architectural Ethics

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The purpose of this article is to analyse the harmful design practices identified in the Roblox environment, as well as the criticisms and complaints that the company has faced in relation to the exposure of children and adolescents to unsafe spaces. The study examines not only these practices, but also the actions proposed by the company for the first half of 2025, which aim to reinforce the protection of this audience. To this end, an analysis of documentation in the nonacademic press has been carried out. The results show that, despite the fact that the company has intensified its child protection policy and participation systems, there is still scope for improvement in terms of its adequacy for underage users. Finally, recommendations are presented to make Roblox and other interactive environments safer and more suitable for children and teenagers, while preserving their playful nature. At the same time, however, it is considered that data literacy among users and families is essential to raise awareness and protect personal data and guarantee safety in digital environments.
 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10724.08329

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki mimarlık eğitiminin etik konusu ile ilgili durumunun dökümünü yapmaya girişiyor. Motivasyon kaynağını -tüm zorluğuna rağmen- “dünyayı bugünde sevmek” ve “gözleri açık tutmak” üzerine kurmaya çalışmanın, mimarlıkta etik odaklı bir ders üzerine kafa yorarken önümüze bambaşka potansiyeller açabileceğini iddia ediyor. Kendiliğinden zaten güzel oluveren projeler mottosu yerine; mimarlıkta etik konusunu ana gündemine alan dersler aracılığıyla, kanıksanmış ön kabullerin “kimin için?”, “nasıl?”sorularıyla, çoğulcu bir anlayışla, mimarlık eğitiminin ve pratiğinin geleceği ile yeryüzüne etkileri üzerine kafa yorarak sorgulanmaya çalışılabileceğini gösteriyor.

Bu çalışma Rıfat Ilgaz'ın şiir türündeki eserlerinden "Alişim"in özne ve ötekilik kavramları etrafında incelenmesi hakkındadır. Adı geçen metinden hareketle şiir öznesinin sosyal konumu itibarıyla öteki kimliğinin nasıl kurulduğunun aydınlatılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda şiir öznesinin toplumsal kimlikle olan ilişkisine ve bu ilişki sonucunda ortaya çıkan ötekinin konumlandırılma biçimine dikkat çekilmiştir. Çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm ötekinin sosyal kimlik kuramları çerçevesindeki yerine ve öteki kimliğin aydınlatılması noktasında ele alınan çalışmalara ayrılmıştır. Bu açıdan ötekinin tanımlamaları, ilişkileri ve Türk edebiyatındaki yeri dikkate alınmıştır. Bu kimliğin toplumsal kimlik karşıtlığındaki önemi belirtilerek bir kimlik modeli olduğu gösterilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise "Alişim" şiirinin incelemesine yer verilmiştir. Ötekinin kurgulanma biçimi, özne, öteki, iktidar ilişkileri ve metnin ötekiye dair nasıl bir anlatı sunduğu aktarılmıştır. Böylece bir kimlik olarak ötekinin yorumlama alanına açıklığı gözler önüne serilmiştir. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda "Alişim" şiirinin öznesinin bir tür kimlik anlatısı olarak çözümlenebileceği görülmüştür. Ötekinin biz kimliği ile olan ilişkisi sergilenmiştir. Ele alınan bu ilişki sonucunda ötekinin sosyal bir özellik taşıdığını göstermiştir.

The dynamic of Paka Kyaw Karen vernacular houses from 1957 to 2019 were investigated using the visual anthropology method. The study was conducted in Mae Kha Pu Piang Village, Bo Kaeo Sub-district, Samoeng District, Chiang Mai Province, revealing the different of seven vernacular house styles. Six significant factors were identified as drivers of change: lifestyle and occupation, religion and beliefs, economy, natural resources, climate change, and public health. They are preserved due to two core factors: lifestyle and occupation, and religion and beliefs. It reflects a compromise with beliefs related to ancestors, ways of life and community resource management. Moreover, it is also influenced by the interplay of state governance with the traditional social and cultural structures of ethnic groups. Visual anthropological research can describe the phenomenon of primary changes in vernacular houses from the perspective of ethnic communities. According to the findings of the media assessment, local communities are interested in adding content for educational and cultural management purposes. Experts additionally recommend including geo-social and cultural aspects to increase public engagement and understanding. Future research should include architectural, technology and information media, and historical approaches.

Günümüzde fiziksel model, dijital çağdaşlarıyla birlikte mimarlık pratiğinin kullandığı etkin tasarım araçlarından biri olmayı sürdürür. Özellikle, müdahale edilebilir yapıları ile tasarım fikirlerinin deneysel bir düzlemde incelenebilmesini sağlayan çalışma maketleri, mekânsal olasılıkların fark edilmesine ve belgelenmesine olanak verir. Makalenin amacı, çalışma maketlerinin potansiyellerini, maketi oluşturan parçaların fiziksel dönüşümünün arketip kavramı ile çerçevelendiği kuramsal bir yöntemle ele almaktır. Makalede kullanılan arketip kavramı, maketin parçalarının temsil ettiği mimari elemanları mekânsal deneyimler üzerinden tanımlayarak birden fazla fizikselliğin bu tanımı karşılayabildiği bir çokluğa işaret etmektedir. Bu çokluğun mimari tasarım açısından önemini keşfedebilmek üzere, mimarlık pratiği içinde yer alan tasarım süreçlerinde üretilen çalışma maketleri, maketlerin biçim ve ölçek bilgilerine odaklanan bir yöntem ile biçimsel olarak analiz edilmektedir. Eisenman’a ait Karton Mimarlığı ile, OMA’nın Y2K Evi ve Casa de Musica yapısını olarak belirlenen iki vaka bünyesinde üretilmiş çalışma maketlerinin kullanıldığı bu analizlerde, arketipik yapıdaki çalışma maketlerinin tasarım sürecinde üretilen mekansal olasılıkların çeşitlendirilmesindeki rolü belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Arketipik yapının, çalışma maketinin dönüşümü ile ortaya çıkan mekansal olasılıkları, akrabalıkları izlenebilen tasarım türevleri haline getirdiği ve bu türevler arasında biçimsel benzerlikler üzerinden tanımlanabilen bir ilişkisellik kurulmasını sağladığı görülmektedir.

