ammonia emission

Program OPEN (Odor, Pathogens, and Emissions of Nitrogen) was an integrated study of the emissions of ammonia (NH 3 ), odor and odorants, and pathogens from potential environmentally superior technologies (ESTs) for swine facilities in eastern North Carolina. This paper, as part of program OPEN, focuses on quantifying emissions of NH 3 from waterholding structures at two of the best ESTs and compares them with the projected emissions from two conventional lagoon and spray technologies (LSTs). The evaluated ESTs are: (1) Super Soils at Goshen Ridge; and (2) Environmental Technologies at Red Hill. The water-holding structures for these two ESTs contained no conventional anaerobic lagoon. A dynamic flow-through chamber was used to measure NH 3 fluxes from the water-holding structures at both the ESTs and at the conventional LST farms. In order to compare the emissions from the water-holding structures at the ESTs with those from the lagoons at the conventional sites under similar conditions, a statistical-observational model for lagoon NH 3 emissions was used. A mass-balance approach was used to quantify the emissions. All emissions were normalized by nitrogen-excretion rates. The percentage reductions relative to the conventional lagoons were calculated for the two ESTs. Results showed substantial reductions in NH 3 emissions at both ESTs. Super Soils had reductions of 94.7% for the warm season and 99.0% for the cool season. Environmental Technologies had slightly larger reductions of 99.4% and 99.98% for the cool and warm season, respectively. As a result of such large reductions in ammonia emissions, both technologies meet the criteria to be classified as ESTs for ammonia emissions.

DESCRIPTION Dairy cow houses are a major contributor to ammonia (NH3) emission in many European countries. To understand and predict NH3 emissions from cubicle dairy cow houses a mechanistic model was developed and a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the contribution to NH3 emission of each input variable related to a single urine puddle. Results showed that NH3 emission was most sensitive for five puddle-related input variables: pH, depth, initial urea concentration, area and temperature. Unfortunately, cow house data of these variables are scarce due to a lack of proper measurement methods. In this study we focused on a method to assess the urine puddle depth, which can vary between 0.10 mm and 2.00 mm. Our objective was to develop a measurement method for the urine puddle depth capable of assessing this variable on the floor in commercial dairy cow houses with a measurement uncertainty of at least 0.1 mm. In this study we compared two measurement methods being the bala...

A portable and relatively low-cost monitoring unit (PMU) for continuous measurement of ammonia and carbon dioxide in CAFO (poultry in particular) applications has been developed and partially compared with an EPA-approved measurement method. The PMU utilizes sampling and purging cycles to overcome the sensor saturation characteristic of electro-chemical NH3 sensors. Preliminary comparative results show that performance of the PMU is quite comparable to the sophisticated, highercost, and less portable mobile lab method. For the range of ammonia level typical of commercial poultry buildings, the PMU is expected to produce emission rate data of reasonable quality when combined with properly measured or determined building ventilation rate.

Assessing and improving the sustainability of dairy production systems is essential to secure future food production. This requires a holistic approach to reveal trade-offs between emissions of the different greenhouse gases (GHG) and nutrient-based pollutants and to ensure that interactions between farm components are taken into account. Process-based models are essential to support whole-farm mass balance accounting. How-

Water quality in the United States is threatened by contamination with nutrients, primarily nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Animal manure can be a valuable resource for farmers, providing nutrients, improving soil structure, and increasing vegetative cover to reduce erosion potential. At the same time, application of manure nutrients in excess of crop requirements can result in environmental contamination. Concentrated animal agriculture has been identified as a significant source of nutrient contamination of surface water, nitrogen contamination of groundwater, and ammonia emission. Areas facing the dilemma of an economically important livestock industry concentrated in an environmentally sensitive area have few options. If agricultural practices continue as they have in the past, despite the significant changes in agricultural intensity and changing environmental conditions, continued damage to water resources and a loss of fishing and recreational activity are inevitable. If agricultural productivity is reduced, however, the maintenance of a stable farm economy, a viable rural economy, and a reliable domestic food supply are seriously threatened. The identification and implementation of solutions to the generation of excess manure in confined animal feeding operations are necessary to enable such agricultural operations to thrive in environmentally sensitive areas such as the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. This paper will review an innovative collaborative approach to the development of a manure and litter solutions strategy by a diverse array of potential problem-solvers.

Ammonium (NH 4 + ) concentration was measured at 15 stations in the NE Atlantic during the declining phase of the spring diatom bloom as part of the FISHES 2001 cruise. The NE Atlantic temperate spring bloom is one of the largest seasonal events in the oceanic cycle of primary productivity and represents the conversion of large amounts of oxidized nitrogen to organic (reduced) nitrogen by planktonic photosynthesis, much of which is recycled by heterotrophs as reduced N (DON and ammonium). We might expect recycled ammonium to be rapidly re-used by photosynthesizers. However, during the FISHES cruise the decline of the bloom was accompanied by a substantial buildup of dissolved ammonium (from ∼ 100 nM to >500 nM near the sea surface) caused by a temporary imbalance in production and consumption processes. Calculations of air-sea ammonia (NH 3 ) flux under assumed 'normal' 'peak bloom' and 'post-diatom-bloom' conditions are presented and these demonstrate that over a wide range of temperatures, post-bloom accumulation of ammonium will lead to changes in the magnitude and direction of air-sea ammonia flux. If our results are generally applicable then the seasonal succession of plankton communities may be accompanied by periods of anomalously high ammonium concentration and hence be disproportionately important for air-sea ammonia flux. Once in the atmosphere, ammonia neutralizes acidity and in doing so plays a potentially significant role in climate forcing via aerosol formation.

