Working With and Leading People

and how this can be achieved. The chapters are based on papers originally presented at an international symposium organized by Adolfo Carzola and James Midgley at the School of Social Welfare at the University of California Berkeley in 2011. Papers were based on original research undertaken by graduate students from the Technical University of Madrid and the Berkeley School of Social Welfare accompanied by contributions from academic colleagues at both institutions. Fortunately, John Friedman was also able to participate. As will be seen from the chapters of this book, many fascinating, complex and challenging issues were raised. The chapters also provide incisive commentaries that cover many different programmes, conceptual approaches as well as countriesof which Latin American nations feature prominently. The authors have an exemplary knowledge of these countries and their cultures and are well placed to analyze the challenges ahead. They are to be congratulated on producing an outstanding collection that will be of value to practitioners, policy makers and academics committed to working with people in rural development everywhere.

This paper explores the intricate and multifaceted nature of
time, delving into advanced theoretical concepts such as
complex time, temporal flow fields, temporal vorticity, and
wormholes. By extending the classical view of time into the
complex plane, we uncover new insights into the behavior of
time in various contexts, from quantum mechanics to
cosmology.
The introduction of complex time 𝜏 = 𝑡𝑟 + 𝑖𝑡𝑖 = 𝑡𝑒𝑖𝜃
allows for a richer framework to analyze temporal
phenomena, providing deeper understanding of quantum
tunneling processes and the early universe's conditions.
Temporal flow fields and their associated vorticity offer a
novel perspective on the dynamic behavior of time,
revealing potential rotational characteristics and cyclic
temporal phenomena.
Wormholes, as theoretical passages through spacetime,
present a tantalizing possibility for time travel. Through the
mechanism of relativistic time dilation, wormholes could
theoretically connect different points in time, opening up
discussions on the feasibility and implications of such travel,
including the challenges posed by the need for exotic matter
and the potential for temporal paradoxes.
Combining rigorous mathematical formulations with
intuitive visualizations, this paper aims to make these
advanced ideas accessible to both students and enthusiasts of
physics and cosmology. By bridging the gap between
theoretical abstraction and practical understanding, the paper
provides a comprehensive and engaging exploration of the
complex and captivating world of temporal dynamics,
inviting readers to reimagine the nature of time and its role
in the universe.

The widespread transformations in farming practices during recent decades across many parts of Europe e increased capital intensity, scale enlargement, specialization, intensification and mechanization have been accompanied by a quite dramatic shift towards more standardized agricultural information and knowledge. Previous research reveals that transition towards more sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base, with new content and forms of knowledge and new processes of learning. In this paper, we explore the relevance of informal farmer knowledge and learning practices in constructing alternative pathways in sustainable agriculture and strengthening agricultural resilience. It is based on 11 case studies carried out within the international RETHINK research programme. The cases reveal the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of farmers' experience-based knowledge. Farmers greatly value local experiential knowledge as they see it as having practical, personal and local relevance. Given the limitations of more standardized information and knowledge, and the urgent need for a transition towards more sustainable and resource-efficient practices, we argue that the potential of local farmer knowledge is not being optimally used and that a better integration of various forms of knowledge is needed. We identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated. For the individual farmer this can be done by synthesising knowledge from different sources. It can also be done through farmer networking e whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions, through collaboration between farmers and researchers as knowledge co-generators, and through multi-actor knowledge networks that bring together participants from various fields. We conclude that the dynamic contexts, complexity and the local specificity of the current challenges facing agriculture and the many roles it is being asked to fulfil require more inclusive, flexible modes of governing the generation, integration and sharing of knowledge. All stakeholders, including farmers, need to be recognised as equal co-authors of knowledge generation, and all kinds of knowledge, both formal and informal, need be brought together in innovation processes. Knowledge networking and multi-actor knowledge networks that facilitate knowledge exchanges, joint learning and the generation of new more integrated solutions, are crucial if agriculture is to become sustainable and resilient.

The research aims to argue the degree of social cohesion that exists in the Producer of Selected Flowers in Tequexquinahuac SPR, RL, an organization composed of 20 members: 17 men and 3 women. The central idea is based on the interest to know elements that organize social agents around a common project; within the organization promoting social cohesion. The production of flowers is a success story in the Local Action Group (LAG) of Texcoco, therefore, the interest comes to know those factors (trust, identity, interest) that have allowed it to retain its structure, currently performing activities that promote their development. The results of this study will be used as an example to assist in generating social cohesion in other organizations belonging to the LAG Texcoco. These groups arise from the relations between activities of the Rural Economy Development (LEADER), which seeks to promote sustainable development strategies to improve the organization and quality of employment in rural communities programs.

and how this can be achieved. The chapters are based on papers originally presented at an international symposium organized by Adolfo Carzola and James Midgley at the School of Social Welfare at the University of California Berkeley in 2011. Papers were based on original research undertaken by graduate students from the Technical University of Madrid and the Berkeley School of Social Welfare accompanied by contributions from academic colleagues at both institutions. Fortunately, John Friedman was also able to participate. As will be seen from the chapters of this book, many fascinating, complex and challenging issues were raised. The chapters also provide incisive commentaries that cover many different programmes, conceptual approaches as well as countriesof which Latin American nations feature prominently. The authors have an exemplary knowledge of these countries and their cultures and are well placed to analyze the challenges ahead. They are to be congratulated on producing an outstanding collection that will be of value to practitioners, policy makers and academics committed to working with people in rural development everywhere.