Today, the physical model, along with its digital contemporaries, remains one of the most effective design tools used by architectural practice. In particular, working models, which enable design ideas to be examined on an experimental plane with their interventional structures, allow spatial possibilities to be realized and documented. The aim of the article is to address the potentials of working models through a theoretical method in which the physical transformation of the constituent parts of the model is framed by the concept of archetype. The concept of archetype used in the article defines the architectural elements represented by the parts of the model through spatial experiences, indicating a multiplicity where more than one physicality can meet this definition. In order to explore the importance of this multiplicity in terms of architectural design, the working models produced in the design processes within the architectural practice are analyzed formally with a method focusing on the form and scale information of the models. Using working models produced in two cases, Eisenman's Cardboard Architecture and OMA's Y2K House and Casa de Musica, this analysis attempts to determine the role of archetypical working models in diversifying the spatial possibilities produced in the design process. It is seen that the archetypical structure transforms the spatial possibilities that emerge with the transformation of the working model into design derivatives whose kinship can be traced and establishes a relationality between these derivatives that can be defined through formal similarities.

In the context of both a crisis of affordable housing and a climate and biodiversity crisis, what is the architect’s responsibility to society and the planet? New Zealand architects’ code of ethics is set out in legislation: Architects Rules 2006. These rules address the obligation of the architect to the client, and to the profession. However, beyond a requirement to uphold the law and to report on risk to public health and safety, there are no specific rules addressing the impact of architecture on future occupants, wider society, the climate, or the biosphere. Arguably, architects are legally obligated to meet the needs and goals of their clients, over any responsibility they may feel to design socially and environmentally sensitive and resilient buildings. Feminist ethics of care emphasises the importance of our relationships with others. Fundamental to care ethics is attentiveness to the needs of others who we are in relation with, and increasingly, our understanding of these r...

Moda Sahnesi 15 Şubat günü yine bir Koffi Kwahule oyunu ile prömiyer yaptı; Dıkşın: Büyük Şans (Big Shoot). Oyunun konusu bir gösteri. "Bu gösteri bildiklerinizden biraz farklı" diyor prova notları. Ama izleyince görüyoruz ki aynı zamanda her gün içinde olmamızdan müsebbip bir o kadar tanıdık bir 'sirk gösterisi' bu.

İmge, bir objeyi gerçeğine yakın oranda yeniden algılamaya yarayacak şekilde duyu organlarıyla tarayarak somut ya da düşüncel kopyasını oluşturmaktır. Bunun yanı sıra bilişsel dünyada soyut kavramlarla işlem yapabilmektir. Görme duyusu yoluyla algılanan uyarıcılar hissedilerek ve ussal olarak insan belleğinin nezaretinde filtreye tabi tutulmaktadır. Daha sonra beyinde bir görüntü meydana gelmektedir. Duyular yoluyla algılandıktan sonra oluşan bu görüntünün, maddi, fiziki dünyaya ait objelerin ortadan kalkmasının ardından zihinde beliren izlenimleri imgelemdir. Sanat eserinin oluşum süreci sanatçının düşsel dünyasının zenginliği ve yeteneği ile doğru orantılıdır. İmgesel tasarım değişik biçimlerde kullanılabilecek akli bir gizilgüçtür. Bir miktar ussal beceriyi de beraberinde gerektirmektedir. İmgesel tasarımların, pratiğe dönüştürülmüş en yalın hareket sahasını geri dönüşen sanat hamlelerinde görebilmekteyiz. Bu çalışmada Tarama yöntemi ile özellikle çevrimiçi platformlarda doküman incelemesi yapılmıştır. Alanyazındaki konuyla ilgili yayınlara ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. İstanbul Modern Sanat, İstanbul Pera Müzesi, Samsun Geri Dönüşüm Müzesi ve Veronika Richterová' nın, Plastik Şişe Müzesi, örnekleri ekseninden geri dönüşen sanat pratiklerine temas edilmeye gayret edilmiştir. Değişen dünyada, beklentileri, ihtiyaçları farklılaşan toplumların, sanatın evrilmesinde, boyut değiştirmesindeki pozisyonunun değerlendirildiği bu araştırmada, düşsel dünyası zengin, marjinal sanatçıların, cüretkâr hamlelerle ürettikleri eserler vasıtasıyla, seçkin hikayeler yaratmaya çaba göstermeleri, anlatılmaya değer hareketlerdir. Son zamanların özgün sanatçıları, geri dönüşen sanat örneğinde olduğu gibi hem doğaya olan saygılarının bir ifade aracı olarak, hem de estetik yönü ile ilgi uyandıran eserlerinin niteliğiyle, önümüzdeki dönemlerde de boy gösterebileceklerine olan inanç öngörüler arasındadır.