This paper presents the first inventory of ammonia emissions from livestock production in Los Lagos and Los Ríos Regions of Chile. The inventory was focused in this area because is where cattle production is concentrated. This study aimed to quantify the amount of N losses due to ammonia volatilization from livestock production in these regions of the country, and to provide its spatial representation identifying their main sources. Calculations have been carried out for 1997 and 2007, and also projections to 2017 and 2027 were obtained. Calculated emissions were 6097 and 6206 t NH3-N for 1997 and 2007, respectively. Major sources of NH3-N emissions were cattle accounting for more than 85%, followed by horses and pigs. Farm management practices as grazing, housing, manure storage and land spreading of manure accounted for 87%, 9%, 3%, and 2%, respectively, of total annual emissions. Projections suggest that emissions could increase up to 6344 and 6516 t NH3-N for 2017 and 2027, respectively. Emissions are much lower than those reported for developed European countries. However, intensification of cattle production systems may lead to an increase of ammonia emissions which could impact the temperate forest of Southern Chile characterized by low nutrient fluxes.

Experiments were performed to study the ventilation rates in a naturally ventilated animal building through four summer seasons and three winter seasons. The ventilation rates were determined using moisture (H 2 O) balance, tracer gas technique (TGT) and CO 2 -balance. The statistical analyses were correlation analysis, regression model and t-test. Continuous measurements of gaseous concentrations (NH 3 , CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O), temperature and relative humidity inside and outside the building were performed. The H 2 O-balance showed reliable results through winter seasons and acceptable results to some extent through summer seasons. The CO 2 -balance showed unexpected high differences to the other methods in some cases. The TGT showed reliable results compared to H 2 O-balance and CO 2balance. The air exchange rates (AERs) were 37.2, 61.6 and 63 h À1 through summer seasons, and 40.3, 38.9 and 60.5 h À1 through winter seasons subject to H 2 O-balance, TGT and CO 2 -balance, respectively. The emission rates through summer seasons, subject to TGT, were 191, 855, 73,877 and 45.6 g d À1 AU À1 ; and through winter seasons were 88, 463, 55,976 and 47.3 g d À1 AU À1 , for NH 3 , CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O, respectively.

"Wie werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Entnahme von CO2 aus der Atmosphäre von Stakeholdern in unterschiedlichen Regionen Deutschlands wahrgenommen?" Dieser Frage sind Workshops des Projektes "BioNET-Multi-stage assessment of biobased negative emission technologies" 1 nachgegangen, um Potenziale und Herausforderungen biomassebasierter Carbon Dioxide Removal (bioCDR)-Technologien besser zu verstehen. In vier Stakeholder-Workshops wurden Expert*innen aus Industrie, Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft, NGOs und Politik einbezogen, um bioCDR Maßnahmen, deren regionale Besonderheiten und gesellschaftlich-politisches Vertrauen zu diskutieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bioCDR-Technologien wie Aufforstung, Pyrolyse von Biomasse (PyCCS) und Moor-Wiedervernässung als vielversprechend angesehen werden, jedoch auf regulatorische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Hürden stoßen. Während regionale Unterschiede in der Umsetzbarkeit bestehen, gibt es wiederkehrende Herausforderungen wie Flächenkonkurrenz, mangelnde politische Unterstützung und Unsicherheiten in der Finanzierung. Besonders betont wurde die Bedeutung von Kaskadennutzung, um die Effizienz von bioCDR zu maximieren. Das entwickelte Planspiel "Carbon Cascadia" unterstützte die Diskussion über Biomassekaskaden und langfristige CO₂-Speicherung. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit gezielter Förderinstrumente und eines abgestimmten Politikrahmens, samt Bürger*innenbeteiligung, um bioCDR langfristig zu etablieren. Ohne klare Strategien und gesellschaftliche Einbeziehung besteht das Risiko, dass Potenziale dieser Technologien ungenutzt bleiben. Der Bericht liefert wertvolle Einblicke für Forschung, Politik und Praxis zur Weiterentwicklung von bioCDR in Deutschland.

The NEC directive has set targets for the 2010 ammonia emissions from a number of European countries. The target will be reached by most EU-countries and the total emission for EU-27 has been reduced by 22% from 1990 to 2007. Denmark is one of the countries with the largest reductions since 1990 and the article looks at the measures and costs involved. The conclusion is that the costs have been under 3 €/kg NH3-N. The findings suggest that the same measures might be cheaper in the Netherlands and Denmark than in the UK and the USA due to technology advances and stricter regulations in the past. The new Danish application procedure, when increasing the animal production, has tried to make the acceptance procedure quicker and dynamic ensuring that new technology is adopted quicker and that the farm is located in the right place. It is concluded that the new application process so far has not lived up to the high expectations at the outset. Despite this, the paper concludes that Denmark is likely to reduce emission by 50% from 1990 to 2020 and reach the likely 2020 NEC ceiling.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential of greenhouse gases, and production and substitution of fossil fuel from animal manure. This paper describes a model for the prediction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ammonia emissions, originated from animal husbandry, were presented. The input data in the model were primarily acquired from different Norwegian governmental institutions; however, some were unavailable. The remaining data were based on personal knowledge such as manure storage conditions (i.e., storage time on Norwegian farms, temperature ranges between storage periods, loading capacity of trucks for manure transport, etc.). The model included: methane emissions from animal facilities and waste storage units, ammonia emissions from storage units, nitrous oxide from stores, transportation of manure to collaborative biogas plants, and energy production and substituted energy when biogas production was selected. The model was then used to study the reduction in GHG emiss...

