • It compares results with approaches that do not consider such external events to demonstrate its superiority.

The objective of this research is to provide a systematic literature review on the topic of blockchain technology. In addition to avoid bias in their review and employ Python code to search the databases available online. The article under discussion offers the reader a detailed description of the nature, peculiarities, and use of blockchain in various spheres. The primary purpose is to determine the important research issues in different application fields and propose the future trends. The analysis covers over 50 articles from 2019 to 2024, which demonstrates the new directions in research on financial management, educational security, healthcare, IoT, and government uses. Also, there is a discussion of privacy protection measures and the discussion of the challenges and further steps for the successful application of blockchain.

This systematic review paper delves into the evolving landscape of cloud architectures for distributed edge computing, with a particular focus on decentralized and collaborative computing models. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize recent advancements in decentralization techniques, collaborative scheduling, federated learning, and blockchain integration for edge computing. As edge computing becomes increasingly vital for supporting the Internet of Things (IoT) and other distributed systems, innovative strategies are needed to address challenges related to latency, resource management, and data security.The key findings highlight the benefits of latency-aware task management, autonomous serverless frameworks, and the collaborative sharing of computational resources. Additionally, the integration of federated learning and blockchain technologies offers promising solutions for enhancing data privacy and resource allocation. The versatility of edge computing is showcased through its applications in diverse domains, including healthcare and smart cities. Future research directions emphasize the need for optimized resource management, improved security protocols, standardization efforts, and application-specific innovations. By providing a comprehensive review of these developments, this paper underscores the critical role of decentralized and collaborative models in advancing the capabilities and efficiency of edge computing systems.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a very powerful technology and can be a potential disrupter and essential enabler. As AI expands into almost every aspect of our lives, people raise serious concerns about AI misbehaving and misuse. To address this concern, international organizations have put forward ethics guidelines for constructing trustworthy AI (TAI), including privacy, transparency, fairness, robustness, accountability, and so on. However, because of the black-box characteristics and complex models of AI systems, it is challenging to translate these guiding principles and aspirations into AI systems. Blockchain, an important decentralized technology, can provide the capabilities of transparency, traceability, immutability, and secure sharing and hence can be used to make AI trustworthy. In this paper, we survey studies on blockchain-based TAI (BTAI) from a software development lifecycle view. We classify the lifecycle of BTAI into four stages: Planning, data collection, model development, and system deployment/use. Particularly, we investigate and summarize the trustworthy issues that blockchain can achieve in the latter three stages, including (1) data transparency, privacy, and accountability; (2) model transparency, privacy, robustness, and fairness; and (3) robustness, privacy, transparency, and fairness of system deployment/use. Finally, we present essential open research issues and future work on developing BTAI systems.

Traditional centralized cloud storage systems often face vulnerabilities such as single points of failure, data breaches, and unauthorized access. To address these challenges, this study proposes a blockchain-based approach for secure data storage on the cloud while providing controlled data access. The proposed system leverages the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain to ensure the integrity and security of stored data. Blockchain technology, known for its decentralized and immutable nature, can enhance the security and transparency of data storage. In this proposed approach, data is encrypted and distributed across multiple nodes in the cloud, eliminating the risk of a single point of failure. The data is then recorded as a series of tamper-proof blocks on a blockchain, ensuring data integrity and preventing unauthorized modifications. Each block includes a hash pointer that links it to the previous block, creating a chain of blocks that forms the blockchain. These independent entities perform regular audits on the stored data and verify its integrity against the hashes stored on the blockchain. The proposed system enhances the security of data storage using AES based encrypted data storage and eliminating single points of failure and preventing unauthorized modifications. By leveraging the decentralized and transparent nature of blockchain technology, this approach addresses the limitations of traditional cloud storage systems, providing enhanced security, data integrity, and controlled data access. The proposed system has the potential to revolutionize data storage practices and contribute to the development of more secure and trustworthy cloud storage infrastructures.

As cloud computing continues to proliferate, ensuring data security within cloud environments becomes increasingly critical. This paper explores the integration of blockchain technology as a means to enhance data security in cloud computing. Blockchain, with its decentralized and immutable ledger system, offers unique capabilities that address key security challenges such as data privacy, integrity, identity management, and compliance. Through a comprehensive analysis of blockchain's potential applications and integration strategies, this paper provides insights into how blockchain can bolster data security in cloud computing environments. Case studies and real-world implementations highlight successful integration efforts by major cloud service providers such as IBM, Microsoft, and Amazon. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges and limitations associated with blockchain integration and explores future directions and emerging trends in the intersection of blockchain and cloud security. By leveraging blockchain technology, organizations can enhance their security posture in the cloud, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their sensitive data.