The main intention of this study is to question the societal relationships of architecture through design, find possible alternative production methods that go beyond repetition of convenient approaches. The search centers around the term "societal"; which emphasizes the connection between architecture and its inevitable relations with notions of power, production, society, institutions, daily life and its inadequacy in creating a comprehensive link within these fields. Conventionality in this sense is defined in a sequence that begins with architects, people who are depicted as individuals who hold godlike powers and get to develop a response to a safe and secure design problem on a singular building scale and create a product that is isolated from its societal context, which is driven by physical and geometrical solutions. Conventionality in architectural design understanding is limited in its approach and actors, and is interwoven within this process. Contrarily, it is argued that "societal" is an ontological problem of architecture and praxis of architecture inevitably interferes with societal relationships, therefore practicing architecture equals producing a vision for society and its future. This study focuses and develops around on how the notion of architecture defines "societal" as a problem and what kind of proposals does it suggest within its own dynamics. The study aims to question the possibility of an alternative societal architecture through questioning its traces on architectural design thinking. However, it is suggested that limiting this approach to only cover the domain of architecture would produce deficient results. Therefore the first chapter begins by reviewing other disciplines besides architecture and their approaches towards societal space. The goal is to evaluate architecture and its relationship with societal through an epistemological point of view, and point out the contradictions between architecturally dominant and societal spaces. It is suggested that analyzing these contradictions can produce new points within architectural design and its relationship with societal way of thinking. Consequently, Lefebvre's "Production of Space" reading serves as a critical reference point to this study due to its evaluation of space in terms of architecture and society while it also harbors valuable criticisms towards architecture in this sense. The second chapter continues with reviews of attempts within dynamics of architecture and society as well as alternative approaches. The purpose in this chapter is to question the role of architecture and its capacity on a societal level. In this context, architecture is evaluated in a historical sense; how it got affected by societal conditions and how it reacted to them is investigated while the discussion is based on several architectural notions and relevant fragments. This is done to understand how architecture operates on theoretical and practice levels to respond to societal changes. From industrial revolution to modernism as well as post-modernism, architecture is analyzed to understand its relationship with societal and how it adapted itself throughout time. Inferences, which are hoped to produce a perspective on today's architecture - societal relationship, were made using the data obtained. The final chapter attempts to provide alternatives to how architectural design process can be related with societal context, and aims to make this tangible through different conceptual approaches. Readings gathered from other fields and notions that harbor possibility of different solutions are emphasized in hopes to establish an alternative societal architectural approach. An initiative is brought forward using notions like openness, multitude, daily life, criticism; and their equivalents in architectural design process are questioned. This initiative does not aim to create a recipe or a hegemonic discourse for an architectural design process with 'correct' societal relationships; instead it criticizes conventional architectural approach and searches for alternative possibilities in architectural thinking. To expand the research and not to limit it within theoretical boundaries, several tangible architectural products and their design processes were evaluated to enrich the study. In conclusion, the goal of this study is to display the possibility of an alternative societal architecture to conventional thinking, to bring notion of alternative.
Çalışmanın içerdiği temel niyet en genel anlamıyla, toplumsallıkla ilişkisi bağlamında mimarlığın; statükonun, hâkim üretim ve iktidar ilişkilerinin yeniden üretilmesinden öte ne tür alternatif olanaklara sahip olduğunun mimari tasarım süreci kanalından sorgulanmasıdır. Bu sorgulama ‘’toplumsallık’’ kavramı odağında temellenir. Bu kavramla kastedilen mimarlığın güç ilişkileri, üretim ilişkileri, toplumsal ilişkiler, kurumlar, gündelik yaşam gibi olgularla kaçınılmaz olarak bağlantı halinde olan yapısına dair vurgudur. Bu düşüncenin arka planında yatan ve sezgisel olarak savunulan düşünce ise konvansiyonel mimarlık anlayışının bu yapısallığa dair kavrayışının yetersiz olduğudur. Bahsi geçen konvansiyonel anlayış; gizli veya üstü örtük şekilde tanrı vergisi melekelere sahip ayrıcalıklı kişiler olarak kabul görmüş mimar tanımından; tanımlı ve güvenli bir problem alanı içerisinde, tekil yapı ölçeğinde, toplumsal bağlamından yalıtılmış biçimde, salt nesne üzerine odaklanan ‘’mimarlık ürünü’’ ne dek uzanan mimarlık edimi ve bununla iç içe geçmiş mimari tasarım anlayışıdır. Bu anlayıştan farklı olarak savunulan düşünce ise toplumsallığın, mimarlığın ontolojik bir problemi olduğu savıdır. Bu sava göre mimarlık edimi kaçınılmaz bir biçimde, bahsedilen toplumsal ilişkiler evrenine müdahil olur. Bu bağlamda mimarlık yapmak demek aynı zamanda, toplumsal yaşama ve geleceğe dair bilgi ve öngörü inşa etmek demektir. Bu inşa sürecinde mimari tasarım düşüncesinin önemli bir rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Bu eksende, çalışmanın odaklandığı sorunsal, bir varlık alanı olarak mimarlığın toplumsallık kavrayışını nasıl problemleştirdiği, bu problemin nasıl bir oluş içerisinde olduğu, kendi iç dinamikleriyle bu sorunsala dair ne tür önermeler getirmeye çalıştığı gibi sorgulamalar etrafında gelişmiştir.
Bu bağlamla tezle beraber amaçlanan konvansiyonel mimarlık anlayışı dışında olası bir alternatif toplumsal mimarlığın izlerini mimari tasarım düşüncesi ekseninde sorgulamaktır. Ancak, böyle bir sorgulamanın salt mimarlığın özerk olduğu varsayılan bilgi alanından yapılmasının eksik bir kavrayış olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bu yüzden ilk bölümde, özellikle toplumsal mekân kavramı odağında mimarlık disiplini dışından çeşitli yaklaşımlar ele alınıp, bu yaklaşımların mimarlıkla ilişkisi eleştirel olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buradaki niyet, mimarlığın toplumsallıkla ilişkisini epistemolojik olarak yeniden değerlendirilmeye çalışılmak, mimarlığa ait hâkim mekân anlayışıyla, toplumsal mekân yaklaşımı arasındaki çelişkilere odaklanmaktır. Bu çelişkilerin çözümlenmesinin mimari tasarımın toplumsal olanla ilişkisinde yeni temas aralıkları sağlayabileceği öngörülmüştür. Bu bağlamda özellikle Lefebvre’in ‘’Mekânın Üretimi’’ okuması; mekânın, mimari ve toplumsal olarak ele alınışına dair bir arakesit sunduğundan ve bu eksende mimarlığa yöneltilmiş eleştirel yaklaşımlar içerdiğinden merkezi bir yer işgal etmektedir.
Bu incelemeyi mimarlığın iç dinamikleri ile (mimarlık kuramı ve bilgisi dahilindeki) toplumsal yaklaşımlar takip etmiş ve bu alandaki alternatif yaklaşımlar, çeşitli fragmanlar hâlinde incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bölümdeki amaç, mimarlığıntoplumsal rolünün ve kapasitesinin sorgulanmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, tarihsel oluş içerisinde mimarlığın içinde bulunduğu toplumsal koşullardan nasıl etkilendiği, ona karşı ne tür tepkiler verdiğine dair bir arayışa girilmiştir. Bu arayış mimari tasarım kuramlarıyla da bağlantılı olarak çeşitli fragmanlar üzerinden tartışılmıştır. Buradaki temel niyet mimarlığın toplumsal bir proje olarak tahayyüllerini, teorik ve pratik arayışlarını anlamaya ve çözümlemeye çalışmaktır. Özellikle Endüstri Devrimi ve Modernizm’den başlayarak, akabinde Postmodern yaklaşımlarla beraber, mimarlığın toplumsallıkla olan ilişkisinin nasıl farklılaştığına bakılmış ve günümüzdeki duruma dair kestirimler yapılmıştır. Bu kestirimlerin bugünün mimarlık-toplum ilişkisine dair bir perspektif oluşturulabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Son bölümde ise, mimari tasarım sürecinin, çalışmanın genel niyeti ekseninde toplumsal bağlamla nasıl ilişkilenebileceğine dair alternatif olasılıklar, farklı kavramsal açılımlarla somutlaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda, farklı bilgi alalarından çeşitli okumalar ekseninde alternatif toplumsal bir mimarlığın tahayyülüne yardımcı olabileceği, farklı bakış açılarına olanak sağlayabileceği düşünülen bir takım kavramsal odaklar öne çıkarılmıştır. Açıklık, çokluk, gündelik hayat, eleştiri kavramlarıyla bir açılım geliştirilmeye çalışılmış ve bu kavramların mimari tasarım sürecindeki karşılıkları sorgulanmıştır. Bu kavramsal açılımla amaçlanan, toplumsallıkla ilişkisi ‘doğru’ yapılandırılmış bir mimari tasarıma ve sürecine dair hegemonik bir söylem kurgulamak, bir formül ya da reçete oluşturmak değil; konvansiyonel mimarlık düşüncesine eleştirel bir yaklaşımla, başka türlü bir mimari tasarıma dair alternatif olanakları sorgulamaktır. Ancak bu arayışın salt kuramsal düzlemde kalmaması için kavramsal açılımlarla beraber çeşitli somut mimari tasarım ürünleri ve bu ürünlerin tasarım süreçleri de ele alınmıştır.
Çalışma ile ön görülen sonuç, konvansiyonel mimarlık pratikleri dışında olası bir alternatif toplumsal mimarlığın olanaklılığını, başka türlü bir mimarlığı ve bu eksende bir mimari tasarımı tartışmaya açabilmek, bu eksendeki diğer arayışlara eleştirel ve teorik bir kaynak oluşturabilmektir.