This article analyzes the multi-causal phenomenon of violence in the workplace in Brazilian society, to be based on the spectrum of a conceptual study and the mapping of the elements of existing and emerging criminal types, in light of Convention No. 190/2019 of the International Labor Organization-ILO, referencing and exposing the consequences associated with the risks of physical and mental illness, absenteeism, increased turnover in jobs, decreased productivity and the damage caused to the organizational climate. Manifestations of violence in the workplace have always been part of the daily professional life of each category of working people. There is great difficulty in identifying, conceptualizing and individualizing harassers and victims. Anonymity is a common practice for the aforementioned assaulted people, in order to avoid personal exposure to other co-workers and their own family. It is necessary to outline a set of effective measures to produce positive effects in terms of prevention. In this conceptual study, the dialectical method was used to discuss and re-read the parameters contained in Convention No. 190/2019-ILO. This is a complex public health problem in which there is an exponential increase in various situations of violence in the workplace of companies and in the public service. These hidden criminal practices, transformed into routine facts, cause a deleterious impact on the dignity of the human person, directly influencing the quality of life of working people.

This paper delves into the fundamental implications of quantum gravity on gravitational rainbows, an intriguing phenomenon resulting from the interaction between quantum mechanics and gravity. We explore the theoretical underpinnings of quantum gravity and how they affect light bending around enormous objects, providing insight into the phenomenon known as gravitational rainbows. We investigate the complex interplay between quantum gravity and gravitational events by thoroughly analyzing theoretical models, experimental findings, and computer simulations, providing insights into the essence of the cosmos. The results show that according to the basic theories of light propagation, light moves along the x-axis at a constant speed based on observing a straight-line route between the affine parameters and the x-coordinate. The analysis of shifting gravitational potentials reveals significant influences on the routes taken by light beams traveling through gravitational fields. The impact of quantum gravitational effects is emphasized by the gravitational potential spreading outward, reaching magnitudes of 10 × 10 11 and decreasing towards zero outward. Moreover, the gravitational disturbance distribution is closest to the coordinate system center, with minor perturbations in the z-direction, especially in ℎxx and ℎyy. This distribution highlights how gravitational influences vary throughout space. Finally, the analysis shows that, due to a decrease in the impact parameter, the deflection angle of light increases as the angle of incidence lowers. Additionally, the deflection angle is directly influenced by the mass of the deflecting objects, suggesting a proportionate link between mass and deflection. These findings advance our knowledge of gravitational events in astrophysical and cosmological contexts and offer insight into how light behaves in gravitational fields.

This article analyzes the multi-causal phenomenon of violence in the workplace in Brazilian society, to be based on the spectrum of a conceptual study and the mapping of the elements of existing and emerging criminal types, in light of Convention No. 190/2019 of the International Labor Organization-ILO, referencing and exposing the consequences associated with the risks of physical and mental illness, absenteeism, increased turnover in jobs, decreased productivity and the damage caused to the organizational climate. Manifestations of violence in the workplace have always been part of the daily professional life of each category of working people. There is great difficulty in identifying, conceptualizing and individualizing harassers and victims. Anonymity is a common practice for the aforementioned assaulted people, in order to avoid personal exposure to other co-workers and their own family. It is necessary to outline a set of effective measures to produce positive effects in terms of prevention. In this conceptual study, the dialectical method was used to discuss and re-read the parameters contained in Convention No. 190/2019-ILO. This is a complex public health problem in which there is an exponential increase in various situations of violence in the workplace of companies and in the public service. These hidden criminal practices, transformed into routine facts, cause a deleterious impact on the dignity of the human person, directly influencing the quality of life of working people.

Diversificación de cultivos en fincas cafetaleras como estrategia de desarrollo. Caso de Amatlán RESUMEN Se caracterizó el perfil socio-económico-productivo de habitantes de 14 comunidades en Veracruz, México, para identificar su condición actual, recursos locales y manejo e identificación de eslabones de valor mediante foros participativos. La actividad principal de las comunidades es el cultivo de café, que consideran mal negocio, por tal motivo han desarrollado una asociación con especies ornamentales para mejorar sus ingresos. La edad del 56% de los actores oscila entre 50 y 90 años, tienen bajo nivel escolar, no se asocian para el trabajo, comercializan a través de intermediarios y se consideran en condición de pobreza. La participación de género femenino es del 30%, no existe esquema de relevo generacional para jóvenes, 46% obtuvo el conocimiento de uso del recurso local de abuelo-padre-hijo, 76.4% obtiene semilla de las propias parcelas y consideran viable generar nuevas redes de valor.