Die langfristigen Klimaschutzziele des Bundes und der EU konnen ohne grose Anstrengungen aller Sektoren der Volkswirtschaft nicht realisiert werden. Das schliest die Sektoren Forstwirtschaft und Holzverwendung in besonderem Mase mit ein. Im Folgenden werden die wichtigsten Aussagen, Befunde und Empfehlungen des Gutachtens „Klimaschutz in der Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie den nachgelagerten Bereichen Ernahrung und Holzverwendung“ fur die Sektoren Forstwirtschaft und Holzverwendung kurz dargestellt.

The reduction of ammonia (NH3) emissions associated with manure management requires identification and implementation of effective techniques. The objective of this study was to measure potential ammonia emissions from animal manure and evaluate emission reductions for five mitigation techniques (straw, sawdust, clay, oil and sulphuric acid). Although numerous studies have evaluated individual mitigation techniques, the variability of their effect with different types of slurries has not been fully investigated. Furthermore, the assessment of ammonia emissions from the subsequent land application of stored manure (or slurry) using different techniques would indicate the practical consequences of the entire slurry management chain. The effects of mitigation techniques were evaluated using a model to simulate field application of slurry. Three techniques were compared: broadcast spreading, band spreading and closed-slot injection. Simulations utilised data from experiments conducted a...

Considerable losses of nitrogen (N) may occur during and after surface-application of solid cattle manure to grassland. These losses are due mainly to the emission of ammonia (NH 3) and represent a threat to the environment. Consequently, N fertilizer value of the manure is reduced. Therefore, adjusted manure application strategies were evaluated in three field experiments focusing on NH 3 emission and herbage N recovery. Fresh, composted and anaerobically stored solid cattle manures were surface-applied to grassland at a rate of 400 kg N ha −1 with or without irrigation and/or lava meal addition. NH 3 emissions were estimated by means of diffusion samplers installed 20 cm above the soil surface for a period of 3-4 days. Irrigation (5 mm) immediately after applying fresh manure reduced (P < 0.05) NH 3 emission by 30%, whereas it was not effective in the case of composted manure. Irrigation (5 and 10 mm) following application of anaerobically stored manure reduced (P < 0.001) NH 3 emission by 65 and 92%, respectively. Lava meal addition before application at a rate of 80 g kg −1 manure resulted in an emission reduction (P < 0.05) of 46%. The combined use of lava meal and 10 mm irrigation led to a reduction of 97% while apparent recovery of the manure N in herbage increased (P < 0.05) from 18 (untreated control) to 26% over three harvests in 5 months' time. Effects of irrigation were restricted to the first grass harvest only, whereas the positive effects of lava meal were still present in the second harvest. It is concluded that both the use of lava meal as manure additive and irrigation immediately after manure application can reduce NH 3 emission and improve herbage N uptake.

The performance of copper/nickel oxide catalysts supported on ceramic monoliths of ␥-alumina/silicate, for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides in flue gas from nitric acid plants ([NO]/[NO x ] = 0.7) has been studied. The monoliths prepared were characterised by thermogravimetry, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis wavelength dispersion spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS) and their mechanical strengths were measured. The support composition and heat-treatment temperature was optimised to obtain monolithic structures with satisfactory mechanical and textural properties. Thus, a monolith with a ␥-alumina/silicate weight ratio of 2/3 was selected to give the best combination of textual and mechanical properties. The influence of active phase (CuO/NiO) content and operating conditions (residence time, [NH 3 ]/[NO x ] ratio) on the NO x conversion and ammonia slip was studied at laboratory scale to determine the optimum conditions for operation at pilot-plant scale. The maximum catalytic activity was achieved for a catalyst with CuO content of 6.3 wt.%. At higher active phase concentration a decrease in the catalytic activity was observed, related to the formation of copper oxides crystals detected by XRD. The presence of these species increase the reaction rate of the competitive ammonia oxidation reaction and thus, reduce the ammonia concentration in the outlet. The selected monolithic catalyst was tested at pilot-plant scale with real gases from a nitric acid production plant achieving NO x conversions of around 90 vol.%, with ammonia emissions lower than 10 ppm, at 230 • C and GSHV (NTP) of 10,600 h −1 .

Ammonia nitrogen emission generated from land applied FYM was measured under three air velocity conditions (1, 2 and 3 m/s) and application rates (20, 40 and 60 t/ha) by means of three Open Large Dynamic Chambers. Measurements were carried out in all four seasons. Trial results pointed out a significant effect of air velocity and environmental temperature on ammonia nitrogen emission, but no significant effect of application rate. Losses ranged approximately between 5% and 29% of the total nitrogen spread with manure.