Maske, özellikle tıp dünyasının aşina olduğu cerrahi bir nesne iken, pandemi zamanında küresel bir fenomen haline gelmiştir. 2020 yılı itibariyle hayatta varolma mücadelesinin maske ile eşitlenir hale geldiğini söylemek mümkündür. Maske aynı zamanda nesne olmanın ötesinde sık kullanılan metaforlardandır. Bir metafor olarak kullanıldığında maskelemek, düşünce tarihinde mimetik düşüncenin pratiğidir. Mimetik düşüncede nesneler dünyası, ideler dünyasını kopya etmekte, maskelemektedir. “Varolma” güdüsünden hareketle geliştirilen bu düşünceye göre, görünür dünyanın ardında gizlenen bir hakiki dünya vardır. Güven telkin eden bu soyutlama edimi, toplumsal pratikte fazlasıyla karşılık bulmuş görünmektedir. İnsanlar sosyal hayatta kabul görmek için taklit suretiyle gerçek yüzlerini maskelemeye ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla “persona” kelimesinin hem yüz hem de maske anlamını taşıması tarihsel bir rastlantı olmasa gerektir. Oysaki personanın maskesiyle özdeşleşmesi bir yabancılaşma durum...

Cultural production finds constant reinforcement through the built environment, yet defining what “culture” is has become an increasingly contentious in recent years. In the United States, the rise of segregated physical spaces and the accompanying social stratification in the form of gated communities and pseudo-public spaces that attract homogenous communities has been well documented. Popularly, such segregation is linked to “living in a bubble”, in which different cultural norms within a society become isolated. Despite problems associated with such isolation, such as economic stratification and social intolerance, few architects and planners have addressed how the accompanying cultural production paradigms are related to the production of the built environment, and the architect’s role in this process. This paper uses a variation of stakeholder theory to explore the consequences of our designs. Stakeholder theory, first proposed by R. Edward Freedman in the 1980s, states that i...

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this descri...

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this descri...

This article evaluates the various forms of emerging approaches in the professional conduct of the architectural practice and other forms of professional activities related to the design, planning, and space making in general, making explicit or inherent use of the notion of solidarity as an approach, method, and means of communication. A broad review of the evolution of the status of the professional attitude has been made with consideration of the changing social dynamics and social movements, throughout the recent history of modernization. The common characteristics observed with the adoption of the professional solidarity approach, are the dissolving of the duality and distinction between the professional and the community, the shift or enlargement of the target of the professional activity from the individual or people in need to a wider community, most of the time being the oppressed, less privileged, deprived and disadvantaged sections of the society. In line with this description, the concept of Solidarity Architecture can be evaluated to be an understanding in architecture attaching importance to the performance of the professional activities which are determinant in the formation of the built physical environment in a socially minded manner and together with the interacted social groups.