Rapid urbanization is putting a strain on the transport systems of cities worldwide. The effects of this trend include prolonged traffic jams and increasing environmental pollution from rising 2 emissions. As city planning requires innovative ways of dealing with the rapid urbanization trend, technological solutions were proposed such as cloud computing, smart vehicles, and Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET). In this paper, we take advantage of next-generation network technologies to propose a responsive and lightweight framework for smart transportation system which employs blockchain for authentication using fog computing's improvement over cloud computing for distributed applications to provide an efficient and secure transportation system. We take into account the future technologies of 5G and Beyond 5G (B5G) and argue that the integration of B5G technologies, federated learning, blockchain, and edge computing provides the perfect platform necessary for a smart transportation system The evaluation of the proposed framework is done by comparing it to the current cloud-based approach in iFogSim, a popular simulation tool for fog computing research. The evaluation of blockchain-based authentication was done using a customized implementation of blockchain executed in an experimental setup. The simulation results showed that the proposed framework provides superior performance in terms of security, latency, and energy consumption of the system.

This paper introduces security enabler for 5G networks that can be applied to improve network's own security and utilized by network users in their own service protection methods. Its main role is to process technical information present in the network in order to provide trustworthiness information that can facilitate necessary trust decisions. Network Provided Trustworthiness system matching 5G architecture is proposed to provide this functionality.

This paper introduces security enabler for 5G networks that can be applied to improve network's own security and utilized by network users in their own service protection methods. Its main role is to process technical information present in the network in order to provide trustworthiness information that can facilitate necessary trust decisions. Network Provided Trustworthiness system matching 5G architecture is proposed to provide this functionality.

The remarkable increase in the number of interconnected smart devices in today's Internet of things networks introduces more challenges related to security, trust, and centralization, which require more effective solutions. Fortunately, blockchain technology has recently emerged as a potential rescuer for IoT-based solutions due to its decentralization and enhanced security features. It is usual for smart contracts to arise in handling and processing the generated data when IoT devices are combined with blockchain. However, blockchain and smart contracts need to interact with input data of the same level of trust to guarantee correct applications execution. This implies using oracles to provide trust compatibility between inserted information collected from IoT devices and blockchain and smart contracts. Therefore, this study adopts a methodology that was shaped based on current literature and design and experiments to provide a full narrative of the process of combining two of the most intriguing systems in today's world of technology, namely, blockchain and IoT including a very important part of the comprehensive system, viz. blockchain oracle. Moreover, it was found that the literature lacks a complete view of the IoT-blockchain integration process that covers all its important and related aspects. Therefore, this work is an attempt to fill the gap in literature and contribute to the body of knowledge by surveying the literature about existing IoT-blockchain architectures and shed light on the role of blockchain in addressing IoT issues while demonstrating the concept of oracles as well as their functions in addition to the main operating blockchain oracles. Additionally, this work illustrates a CO 2 measuring use case where a smart contract is developed and tested as part of two proposed oracle-based designs. The obtained results demonstrate a full picture of a practical integrated IoT-blockchain system architecture.

With the rapid development of cloud computing, vast amounts of duplicated data are being uploaded to the cloud, wasting storage resources. Deduplication (dedup) is an efficient solution to save storage costs of cloud storage providers (CSPs) by storing only one copy of the uploaded data. However, cloud users do not benefit directly from dedup and may be reluctant to dedup their data. To motivate the cloud users towards dedup, CSPs offer incentives on storage fees. The problems with the existing dedup schemes are that they do not consider: (1) correctness-the incentive offered to a cloud user should be computed correctly without any prejudice. (2) fairness-the cloud user receives the file link and access rights of the uploaded data if and only if the CSP receives the storage fee. Meeting these requirements without a trusted party is non-trivial, and most of the existing dedup schemes do not apply. Another drawback is that most of the existing schemes emphasize incentives to cloud users but failed to provide a reliable incentive mechanism. As public Blockchain networks emulate the properties of trusted parties, in this paper, we propose a new Blockchain-based dedup scheme to meet the above requirements. In our scheme, a smart contract computes the incentives on storage fee, and the fairness rules are encoded into the smart contract for facilitating fair payments between the CSPs and cloud users. We prove the correctness and fairness of the proposed scheme. We also design a new incentive mechanism and show that the scheme is individually rational and incentive compatible. Furthermore, we conduct experiments by implementing the designed smart contract on Ethereum local Blockchain network and list the transactional and financial costs of interacting with the designed smart contract.