A LecaR balls layer was evaluated for its ability to reduce losses of ammonia from the liquid surface of stored swine manure. An uncovered slurry tank partly embedded in the ground was divided into two halves by a plastic sheet. A 10 cm thick LecaR balls layer was applied to the surface of one half of the slurry tank. Ammonia emission was measured by means of the funnel technique floating on the slurry surface. Ammonia emitted from the LecaR balls covered and uncovered slurry, respectively, was measured simultaneously over time periods of 24 h for 6 consecutive days. Measurements were repeated in each of the four seasons during 1 year. Ammonia emission from the uncovered slurry ranged between 0.98 and 2.68gNH 3 /m 2 , whereas from the surface covered with LecaR between 0.25 and 0.35gNH 3 /m 2 were emitted. Results pointed out a significant reduction of ammonia emission (up to 87%) due to the LecaR balls layer, what showed the persistency of this strategy for the whole time period of the trial. A first economic evaluation showed that LecaR results in an increase in slurry management costs of up to 4Eurocent/m 2 .

Slurry spreading represents a critical component of the waste management strategy since it influences the nutrients' availability for the crops. The Italian Regulation in force sets severe limits to the slurry application to land. These limits-and the necessity to optimise the slurry fertilising value-require to operate with the correct application rate and with a sufficient spreading uniformity. An innovative slurry spreader able to optimise the reuse of this by-product as an agronomic resource whilst respecting the national regulation has been tested under practical conditions. The agronomic trials showed that the controlled recycling-performed with the innovative slurry spreader-gave no statistically different grain yields from those obtained with the chemical fertilisation. The ammonia emissions recorded after the slurry injection were the 16% of those recorded after the band application.

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Ammonia emission were measured from land applied FYM with three air velocity conditions (1, 2 and 3 m/s) and three application rates (20, 40 and 60 Mg/ha) by means of three Open Large Dynamic Chambers. Each device is made up of a ventilated chamber (24m2), a fan connected to a galvanized sheet iron pipe 10 m long - equipped with an internal flow conditioner-, and an air sampling system positioned at the end of the pipe. Two anemometers measure air velocity within the pipe and under the chamber. Measurements were carried out in two different temperature conditions (5-21°C - autumn season and 0- 7°C - winter season). Results of the carried out trials pointed out a significant effect of air velocity on ammonia emission, while no significant effect of the application rate. Environmental temperature signifi- cantly affected ammonia emission too. Autumn ammonia losses ranged between 10% and 28.6% of the total Nitrogen spread on the soil, while winter ones ranged from 5% to 18.7%.

Cereal straw, a by-product in the production of agricultural crops, is considered as a potentially large source of energy supply with an estimated value of 47×10 18 J worldwide. However, there is some debate regarding the actual amounts of straw which could be removed from arable soils without jeopardizing their quality, as well as the potential trade-offs in the overall straw-to-energy chain

Cereal straw, a by-product in the production of agricultural crops, is considered as a potentially large source of energy supply with an estimated value of 47×10 18 J worldwide. However, there is some debate regarding the actual amounts of straw which could be removed from arable soils without jeopardizing their quality, as well as the potential trade-offs in the overall straw-to-energy chain compared to the use of fossil energy sources. Here, we used a deterministic model of C and N dynamics in soil-crop systems to simulate the effect of straw removal under various sets of soil, climate and crop management conditions in northeastern France. Model results in terms of nitrate leaching, soil C variations, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were subsequently inputted into the life cycle assessment (LCA) of a particular bioenergy chain in which straw was used to generate heat and power in a plant producing bio-ethanol from wheat grains. Straw removal had little influence on simulated environmental emissions in the field, and straw incorporation in soil resulted in a sequestration of only 5 to 10% of its C in the long-term (30 years). The LCA concluded to significant benefits of straw use for energy in terms of global warming and use of non-renewable energy. Only the eutrophication and atmospheric acidification impact categories were slightly unfavourable to straw use in some cases, with a difference of 8% at most relative to straw incorporation. These results based on a novel methodology thereby confirm the environmental benefits of substituting fossil energy with straw.

This study was designed to identify the atmospheric NH3 trend in Sri Lanka using satellite data. Data was obtained from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) for 12 years (2008 to 2019) at 1° × 1° resolution. Heat maps were produced, and a 0.25 ° × 0.25° resolution grid was overlaid to identify 91 data points (wet zone-19, intermediate zone-20, dry zone-52). NH3 concentration at each point was measured using the colour gradient developed based on slopes of trends. In both decadal and annual trends, all climatic zones of the country followed the same pattern. In the decadal trend, the overall NH3 concentration of the country was significantly decreased (-15.33%) and correlated with the fertilizer usage by the country (r 2 = 0.669). In the annual trend, a peak (highest in July-5.64 × 10 16 ± 6.62 × 10 15 molecules cm-2) was recorded in the dry zone from May to September which coincides with the southwest monsoon season with relatively dry and hot conditions. The NH3 concentration was low (lowest in January-3.78 × 10 16 ± 8.20 × 10 15 molecules cm-2) from October to February when the country receives high rainfall from the northeast monsoon. Furthermore, the NH3 concentration in Yala is significantly higher than that in Maha. High temperature encourages NH3 emission, and rainfall encourages wet deposition. NH3 concentration in the wet zone was significantly lower than that in the dry and intermediate zones. However, there is no significant difference between the dry and intermediate zones where agricultural activities are prominent higher. Even though Sri Lanka has a decreasing trend in atmospheric ammonia levels, it is important to take necessary actions at the national level to control NH3 emissions and mitigate impacts for sustainable nitrogen management.