On February 6, 2023, Turkey was shaken by two large earthquakes of 7.7 and 7.6, several hours apart. The quake destroyed 11 major cities in the country's southeast, built on an already known fault line. According to the latest official data, 49,589 people have died, and 144,595 buildings have been severely damaged. This earthquake revealed a triangle of demons. House ownership is over-emphasized by religious belief, which goes as "place in the world faith in the hereafter" by the population left ignoramus. This delirious desire becomes a powerful force in exploiting and abusing the city development master plans along with the developers. This is the first haunt. During the last 20 years, this population was deceived by the politicians who came to power with the promise of housing. Warped housing policies of the ruling government turned construction into profit and vote by blocking control of non-governmental organizations. As a rule, they promise and declare building amnesty and squatter pardons before elections. Thus, the second haunt of the disaster is the politicians. The third is professionals' unethical and careless practices in building design, construction, and control. In the study, the symbol buildings that collapsed in the earthquake are pointed out. Historic buildings that survived and facilities designed and controlled by famous architects are considered exemplary cases.
Keywords: Turkey; earthquake; disaster; politics; ethics; architecture

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which federated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

It’s easy to forget that the space that fronts our city’s major buildings, or the zone between curb and building, are no less important than the buildings themselves. So many today grow up in settings absent sidewalks that this significance may fail to register while traversing a city. Yet, this public space is pro bono public – for the public good. Which raises such nettlesome questions as which public and what good? These are less questions with a single answer than the basis for debate, the sort in which any populace ought to be endlessly engaged.

This paper provides an account of the Cultural Value of Architecture in Homes and Neighbourhoods, (CVoA), a project developed with the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). The first stage of the project was a critical review of ‘grey literature’ since 2000, industry based research on the value of architecture subdivided into themes: overall value; health and wellbeing; neighbourhood cohesion and heritage and belonging. Findings from the review revealed a marked absence of evidence of the value of architecture and an over preoccupation with the final building, the product of an interdisciplinary team not just Architects, as well as a general confusion about what it is that Architects do. Further consultation has led to the development of a framework for defining and communicating the skillsets of Architects and for developing an evidence base for their value. Our target audience is non-Architects as we are concerned with making the profession more inclusive hence our desire ...

An essay which explores the fundamental role of drawing in the pedagogy of modern Portugese architectural design and design teaching: which takes the examples of two schools of architecture designed by two masters of Portuguese modern architecture, Siza and Tavora, exploring their composition in terms of the situated skill of drawing, in particular in terms of its role in an ethos grounded in memory, craft, cultural continuity and the ethics and aesthetics of civic life.

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which federated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

Due to rapid growth of Nakhon Ratchasima province. Land use and Land cover change (LULC) change takes place in surrounding end point of Motorway of Nakhon Ratchasima municipality and its vicinity, various types of environmental impacts occur in the area. Main objectives of the study are to assess built-up growth rate and mapping from transition matrix of satellite image during 2013-2016. Results of the built-up growth prediction of land cover in 2021 using CA-Markov showed that Motorway road was the strongest predictor variable and the most vulnerable land Patiwat Littidej et al. J Sci Technol MSU 302 use lost was miscellaneous. Urban and built-up areas had continuously increased while agricultural and forest had continuously decreased. Urban growth pattern was linear strip development but its pattern was changed to be a scattered development. The simulated area results in a shorter flow of water in stream order 1 to 2. The direction of the flow of water away from the main river (Lamtaklong). However, the forecast of urban growth pattern remains problematic because the model performed with a relatively moderate predictive ability (60 %) at a spatial unit of 1 km. x 1 km. This application of the CA-Markov model demonstrated an ability to address a range of local planning issue, but spatial accuracy and variable selection were among the factors that must be further considered for practical application.

It is a sign of our times that, when politicians speak of infrastructure nowadays, they often have in mind information and communication technologies (ICTs). They are not wrong. From success in business to cyber-conflicts, what makes contemporary societies work depends increasingly on bits rather than atoms. Depending on their digital infrastructures, societies may grow and prosper. And it is their ICTs that often represent one of their weakest sides, in terms of cyber security. We know all this. What is less obvious, and philosophically more interesting, is that ICTs also seem to have unveiled a new sort of equation. Consider the unprecedented emphasis that ICTs place on crucial phenomena such as accountability, intellectual property right, neutrality, openness, privacy, transparency, and trust. These are probably better understood in terms of a platform or infrastructure of social norms, expectations and rules that is there to facilitate or hinder the moral or immoral behaviour of the agents involved. By placing at the core of our life our informational interactions so significantly, ICTs have uncovered something that, of course, has always been there, but less visibly so in the past: the fact that moral behaviour is also a matter of Bethical infrastructure^, or what I have simply called infraethics. The idea of an infraethics is simple, but the following Bnew equation^may help to clarify it further. In the same way as business and administration systems, in economically mature societies, increasingly require physical infrastructures (transport, communication, services etc.) to succeed, likewise human interactions, in informationally mature societies, increasingly require an infraethics to flourish. The equation is a bit more than just an analogy between infrastructure and infraethics. When economists and political scientists speak of a Bfailed state^, they may refer to the failure of a state-as-astructure to fulfil its basic roles, such as exercising control over its borders, collecting taxes, enforcing laws, administering justice, providing schooling and so forth. Or they may refer to the collapse of a state-as-an-infrastructure or environment, which makes

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which federated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

The concept of distributed moral responsibility (DMR) has a long history. When it is understood as being entirely reducible to the sum of (some) human, individual and already morally loaded actions, then the allocation of DMR, and hence of praise and reward or blame and punishment, may be pragmatically difficult, but not conceptually problematic. However, in distributed environments, it is increasingly possible that a network of agents, some human, some artificial (e.g. a program) and some hybrid (e.g. a group of people working as a team thanks to a software platform), may cause distributed moral actions (DMAs). These are morally good or evil (i.e. morally loaded) actions caused by local interactions that are in themselves neither good nor evil (morally neutral). In this article, I analyse DMRs that are due to DMAs, and argue in favour of the allocation, by default and overridably, of full moral responsibility (faultless responsibility) to all the nodes/agents in the network causall...