The convergence of 5G and IoT is revolutionizing industries by enhancing connectivity, scalability, and security. This synergy enables efficient edge computing, reducing latency and optimizing data processing. Security measures like authentication and encryption are crucial for protecting sensitive data. The integration of 5G and IoT opens innovative business avenues, transforming manufacturing, logistics, healthcare, and more. Businesses can optimize operations, automate processes, and enhance customer experiences, making it essential to embrace this transformative potential for staying competitive and capitalizing on advancements.

Cybersecurity  is an inherent characteristic that should be addressed before the large deployment of smart city applications. Recently, Blockchain appears as a promising technology to provide several cybersecurity aspects of smart city applications. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the existing blockchain-based solutions for the cybersecurity of the main smart city applications, namely smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart agriculture, supply chain management, smart grid, and smart homes. We describe the existing solutions and we discuss their merits and limits. Moreover, we define the security requirements of each smart city application and we give a mapping of the studied solutions to these defined requirements. Additionally, future directions are given. We believe that the present survey is a good starting point for every researcher in the fields of cybersecurity, blockchain, and smart cities.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is one of the promising applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the IoT system provides an easy way to collect and monitor the system. One of the critical components to make a city smart is by managing the traffic. The mode of transportation in the city is different, like bike, car, bus, auto, and rickshaw. Most of the vehicles integrated with Information Communication Technology (ICT). As the vehicles share and access the information from the ITS infrastructure, some security issue exists. The security issues are trust management, privacy, data linking, and computational problems. In this paper, the authors first identify the security issue present in the ITS model, then propose a distributed architecture of the ITS system using Blockchain. Then, the Consensus algorithm is used to perform computations in a distributed platform. Ethereum platform used to create a distributed network. The implementation and security analysis are given at the end.

5G provides businesses with high-speed Internet access, faster bandwidth, and low latency. The use of IoT and 5G-enabled sensors provides new opportunities within networks. There are several use cases of 5G with IoT health care, agriculture, remote learning, logistics, manufacturing, government, and retail. However, some security and privacy problems must be addressed within the 5G ecosystem. There is a need to secure user and device associations and data integrity as 5G is becoming more and more popular. In this research-in-progress, we seek to solve security and privacy problems in 5G by applying Blockchain technology to secure 5G connections. The research will consist of an interdisciplinary team of researchers from Illinois State University (ISU) and non-academic-industry partners. During the study, we build a prototype that solves problems in agriculture and healthcare. A private 5G network is installed at ISU. Moisture sensors and IoT devices are installed at the university fa...

Blockchain is disrupting several sectors as it continues to grow mainstream. The attraction for Blockchain is increasing from various application domains looking to take advantage of its immutability, security, cost-saving, transparency and fast processing properties. Blockchain has empowered several sectors to upgrade their existing systems or operate an entire system architecture shift. For instance, Blockchain has enabled IoT systems to improve their quality of services while simultaneously ensuring their security requirements. Particularly, several works are applying Blockchain to manage trust in 5G-enabled autonomous vehicular systems to ensure secure vehicle authentication and handover, guarantee message integrity, and provide an irrefutable vehicle reputation record. Vehicular network systems require proper data storage management, highly secure transactions, and non-interference networks. The immutability, tamper-proof, and security by design of Blockchain make it a suitable...

The ARTICONF project funded by the European Horizon 2020 program addresses issues of trust, time-criticality and democratisation for a new generation of federated infrastructure, to fulfil the privacy, robustness, and autonomy related promises critical in proprietary social media platforms. It aims to: (1) simplify the creation of open and agile social media ecosystem with trusted participation using a two stage permissioned blockchain; (2) automatically detect interest groups and communities using graph anonymization techniques for decentralised and tokenized decision-making and reasoning; (3) elastically autoscale timecritical social media applications through an adaptive orchestrated Cloud edge-based infrastructure meeting application runtime requirements; and (4) enhance monetary inclusion in collaborative models through cognition and knowledge supply chains. We summarize the initial envisaged architecture of the ARTICONF ecosystem, the industrial pilot use cases for validating it, and the planned innovations compared to related other European research projects.

In this paper, we discuss the integration of blockchain in smart energy systems. We present various blockchain technology solutions, review important blockchain platforms, and several blockchain based smart energy projects in different smart energy domains. The majority of blockchain platforms with embedded combination of blockchain technology solutions are computing-and resource-intensive, and hence not entirely suitable for smart energy applications. We consider the requirements of smart energy systems and accordingly identify appropriate blockchain technology solutions for smart energy applications. Our analysis can help in the development of flexible blockchain platforms for smart energy systems.