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Effects of high ammonia emissions and nitrogen deposition were investigated on lichens around a pig stockfarm (ca. 7,000 animals) in central Italy. Four sites were selected along a transect at 200, 400, 1000 and 2500 m from the stockfarm, the diversity of epiphytic lichens was measured and transplanted thalli of Xanthoria parietina and Flavoparmelia caperata exposed, together with passive NH 3 (diffusion tubes) samplers. Ammonia dramatically decreased from the centre of the stockfarm to the sampled sites, where it was correlated with bark pH. Total lichen diversity was not associated with either NH 3 concentrations or bark pH, but the diversity of strictly nitrophytic species was highly correlated with both parameters. Physconia grisea was the best indicator species for NH 3 pollution. Total N accumulated in X. parietina and F. caperata was correlated with NH 3 concentrations.

Estimates of non-industrial source ammonia emissions in Texas were developed through the use of published emission factors and activity data for those sources. A total of 64 non-industrial source emission sub-categories were addressed, each falling into one of seven major source categories: animal husbandry, fertilizer applications, on-road vehicles, nonroad sources, municipal wastewater disposal, domestic sources, and natural soil and vegetation. Annual statewide ammonia emissions were initially estimated to be 921,000 metric tons, with greater than 50% originating from natural soil and vegetation. However, estimates for pine and oak forests were characterized as having a great deal of uncertainty. A series of field sampling events were conducted to determine ammonia fluxes from pine and oak forest floors in east Texas. Both dynamic and static chamber methods were used. The ammonia flux averaged 0.09 kg km À2 month À1 for pine forests and 0.13 kg km À2 month À1 for oak forests. These values are significantly lower than those previously measured and cited in the published literature. However, the ammonia fluxes measured in east Texas forests are reasonably consistent with those predicted using mechanistic models for evergreen pine and deciduous broadleaf forests in Alabama, California, Colorado, and Tennessee. Statewide annual ammonia emissions estimates, revised using the newly developed ammonia fluxes for oak and pine forests in Texas, dropped from 921,000 to 467,000 metric tons. The relative contribution of ammonia emissions from pine and oak forests dropped from 49% to less than 1%. Animal husbandry was predicted to be the dominant nonindustrial source, accounting for approximately 77% of non-industrial source ammonia emissions.

Effects of high ammonia emissions and nitrogen deposition were investigated on lichens around a pig stockfarm (ca. 7,000 animals) in central Italy. Four sites were selected along a transect at 200, 400, 1000 and 2500 m from the stockfarm, the diversity of epiphytic lichens was measured and transplanted thalli of Xanthoria parietina and Flavoparmelia caperata exposed, together with passive NH 3 (diffusion tubes) samplers. Ammonia dramatically decreased from the centre of the stockfarm to the sampled sites, where it was correlated with bark pH. Total lichen diversity was not associated with either NH 3 concentrations or bark pH, but the diversity of strictly nitrophytic species was highly correlated with both parameters. Physconia grisea was the best indicator species for NH 3 pollution. Total N accumulated in X. parietina and F. caperata was correlated with NH 3 concentrations.

The objective of the work was to provide a method to predict CO 2 and NH 3 yields during composting of the biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW). The compostable portion of MSW was simulated using three principal biodegradable components, namely mixed paper wastes, yard wastes and food wastes. Twelve laboratory runs were carried out at thermophilic temperatures based on the principles of mixture experimental and full factorial designs. Seeded mixed paper (MXP), seeded yard waste (YW) and seeded food waste (FW), each composted individually, produced 150, 220 and 370 g CO 2 -C, and 2.0, 4.4 and 34 g NH 3 -N per dry kg of initial substrate, respectively. Several experimental runs were also carried out with different mixtures of these three substrates. The effect of seeding was insignificant during composting of food wastes and yard wastes, while seeding was necessary for composting of mixed paper. Polynomial equations were developed to predict CO 2 and NH 3 (in amounts of mass per dry kg of MSW) from mixtures of MSW. No interactions among components were found to be significant when predicting CO 2 yields, while the interaction of food wastes and mixed paper was found to be significant when predicting NH 3 yields.

Improved data on biosphere-atmosphere exchange are fundamental to understanding the production and fate of ammonia (NH 3) in the atmosphere. The GRAMINAE Integrated Experiment combined novel measurement and modelling approaches to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the interactions to date. Major intercomparisons of micrometeorological parameters and NH 3 flux measurements using the aerodynamic gradient method and relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) were conducted. These showed close agreement, though the REA systems proved insufficiently precise to investigate vertical flux divergence. Grassland management had a large effect on fluxes: Emissions increased after grass cutting (−50 to 700 ng m −2 s −1 NH 3) and after N-fertilization (0 to 3800 ng m −2 s −1) compared with before the cut (−60 to 40 ng m −2 s −1). Effects of advection and air chemistry were investigated using horizontal NH 3 profiles, acid gas and particle flux measurements. Inverse modelling of NH 3 emission from an experimental farm agreed closely with inventory estimates, while advection errors were used to correct measured grassland fluxes. Advection effects were caused both by the farm and by emissions from the field, with an inverse dispersion-deposition model providing a reliable new approach to estimate net NH 3 fluxes. Effects of aerosol chemistry on net NH 3 fluxes were small, while the measurements allowed NH 3-induced particle growth rates to be calculated and aerosol fluxes to be corrected. Bioassays estimated the emission potential Γ=[NH + 4 ]/[H + ] for different plant pools, with the apoplast having the smallest values (30-1000). The main sources of NH 3 emission appeared to be leaf litter and the soil surface, with Γ up to 3 million and 300 000, respectively. Cuvette and within-canopy analyses confirmed the role of leaf litter NH 3 emission, which, prior to cutting, was mostly recaptured within the canopy. Measured fluxes were compared with three models: an ecosystem model, a soil vegetation atmosphere transfer model and a dynamic leaf chemistry model. The simulations highlighted the importance of canopy temperature, interactions with ecosystem

Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha −1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-WEDD (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH 3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 µg NH 3 m −3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from −560 to 220 ng NH 3 m −2 s −1 and averaged 29 ng NH 3 m −2 s −1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be due to the high concentrations in certain acid gases (HNO 3 and SO 2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also measured occasionally. The canopy compensation point C c was around 1.5 µg NH 3 m −3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γ c (C c normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γ c = 2200 to Γ c = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γ s) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH 3 flux compared well with the Surfatm-NH 3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.

One objective of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Supersite Program was to provide data that could be used to more thoroughly evaluate and improve air quality models, and then have those models used to address both scientific and policy-related issues dealing with air quality management. In this direction, modeling studies have used Supersites-related data and are reviewed here. Fine temporal resolution data have been used both to test model components (e.g., the inorganic thermodynamic routines) and air quality modeling systems (in particular, Community Multiscale Air Quality [CMAQ] and Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions [CAMx] applications). Such evaluations suggest that the inorganic thermodynamic approaches being used are accurate, as well as the description of sulfate production, although there are significant uncertainties in production of nitric acid, biogenic and ammonia emissions, secondary organic aerosol formation, and the ability to follow the formation and evolution of ultrafine particles. Model applications have investigated how PM levels will respond to various emissions controls, suggesting that nitrate will replace some of the reductions in sulfate particulate matter (PM), although the replacement is small in the summer. Although not part of the Supersite program, modeling being conducted by EPA, regional planning organizations, and states for policy purposes has benefited from the detailed data collected, and the PM models have advanced by their more widespread use.

Reduction of airborne dust in enclosed animal housing has been shown to result in corresponding reductions in airborne bacteria, ammonia, and odor. The search for strategies to reduce particulate matter and ammonia emissions from animal housing has led to considerable interest in the poultry industry for practical systems to reduce these air emissions. Technologies that have been shown to be effective for reducing airborne dust in animal areas include misting with an oil spray, water mists, extra ventilation, and electrostatic space charge systems. An electrostatic space charge system (ESCS) was designed to reduce airborne dust and ammonia emissions from a commercial broiler production house. The ESCS for this application was based on patented technology developed to reduce airborne dust and pathogens. Two commercial broiler houses with built-up litter (a control house and one outfitted with an ESCS unit) were monitored for dust and ammonia concentrations over a period of 7 flocks. Results of this study indicate the ESCS significantly reduced airborne dust by an average of 43% and reduced ammonia by an average of 13%. Power consumption of the ESCS system was less than 100 W when in operation. Commercial application of this technology within the production house has the potential to improve in-house air quality and reduce particulate emissions.

For the poultry industry, concerns about ammonia are multifaceted and include issues of live production performance, animal health, and welfare, and environmental impact. Retail industry marketers, as a component of their evolving animal care audit programs, are issuing guidelines for the control and reduction of ammonia within poultry facilities to address animal welfare concerns. At the same time, pressure is being placed on poultry producers from interested groups and neighbors to reduce ammonia emissions for environmental reasons. Since the current procedure for reducing ammonia levels in houses is to exhaust air as much as possible, this will, in some part, conflict with efforts to reduce ammonia emissions from poultry live production facilities. Research will be needed from the industry and academia to develop methods of reducing nitrogen excreted by poultry, e.g., research in nutrition, genetics, poultry husbandry, and management. Research is needed to improve or develop methods of manure management and treatment that will reduce ammonia emissions. Research is also needed in developing methods of closing the loop, using nitrogen in poultry manures to produce crops that can be fed back to poultry. Importing major quantities of feedstuffs from other regions of the country and depositing manure onto lowproductivity pastures or cropland may not be sustainable. Some combination of reducing excess nutrients in manure, alternative uses for these nutrients, shipping excess nutrients back to grain producing areas, or increasing grain production in poultry-producing areas will be required to address environmental concerns and minimize regulatory advances.