This article focuses on the study of Tai Lue houses pattern in Manhong Village, Mengmanzhen, Xishuangbanna of China, one of the important villages in Mengmanzhen. By analyzing all 3 issues, including house orientation, spatial organization, and hierarchy of space. And to find for factors that affect the preservation and changing of house patterns. The author uses methods of study by reviewing secondary data sources and collecting data in the field with the methods: observation, semi-structured interviews, photography, and architectural measuring surveying. Selected houses with methods: purposive sampling, choosed the old houses where located in the center of the village, has 14 different forms, 90 out of a total. Then setting code to the houses, information management, and draw the architectural drawing to use in the analysis as objectives. With the aim of being a pilot study area, can be used as an example in the study of Tai Lue vernacular architecture in other continuous areas or taken to compare with the ethnic group who speak Thai language or other ethnic groups.
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บทความนี้มุ่งศึกษาแบบแผนของเรือนไทลื้อในหมู่บ้านหุม เมืองมาง สิบสองปันนา ประเทศจีน ซึ่งเป็นหมู่บ้านที่สำคัญแห่งหนึ่งของเมือง โดยวิเคราะห์ทั้งหมด 3 ประเด็น ได้แก่ ทิศทางการวางตัวของเรือน การจัดวางพื้นที่ใช้สอย และลำดับศักดิ์ของพื้นที่ภายในเรือน และเพื่อค้นหาปัจจัยที่ส่งผลต่อการรักษาสืบทอดและการเปลี่ยนแปลงแบบแผนของเรือน ผู้เขียนใช้วิธีการศึกษาโดยการทบทวนจากแหล่งข้อมูลทุติยภูมิและการเก็บข้อมูลภาคสนาม ด้วยวิธีสังเกตการณ์
การสัมภาษณ์แบบกึ่งมีโครงสร้าง การถ่ายภาพ การสำรวจรังวัดทางสถาปัตยกรรม คัดสรรเรือนด้วยวิธีการเลือกแบบเจาะจง เลือกเรือนที่อายุเก่าแก่ ตั้งอยู่บริเวณใจกลางหมู่บ้าน และมีรูปทรงที่แตกต่างกัน เป็นจำนวน 14 หลัง จากทั้งหมด 90 หลัง แล้วนำไปกำหนดรหัสของเรือน จัดระบบข้อมูล และจัดทำแบบสถาปัตยกรรม เพื่อใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ผลตามวัตถุประสงค์ โดยมุ่งหวังให้เป็นพื้นที่ศึกษานำร่อง สามารถใช้เป็นตัวอย่างในการศึกษาสถาปัตยกรรมพื้นถิ่นไทลื้อในพื้นที่ต่อเนื่องอื่นๆ หรือนำไปศึกษาเปรียบเทียบกับกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ผู้พูดภาษาตระกูลไท หรือกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์อื่นๆ ต่อไป

A certain architectural" ethos" comes into being as a result of the specific training which architects receive as producers of space, of their dual status as artists and professionals, of the conditions in which they live and of the social status of their profession. This ethos is a product of the architects' collective" habitus". The attitudes of architects regarding their position in the building industry, their role in society and their self-image (or its lack thereof) as artists determine the transformations within the architectural profession under the ...

Today, in any mature information society (Floridi 2016), we no longer live online or offline but onlife, that is, we increasingly live in that special space, or infosphere, that is seamlessly analogue and digital, offline and online. If this seems confusing, perhaps an analogy may help to convey the point. Imagine someone asks whether the water is sweet or salty in the estuary where the river meets the sea. Clearly, that someone has not understood the special nature of the place. Our mature information societies are growing in such a new, liminal place, like mangroves flourishing in brackish water. And in these 'mangrove societies', machine-readable data, new forms of smart agency and onlife interactions are constantly evolving, because our technologies are perfectly fit to take advantage of such a new environment, often as the only real natives. As a result, the pace of their evolution can be mind-blowing. And this in turn justifies some apprehension. However, we should not be distracted by the scope, depth and pace of technological innovation. True, it does disrupt some deeply ingrained assumptions of the old, exclusively analogue society, e.g. about production, logistics, customization, competition, education, work, health, entertainment, politics and security, just to mention some crucial topics. Yet that is not the most consequential challenge we are facing. It is rather how we are going to design the infosphere and the mature information societies developing within it that matters most. Because the digital revolution transforms our views about values and their priorities, good behaviour, and what sort of innovation is socially preferable-and this is the fundamental issue, let me explain. To many, what digital innovation will throw up next may seem the real challenge. The question itself is recurrent: what comes next? What is the next disruption? What is the new killer app? Will this be the year of the final battle between Virtual Reality vs. Augmented Reality? Or is it the Internet of Things that will represent the new frontier, perhaps in some combination with Smart Cities? Is it the end of the TV as we know it coming soon? Will healthcare be made unrecognisable by machine learning, or should

This theme issue has the founding ambition of landscapingdata ethicsas a new branch of ethics that studies and evaluates moral problems related to data (including generation, recording, curation, processing, dissemination, sharing and use), algorithms (including artificial intelligence, artificial agents, machine learning and robots) and corresponding practices (including responsible innovation, programming, hacking and professional codes), in order to formulate and support morally good solutions (e.g. right conducts or right values). Data ethics builds on the foundation provided by computer and information ethics but, at the same time, it refines the approach endorsed so far in this research field, by shifting the level of abstraction of ethical enquiries, from being information-centric to being data-centric. This shift brings into focus the different moral dimensions of all kinds of data, even data that never translate directly into information but can be used to support actions o...