Because of the rising population density, relationships are necessary to raise living standards through sending and receiving a wide range of services. Because of this, many means of object communication-regardless of their nature-are necessary to meet our daily needs. IoT is a network of physical things integrated with sensors, and software to communicate with each other. To establish a good connection, every object considered to be an associate of another object should meet certain requirements including scalability, interoperability, and trustworthiness. IoT security is a challenging task to protect the hardware and networks in the IoT system and a significant constraint to the deployment and realization of IoT. IoT security may include data confidentiality, authentication, access control, anonymity, and trust among services and products. Exchanging trust information is critical for assessing an entity's trustworthiness. Therefore, trust information must be shared and stored securely to ensure reliability, honesty, and safety. We propose a secure trust management scheme built on blockchain technologies to secure the entire system in transparency, traceability, and material integrity. We implement a blockchain-based trust management architecture for smart buildings that collect node trust proof. It assigns a trust score to each node, securely stores them in an array, then the threshold value is computed using the ID3 Algorithm. IoT threshold value is broadcasted into the blockchain network and stored in the trusted list. According to the findings, our approach encompasses security measures such as tamper-proofing, attack resistance, reliability, and low functionality for IoT in smart buildings. INDEX TERMS IoT security, block chain, smart building, trust management.

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) applies the everything-as-a-service paradigm of Cloud Computing to transportation: a MaaS provider offers to its users the dynamic composition of solutions of different travel agencies into a single, consistent interface. Traditionally, transits and data on mobility belong to a scattered plethora of operators. Thus, we argue that the economic model of MaaS is that of federations of providers, each trading its resources to coordinate multi-modal solutions for mobility. Such flexibility comes with many security and privacy concerns, of which insider threat is one of the most prominent. In this paper, we revise and extend previous work where we classified the potential threats of individual operators and markets of federated MaaS providers, proposing appropriate countermeasures to mitigate the problems. In addition, we consider the emerging case of Cloud-of-Things (CoT) for mobility, i.e., networks of ubiquitous, pervasive devices that provide realtime data on objects and people. Automation and pervasiveness of CoT make an additional attack surface for insiders. In an effort to limit such phenomenon, we present an overlay networking architecture, based on gossip protocols, that lets users share information on mobility with each other. A peculiarity of the architecture is that it both constrains the quality and quantity of data obtainable by insiders, optimizing the routing of requests to involve only users that are able to answer them.

The advent of blockchain technology in the development and design of smart internet of things (IoT) systems offers the opportunity to secure and transfer data flow, preserve its integrity, and provide transparent mechanisms for its management. Blockchain has actually attracted applications in vital fields because it provides many advantages over centralized database such as traceability, confidentiality, availability and trust. A private network offers the most secure and peer-restricted environment for big data flow, specifically in IoT ecosystems. An integrated blockchain-IoT ecosystem in which three Raspberry Pi 4 nodes communicate and interact in a closed loop to control smart applications via an Ethereum platform in a secure and an efficiently emulated environment is piloted. The proposed blockchain of things (BCoT) ecosystem adds a new layer to the physical, network and application layers of a typical IoT architecture. The concept of a fully decentralized private Ethereum BCoT...

The application of blockchains techniques in the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining much attention with new solutions proposed in diverse areas of the IoT. Conventionally IoT systems are designed to follow the centralized paradigm where security and privacy control is vested on a "trusted" third-party. This design leaves the user at the mercy of a sovereign broker and in addition, susceptible to several attacks. This implicit trust and the inferred reliability of centralized systems have been challenged recently following several privacy violations and personal data breaches. Consequently, there is a call for more secure decentralized systems that allows for finer control of user privacy while providing secure communication. Propitiously, the blockchain holds much promise and may provide the necessary framework for the design of a secure IoT system that guarantees fine-grained user privacy in a trustless manner. In this paper, we propose a holistic blockchain-based decentralised model for Assisted Ambient Living (AAL) environment. The nodes in our proposed model utilise smart contracts to define interaction rules while working collaboratively to contribute storage and computing resources. Based on blockchain technique our proposed model offers trustless interactions and enhanced user's privacy. Integrating with Interplanetary File System (IPFS) for distributed storage, the proposed model addresses the shortfall of storage constraints exhibit in many IoT systems.

The advent of blockchain technology in the development and design of smart internet of things (IoT) systems offers the opportunity to secure and transfer data flow, preserve its integrity, and provide transparent mechanisms for its management. Blockchain has actually attracted applications in vital fields because it provides many advantages over centralized database such as traceability, confidentiality, availability and trust. A private network offers the most secure and peer-restricted environment for big data flow, specifically in IoT ecosystems. An integrated blockchain-IoT ecosystem in which three Raspberry Pi 4 nodes communicate and interact in a closed loop to control smart applications via an Ethereum platform in a secure and an efficiently emulated environment is piloted. The proposed blockchain of things (BCoT) ecosystem adds a new layer to the physical, network and application layers of a typical IoT architecture. The concept of a fully decentralized private Ethereum BCoT...