We present 1 year of ambient ammonia (NH 3), ammonium (NH 4 +), hydrochloric acid (HCl), chloride (Cl À), nitric acid (HNO 3), nitrate (NO 3 À), nitrous acid (HONO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2), and sulfate (SO 4 2À) concentrations at three sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina. The three sites, Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, are located in counties with total NH 3 emission densities of 4800, 2280, and 320 kg NH 3-N km À2 yr À1 , respectively. Average NH 3 concentrations were 5.32, 2.46, and 0.58 mg m À3 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. Average NH 4 + concentrations were 1.84, 1.25, and 0.91 mg m À3 , and total concentrations of inorganic (NH 4 + +NO 3 À + SO 4 2À +Cl À) particulate matter with aerosol diameters o2:5 mm (PM 2.5) were 8.66, 6.35, and 5.31 mg m À3 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH 3 concentrations were highest during the summer at all sites, with summer-to-winter concentration ratios of 2.40, 5.70, and 1.70 at Clinton, Kinston, and Morehead City, respectively. NH 3 concentrations were higher at night at the Clinton site, during the day at the Kinston site, and day vs. night concentrations were similar at the Morehead City site. NH 4 + concentrations were highest during the winter at all sites, though this may not be representative of all years. Average daytime concentrations of NH 4 + were similar to night values at all sites. NH 4 + aerosol was primarily associated with SO 4 2À at all sites, though the degree of SO 4 2À neutralization was highest at Clinton and lowest at Morehead City. NH 4 + aerosol formation appeared to be acid-gas-limited at the Clinton site during all seasons and during the spring and summer at the Kinston site. This study shows that agricultural NH 3 emissions influence local ambient concentrations of NH 3 and PM 2.5 .

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The Acid Deposition Control Title (IV) of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments calls for reductions in annual sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in order to ???reduce the adverse effects of acid deposition,??? without addressing emissions of ammonia. ...

Effects of high ammonia emissions and nitrogen deposition were investigated on lichens around a pig stockfarm (ca. 7,000 animals) in central Italy. Four sites were selected along a transect at 200, 400, 1000 and 2500 m from the stockfarm, the diversity of epiphytic lichens was measured and transplanted thalli of Xanthoria parietina and Flavoparmelia caperata exposed, together with passive NH 3 (diffusion tubes) samplers. Ammonia dramatically decreased from the centre of the stockfarm to the sampled sites, where it was correlated with bark pH. Total lichen diversity was not associated with either NH 3 concentrations or bark pH, but the diversity of strictly nitrophytic species was highly correlated with both parameters. Physconia grisea was the best indicator species for NH 3 pollution. Total N accumulated in X. parietina and F. caperata was correlated with NH 3 concentrations.

This paper presents and evaluates an inverse model for estimating ammonia emission from agricultural land. The method is based on an analytical model derived from the advection-diffusion equation, assuming power law profiles for wind speed and diffusivity. A three-dimensional model and a two-dimensional model are evaluated. The hypotheses of flux-driven or concentration-driven emissions are also tested. The model is evaluated against three datasets covering a range of ammonia fluxes, field geometry/size and measurement techniques. The sensitivity and the uncertainty of the method is also evaluated with a MonteCarlo approach, as well as based on existing datasets. Finally, the capability of the method to work with time-integrated concentrations (e.g. using diffusive concentration samplers) is also evaluated. The inverse model gives estimations of the ammonia emissions within a few per cent of the measurements. Moreover, the method is mainly sensitive to the concentration, the friction velocity and the thermal stratification of the atmosphere. The two-dimensional approaches give similar results to the three-dimensional one, provided the field is large enough. The concentration-driven hypothesis is similar to the flux-driven hypothesis for a fetch greater than approximately 20 m. The results are discussed in comparison with the previous approaches: the Theoretical Profile Shape (TPS or Zinst approach) and the backward Lagrangian Stochastic model (BLS).

Die schnelle Verbreitung von Mobiltelefonen (und Smartphones) in Entwicklungsländern schafft neue Möglichkeiten zur Nutzung von mobilen Dienstleistungen für die ländliche Bevölkerung. Diese Studie geht der Frage nach, ob Mobilgeräte darüber hinaus auch als Forschungsinstrumente zum Sammeln von "small and smart data" genutzt werden können. Um diese Möglichkeiten auszuloten, haben die Autoren eine "Smartphone-App" entwickelt. Die Autoren haben die App angewendet, um die Effekte von landwirtschaftlicher Mechanisierung auf Zeitnutzung und Ernährung in kleinbäuerlichen Farmsystemen in Sambia zu erforschen. Die Ergebnisse verweisen auf ein großes, bislang ungenutztes Potenzial zum Forschen mithilfe von Smartphones in Entwicklungsländern. Der Beitrag diskutiert mögliche Forschungsfelder-von denen viele transdisziplinärer Art sind.

The radio-knots of the HH 80/81/80N jet extends from the HH 80 object to the recently discovered Source 34 and has a total projected jet size of 10.3 pc, constituting the largest collimated radio-jet system known so far. It is powered by the bright infrared source IRAS 18162−2048 associated with a massive young stellar object. We report 6 cm JVLA observations that, compared with previous 6 cm VLA observations carried out in 1989, allow us to derive proper motions of the HH 80, HH 81 and HH 80N radio knots located about 2.5 pc away in projection from the powering source. For the first time, we measure proper motions of the optically obscured HH 80N object providing evidence that this knot, along with HH 81 and HH 80 are associated with the same radio-jet. We also confirm the presence of Source 34, located further north of HH 80N, previously proposed to belong to the jet. We derived that the tangential velocity of HH 80N is 260 km s −1 and has a direction in agreement with the expected direction of a ballistic precessing jet. The HH 80 and HH 81 objects have tangential velocities of 350 and 220 km s −1 , respectively, but their directions are somewhat deviated from the expected jet path. The velocities of the HH objects studied in this work are significantly lower than those derived for the radio knots of the jet close to the powering source (600-1400 km s −1) suggesting that the jet is slowing down due to a strong interaction with the ambient medium. As a result, since HH

We detected and mapped ammonia emission in nine of these regions. In five of the mapped regions, the spatial coincidence of the high-density gas with the objects previously proposed as exciting sources gives support to those identifications. For LI524 (Haro 6-10) and HH 38, 43, we propose a new location for their outflow exciting sources. We detected a radio continuum source and an unusually strong H 2 0 maser coinciding with the maximum of the ammonia emission in L1448. This region appears to be the site of very recent star formation.