The Vernacular High-stilt House in Tonle Sap Basin, Kampong Phluk commune, Cambodia" focuses on cultures and factors, impacting on settlement patterns, vernacular architecture's formations, traditions of building vernacular houses, and lifestyles in the high-stilt house community in Tonle Sap Basin. Theoretically, the case study of Kampong Phluk commune is analysed under the concept of 'Vernacular Matrix' to understand networks of relations, connecting the six relative factors influencing over the vernacular architecture. Essentially, this study argues that the theory 'Vernacular Matrix' yields the deficiency to the analysis of environmental and socio-cultural contexts in Cambodia, involving the vernacular architecture's contexts in the East. Arguably, this study strongly proposes that the two additional relative factors-a) Ecological and Natural environment factors and b) Economic and Political factors-must be concerned and involved into the mentioned theory. The findings of this study can be argued that the Ecological and Natural environment factors, affected by the seasonal fluctuations of the Mekong's water volume, of the Tonle Sap Basin marks a major factor, influencing on the selection of community's location and the architectural basic form, demonstrated through the raised houses to escape flooding and the bracing system to strengthen high-stilt houses entirely exposed during the dry season. Furthermore, the increase and decrease of functional spaces on the high-stilt houses' ground floor are intriguingly found that varied by the different environment during the dry and wet seasons. Considerably, the differences of house typology are depending on two factors as follows; a) the socio-geographical dispersion, obviously related to the cultural baggage carried by immigrants, which can be seen through the space ช organisation and the roof form, and b) the economic factors, based on different levels of household economy in which affect choices of constructional materials, house's sizes, and ranges of space quality. Meanwhile, cultural and religious factors, defined as the 'intangible heritage', are significantly seen from the initial construction phase, as seen in the house's central pillar worship reflecting an abstract belief of the sacred house's element, which reinforced through a visible ritual of setting the central pillar as the first one. Also, a belief in sleeping direction-a head pointed southward-that signifies the space organisation of setting a bedroom at the south of the house. Consequently, this study has shown that the complexity of settlement's dimensions and vernacular architecture's formations are relevant to numbers of relative factors, which the knowledge of vernacular architecture has critically been fulfilled its academic gap and been crucially expanded. Additionally, both of tangible and intangible cultural environments are founded their contributions in the realms of the understanding of the relations and differences of culture and being a more efficient cultural immune for ethnic groups in Southeast Asia onwards.

Exploring Definitions of Sacred Spaces
Firstly, the sacred manifests itself as a unique experience,
completely independent of the profane (Eliade, 1957, p11).
Moreover, sacred spaces are experienced as strong and
significant, in comparison to mundane spaces that are wholly
homogenous (Eliade, 1957, p11). The non-homogeneity of these
spaces expresses itself in the opposition between sacred space
and ‘the formless expanse surrounding it’ (profane space) (Eliade,
1957, p20).

Eliade (1957, p21) refers to the manifestation of the sacred
as ‘heirophany’. In this case, not only is the homogeneity of
space broken, but there is also a demonstration of an ‘absolute
reality’ (Eliade, 1957, p21). It is this that evokes the experientially
qualitative difference between sacred and mundane space
(Eliade, 1957, p26).

It may also be argued that the principal function of a sacred
space is to centre the users and provide them with meaning
and direction in life (McApline and Thiessen, 2013, p136). This
function is realised if we consider sacred spaces as (1) a meeting
place between the divine and the earthly, and (2) an earthly
representation of sublime beauty (McApline and Thiessen, 2013,
p136). Sacred spaces also draw the attention of the user to the
sublimity and magnificence of the divine; through this, they assist
the user in recognising beauty within their own lives (McAlpine
and Thiessen, 2013, p138). In consequence, the spaces embrace
those within the space, whilst revealing that which is greater than
the participant and the context. As concluded by Visser: ‘a church
is bigger than I am, but it also represents me’ (Visser in McAlpine
and Thiessen, 2013, p138).

The European Medical Information Framework (EMIF) project, funded through the IMI programme (Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under Grant Agreement No. 115372), has designed and implemented a federated platform to connect health data from a variety of sources across Europe, to facilitate large scale clinical and life sciences research. It enables approved users to analyse securely multiple, diverse, data via a single portal, thereby mediating research opportunities across a large quantity of research data. EMIF developed a code of practice (ECoP) to ensure the privacy protection of data subjects, protect the interests of data sharing parties, comply with legislation and various organisational policies on data protection, uphold best practices in the protection of personal privacy and information governance, and eventually promote these best practices more widely. EMIF convened an Ethics Advisory Board (EAB), to provide feedback on its approach, platform, and the EcoP. The most important challenges the ECoP team faced were: how to define, control and monitor the purposes (kinds of research) for which federated health data are used; the kinds of organisation that should be permitted to conduct permitted research; and how to monitor this. This manuscript explores those issues, offering the combined insights of the EAB and EMIF core ECoP team. For some issues, a consensus on how to approach them is proposed. For other issues, a singular approach may be premature but the challenges are summarised to help the community to debate the topic further. Arguably, the issues and their analyses have application beyond EMIF, to many research infrastructures connected to health data sources.

The study of Hip roof and Manila roof in Nakornratchasima Municipal is to study the physical character, building type, function of space, the causes and factors of the architecture. This study by collecting data from document, field survey and set 16 example buildings. The data were collected by measuring, taking photo, interview owners or occupants, in order to draw the building and the data were analyzed in narrative type.

Beauty of architectural complexity roBert Barelkowski west-pomeranian university of technology, szczecin. aBstract the paper is an attempt to revisit the concept of beauty which is analyzed in reference to Vitruvian principles of architecture supplemented with idea, the fourth principle. the holistic approach to architecture may be the vehicle to explain universal patterns of beauty, possible to be understood as complex system-both the discipline and constructs created as a result of architectural ideas. one can argue that architectural entities start their existence with initial idea, then its purpose is defined, to be encased in structure and form. all these principal bricks architecture is built with exist on multiple layers, as abstracts or as physical manifestations. the beauty is therefore the perceptive phenomenon, in which man is able to decipher and comprehend expressed or tacit properties of the universe and convert them into his own interpretation of the environment and man-made culture or social patterns. this paper is a tribute and humble contribution to pay respect to professor carlos Brebbia (1938-2018), whose grasp of complex reality opened many inspiring paths within science and animated multiple connections within scientific community for the benefit of knowledge and understanding of the nature.

In this article, we argue that personal medical data should be made available for scientific research, by enabling and encouraging patients to donate their medical records once deceased, in a way similar to how they can already donate organs or bodies. This research is part of a project on posthumous medical data donation (PMDD) developed by the Digital Ethics Lab at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, and funded by Microsoft. We provide ten arguments to support the need to foster posthumous medical data donation. We also identify two major risks-harm to others, and lack of control over the use of data-which could follow from unregulated donation of medical data. We reject the argument that record-based medical research should proceed without the need to ask for informed consent, and argue for a voluntary and participatory approach to using personal medical data. Our analysis concludes by stressing the need to develop an ethical code for data donation to minimise the risks providing five foundational principles for ethical medical data donation; and suggesting a draft for such a code.