The success of rich cloud services has pushed the horizon of a new computing paradigm, Edge computing, which calls for processing the data at the edge of the network. Edge computing has the potential to address the concerns of response time requirement, battery life constraint, bandwidth cost saving, as well as data safety and privacy. In this paper, we introduce the definition of Edge computing, followed by several case studies as well as collaborative Edge to materialize the concept of Edge computing. Finally, we present several challenges and opportunities in the field of Edge computing.

The introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the manufacturing industry changed the trajectory to Industrial Revolution 4.0. Accordingly, it consists of various technologies, where the IoT is the basis of this revolution. However, there is an increasing gap between traditional Construction and digitalised data-driven Construction. In such context, the adoption of IoT applications in construction projects shall increase the productivity and better performance of construction activities. Consequently, IoT concepts, developments, applications, and potential benefits of IoT in the construction industry need to be acknowledged by industry practitioners before the implementation can take place. Hence, the purpose of this research is to outline such needs, thus provide an understanding on the potential of the IoT in the construction industry. Subsequently, a comprehensive literature synthesis revealed the expression IoT is best understood as a metaphor that encapsulates the immersio...

The blockchain technology is taking the world by storm. Blockchain with its decentralized, transparent and secure nature has emerged as a disruptive technology for the next generation of numerous industrial applications. One of them is Cloud of Things enabled by the corporation of Cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, blockchain provides innovative solutions to address challenges in Cloud of Things in terms of decentralization, data privacy and network security, while Cloud of Things offer elasticity and scalability functionalities to improve efficiency of blockchain operations. Therefore, a novel paradigm of blockchain and Cloud of Things combination, called as the BCoT model, is regarded as a promising enabler for a wide range of applied scenarios. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art review on the BCoT integration to provide general readers with the overview of the BCoT in various aspects, including background knowledge, motivation, and integrated architecture. Particularly, we also provide an in-depth survey of BCoT applications with extensive discussion on use-case domains as well as their opportunities in 5G networks and beyond. Compared to other relevant survey papers, we present a thorough review on the emerging BCoT platforms and services which are useful to researchers and application developers in identifying and catching up with the latest technologies in this fast-growing field. Moreover, research challenges and future directions are also highlighted. Index Terms-Blockchain, cloud computing, Internet of Things, Cloud of Things, security, industrial applications.

This article is a useful tool for both Asian and European readers as regards some of the state-of-the-art technologies revolving around the Internet of Things (‘IoT’) and their intersection with cloud computing (the Clouds of Things, ‘CoT’) in both the continents. The main legal issues will be presented, with a focus on intellectual property, consumer protection, and privacy. India and the United Kingdom are selected because they are at the forefront of the IoT innovation in their respective countries. The IoT is an expanding and heterogeneous universe encompassing all Things which are capable of connectivity and are equipped with sensing and actuating capabilities. One can find Things in very diverse sectors, from agriculture to manufacturing, retail, healthcare, leisure, domotics, urban development, etc. Therefore, not only is providing an exhaustive and static definition of the IoT nearly impossible (or at least pointless), but also the endeavour of providing a complete picture of the phenomenon would be a cumbersome path towards failure. Consequently, I will give account only of the highlights of the IoT in India and the United Kingdom. In India, the IoT will be analysed through the prism of net neutrality, smart cities, manufacturing, computer-related inventions, and a recent bill on the surveillance aspects of the world’s largest biometric database (Aadhaar). In turn, I will look at the British context by analysing some (quasi) regulatory acts with a focus on privacy and consumer protection. One last caveat. When it comes to new technologies, one tends to be either ‘apocalyptic’ or ‘integrated’. Either the technology will save us all by leveraging a revolution leading to a disruptive innovation, or it will destroy our lives and the world will go to the dogs. I take a middle position and believe that through education, collective awareness, and soft law, one will be able to keep the human being at the centre of innovation, to unite people rather than divide them, to empower them and alleviate discrimination and poverty. What is important is neither should one delegate to technology nor to rely entirely on government: if the IoT is to actually become a revolution, it will do so due to the commitment of each and every one of us who will contribute to create the Internet of Citizens.

PLEASE CITE AS: Guido NOTO LA DIEGA, The Internet of Citizens. A lawyer’s view on some technological developments in the United Kingdom and India, in Indian Journal of Law & Technology, 2017, 12(1), 53-104.