This document builds on the Bern Background Document, which was used to facilitate the discussion about following emission trends by means of measurement data at the UN/ECE Ammonia Expert Group meeting in Bern (Switserland) in 2000. It is now 6 years since the Bern Workshop and major new datasets on European NH 3 and NH 4 + monitoring and their relationship to estimated NH 3 emissions have become available for the following countries and were used in this document: United Kingdom,

In the context of international efforts to reduce the impactsof atmospheric NH3 and NH4+ (collectively, NHx), it is important to establish the link between NH3emissions and monitoring of NHx concentrations and deposition. This is equally relevant to situations where NH3emissions changes are certain (e.g. due to changed source sectoractivity), as to cases where NH3 abatement technologies havebeen implemented. Correct interpretation

A series of 1wt%Pt/xBa/Support (Support = Al2O3, SiO2, Al2O3-5.5wt%SiO2 and Ce0.7Zr0.3O2, x = 5-30wt% BaO) catalysts was investigated regarding the influence of the support oxide on Ba properties for the rapid NOx trapping (100s). Catalysts were treated at 700°C under wet oxidizing atmosphere. The nature of the support oxide and the Ba loading influenced the Pt-Ba proximity, the Ba dispersion and then the surface basicity of the catalysts estimated by CO2-TPD. At high temperature (400°C) in the absence of CO2 and H2O the NOx storage capacity increased with the catalyst basicity:

This study focuses on the uncertainties in the ‘fate’ of nitrogen (N) in the Netherlands. Nitrogen inputs into the Netherlands in products, by rivers, and by atmospheric deposition, and microbial and industrial fixation of atmospheric N2 amount to about 4450 Gg N y-1. About 60% of this N is transported out of the Netherlands in products. The fate of the

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different geometric sizes of wind tunnels on aerial boundary layers above the emission surface and therefore their effect on ammonia emission using CFD tool. Five wind tunnels of different sizes were used for the CFD simulation. Detail experimental measurements on air velocity and concentration profiles above the emission surface were realised using average inlet velocities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m s À1 in two wind tunnels under isothermal condition. The TAN (Total Ammoniacal Nitrogen) and pH of ammonia aqueous solution were kept constant during the experiments. The boundary conditions necessary for the CFD study were obtained from the measured experimental data. The CFD model used for simulations was first validated using the data from the two wind tunnel experiments. For assessing the effects of wind tunnel size, the air velocity range of 0.1-0.6 m s À1 was used in CFD investigations. It was found that the velocity and concentration boundary layer thickness decreased with the increase of inlet air velocity where the concentration boundary was thinner than the corresponding velocity boundary layer. Wind tunnel sizes affected both velocity and concentration boundary layer thicknesses (P < 0.001). The velocity and concentration boundary layer was thicker in a wind tunnel with larger heights than in small height. The over estimation of ammonia emission of smaller wind tunnels were observed comparing to the largest wind tunnel or open field situation (P < 0.001). Non-linear regression equations were developed using four wind tunnels data for velocity boundary layer thickness (d u), concentration boundary layer thickness (d c), and ammonia mass transfer coefficient (k G) as a function of wind tunnel height (H) and average inlet velocity (u m), which given clear quantitative indication of effects of H, and u m on d u , d c , and k G , respectively.

The investigation was based on a hypothesis that applying an extra pit ventilation system may remove the highly concentrated gases and odours from the headspace above the liquid manure surface. This would improve air quality in the animal occupation zone, and utilising an air purification system to clean the pit-exhaust air may result in a reduction of the total emission from livestock buildings. In the investigations, an experimental fattening room with two pens and 30 pigs was used. The room was equipped with an automatically controlled negative pressure ventilation system with ceiling diffusion air inlet and a ceiling-roof top ventilator as a major exhaust unit. Additionally, an extra pitexhaust unit was also installed. During the experiments, the major exhaust unit was automatically controlled by the climate computer according to indoor thermal conditions. About 10% of the maximum ventilation capacity was dedicated to the pit ventilation in each of two two-week periods. Ammonia concentrations, in air inlet and outlet, in the headspace above the slurry pit and in the slurry-pit exhaust were measured continuously. We found that the combination of ceiling and pit ventilation resulted in significantly lower ammonia concentrations in the room air (42.6%, p < 0.001) and in the slurry-pit headspace (22.3%, p < 0.001) compared with only ceiling ventilation. Total ammonia emissions increased slightly due to this new combination of ventilation systems. However, using an air cleaning system such as bioscrubber for pit exhaust, reductions in the ammonia emission of 37-53% from pig building might be achieved. The capacity required for the air cleaning needs only be 10% of the system capacity for cleaning all exhaust air. We conclude that indoor air quality can be significantly improved, and emission from the buildings significantly reduced, by utilising partial pit ventilation together with an exhaust air cleaning in pig buildings with ceiling ventilation system, without affecting pigs' behaviour.