Mimarisinin fotoğraflariyla, Le Corbusier perspektif mekanın otoritesini sorgulayabiliyor. Fotoğraf makinesi perspektif ile görür. Fotoğraf makinesi asla yalan söylemez? Peki ya doğruyu yansıtan bir imge perspektiften yoksun ise? Bir fotoğraf bir mekan hakkında baska türlü tahayyül edilemeyecek bir doğruyu söyleyebilir mi?

UIA UNESCO tarafından uluslararası düzeyde faaliyet gösteren tek mimari birliği olarak tanınan bir sivil toplum örgütüdür. Amacı sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı odaklanarak, mimari ilerleme yenilikçi ve işbirlikçi çözümler üretmeye yardımcı olan bilgi paylaşımı için bir platform görevi görür. Tüm kıtalara ulaşmaktadır. Mesleki örgütler ve temsilcilikler ile sürekli ilişkiler tesis ederken demokratik ve eşitlik ilkesi içinde ilişkileri sağlamaya çalışmaktadır. Tüm mimarların gelişimine katkıda bulunmak haklarını korumak meslekteki saygınlığı arttırmak gelişen teknolojiyi mesleğe bütünleşmiş ettirebilmeyi sağlamak gelişmeye çalışan örgütleri destelemek, mimarlık eğitimine katkı sağlamak gibi amaçları vardır. Çeşitli yarışmalar kongreler düzenlenir ve bir eğitim komisyonu barındırır. Kongrelerde tüm tanınmış mimarlar ve öğrenciler bir araya getirilir. Ve 3 senede bir konsey tarafından karar verilen yerde düzenlenir. UIA kongrelerinin yapıldıkları kentlerle genelde fazla bir ilişkisi olmaz. Bu buluşmalar çok kez, kentin içinde veya biraz kenarındaki uygun bir toplantı ortamında, kayıtlı katılımcıların girebildiği alanlarda yapılan ve mimarların mimarlarla iletişim kurdukları etkinlikler. Eğitim komisyonu yüksek kaliteli eğitimi gözetmek için kurulmuştur. Yarışmalara öğrencilerde katılabilmektedir. Sadece lisanslarını kanıtlamaları gerekmektedir.

บทความ “คณลกษณะของทวางทางสถาปตยกรรมในสถาปตยกรรมพนถน: แนวทางการศกษาสการออกแบบสถาปตยกรรมรวมสมย” มงศกษาประเดนของ “ทวางทางสถาปตยกรรม” หรอทเรยกโดยยอวา “ทวาง” ประกอบขนดวย “รปทรง (Form)” และ “พนทวาง (Space)” ซงมความสมพนธโดยตรงกบ “ปรมาตร (Volume)” ทเกดขน เปนมวลของรปทรงทางกายภาพกบมวลของพนทวางทผสมผสานเปนอนหนงอนเดยวกนอยางแนบแนนตลอดเวลา สวนของรปทรง คอ องคประกอบทางสถาปตยกรรมซงเราสามารถมองเหนและจบตองได ตางจากสวนของพนทวางทคอนขางเปนนามธรรมมากกวา สวนใหญการอธบายถงทวางทางสถาปตยกรรมจงมกกลาวถงหรอใหความสนใจไปในเรองของรปราง และรปทรงเพยงอยางเดยว จนลมเลอนความหมายทแทจรงของทวางทางสถาปตยกรรมไป นอกจากคณลกษณะทกลาวมาขางตนนน ทวางทางสถาปตยกรรมยงกอรปขนจากมตตางๆ ทางสงคมวฒนธรรมทซบซอน ทงทเกดขนเพอรองรบการใชงานอยางชดเจนหรอไมกตาม คณลกษณะของทวางทางสถาปตยกรรมจงเปนเหมอนผลรวมของปจจยแวดลอมตางๆ เหลานน ทเกดเปนภาพสะทอนสาระซงแฝงเรนอยภายใตรปลกษณทางสถาปตยกรรม  การแปรเปลยนไปของบรบททางสงคมไทยอยางรวดเรวในชวงยคสมยใหม (Modernism) และหลงสมยใหม (Post Modernism) ทความเคลอนไหวในแวดวงวชาการและวชาชพทางสถาปตยกรรมมความเปลยนแปลงอยางรวดเรว และมการ...

In this ambitious and expansive book, Alberto Pérez-Gómez argues that there is a much broader context within which architecture operates and is experienced. The author focuses on the hidden and mysterious aspects of architectural space and form to argue that traditionally it served as a media that communicated content, engendered emotional and corporal responses, and served to orient one in the world. He states that ''Architecture offers societies a place for existential orientation. As a representation of meaningful action, it contributes to an understanding of one's place in the world'' (p. 109). Theoreticians from Vitruvius to Libeskind, as well as Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance philosophers, are referenced to explain the variety of ways that architecture performs this role. Pérez-Gómez makes clear the necessity of reclaiming meaning and experience in architecture. He laments the ''modern epidemic of empty formalism and banal functionalism'' (p. 5) and dismisses contemporary advanced digital media investigations. ''Made possible by powerful computers and ingenious software,'' he writes, ''the new algorithmic magic creates novelty without love, resulting in short-lived seduction, typically without concern for embodied cultural experience, character and appropriateness'' (p. 28). Beauty and meaning are interdependent for the author, and it is clear that for him much contemporary work has neither. What is needed is an architecture that provides an antidote to our materialistic and technologically prejudiced culture. The antidote for Pérez-Gómez is love. Love describes a more fruitful orientation in the making and experience of architecture. Love describes the uplifting experience of beauty as the font of inspiration. Building with love also describes an ethical position and suggests a means to achieve connection and provide meaning. Love is physical attraction and desire to fully experience the beloved, and thus is temporal, a process of delay and fulfillment. Last, love is the carnal and the erotic recognition of the body's experience of place and its potential to lead one to a deeper understanding of our place and purpose in the world.