Agricultural activity is still a key factor for rural development. The high competitiveness of Murcia's agriculture is everyday having to face new problems and challenges. The imbalance between natural resources and their regeneration capacity is due to the high agricultural and industrial holdings that have been instituted in recent decades as well as to southern Spain's own meteorological problems. In addition, social difficulties also add up. Because of the existing problems, and with the aim of finding effective solutions to obtain the highest profitability and first quality products, certain entrepreneurs have adopted competitive strategies based on quality and innovation in the production process, under the conceptual basis of "Working With People" (WWP) and from a social learning perspective that encourages the resilience of the sector. The actual and future trend is that for the managing of agricultural systems, measures where agriculture development and environmental conservation coexist should be taken, allowing the progression towards a sustainable agricultural model. Measures taken in this direction and under the conceptual framework WWP by the Agrarian Transformation Society Camposeven will be looked at and discussed.

In order to remain competitive and stay in the market in the near future, farmers will be compelled to adopt a portfolio of strategies that include a series of innovative proposals, with the active participation and commitment of everyone involved. To achieve this, enterprises must bet on knowledge and learning as main element to integrate experienced knowledge (from farmers) with expert knowledge (technical-scientific). Integrating these two kinds of knowledge through research will change paradigms and contribute to rural modernization and to rethinking collective proposals that generate governance, prosperity and resilience. This work analyzes the processes and strategies related to knowledge management and organizational learning in the field of organic farming in an agricultural cooperative in the area of Murcia, Spain. It is a successful model of organizational learning, as 25 years of experience are managed in order to adequately influence the organizational level, generating prosperity and sustainable development.

The widespread transformations in farming practices during recent decades across many parts of Europe e increased capital intensity, scale enlargement, specialization, intensification and mechanization have been accompanied by a quite dramatic shift towards more standardized agricultural information and knowledge. Previous research reveals that transition towards more sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base, with new content and forms of knowledge and new processes of learning. In this paper, we explore the relevance of informal farmer knowledge and learning practices in constructing alternative pathways in sustainable agriculture and strengthening agricultural resilience. It is based on 11 case studies carried out within the international RETHINK research programme. The cases reveal the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of farmers' experience-based knowledge. Farmers greatly value local experiential knowledge as they see it as having practical, personal and local relevance. Given the limitations of more standardized information and knowledge, and the urgent need for a transition towards more sustainable and resource-efficient practices, we argue that the potential of local farmer knowledge is not being optimally used and that a better integration of various forms of knowledge is needed. We identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated. For the individual farmer this can be done by synthesising knowledge from different sources. It can also be done through farmer networking e whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions, through collaboration between farmers and researchers as knowledge co-generators, and through multi-actor knowledge networks that bring together participants from various fields. We conclude that the dynamic contexts, complexity and the local specificity of the current challenges facing agriculture and the many roles it is being asked to fulfil require more inclusive, flexible modes of governing the generation, integration and sharing of knowledge. All stakeholders, including farmers, need to be recognised as equal co-authors of knowledge generation, and all kinds of knowledge, both formal and informal, need be brought together in innovation processes. Knowledge networking and multi-actor knowledge networks that facilitate knowledge exchanges, joint learning and the generation of new more integrated solutions, are crucial if agriculture is to become sustainable and resilient.

Planning in the last 60 years has seen a radical change since the discussion of the rational approach that until then was used, but was considered ineffective. This generates a number of approaches that seek for a better answer to the needs of planning, such as comprehensive rational planning, which keeps the deliberative rationality, but includes social and economic system designs, then comes the advocacy planning that suggests that planners have to give voice and strength to excluded social groups affected by planning. Transactive planning begins a process of change of rationality by raising the need for planning to unite the expertise and experiential knowledge that may become more focused on action and social learning. Finally, it gives way to the communicative and collaborative planning which starts from communicative rationality, in which dialogue and built consensus for a real planning becomes more important. The latter approach is immersed in postmodern thought, which has included a series of concepts in the planning to make it more effective, this is how the inclusion concepts and dialogue, politics, responsibility and ethics, context and multiculturalism emerge. All these concepts are born of postmodern philosophy through authors such as Habermas (1987), Levinas (1969) and Derrida (1997) among others. After this review, we can conclude that the paradigm shift in the planning starts from the change of deliberative rationality based on reason and scientific method to the communicative rationality that is based on the premise that truth is a social construct, this raises the need Cities as Physical spaces Cities as Systems Sociological process Economic process Problem Alternatives Criteria Objectives 3.1.

The widespread transformations in farming practices during recent decades across many parts of Europe e increased capital intensity, scale enlargement, specialization, intensification and mechanization have been accompanied by a quite dramatic shift towards more standardized agricultural information and knowledge. Previous research reveals that transition towards more sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base, with new content and forms of knowledge and new processes of learning. In this paper, we explore the relevance of informal farmer knowledge and learning practices in constructing alternative pathways in sustainable agriculture and strengthening agricultural resilience. It is based on 11 case studies carried out within the international RETHINK research programme. The cases reveal the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of farmers' experience-based knowledge. Farmers greatly value local experiential knowledge as they see it as having practical, personal and local relevance. Given the limitations of more standardized information and knowledge, and the urgent need for a transition towards more sustainable and resource-efficient practices, we argue that the potential of local farmer knowledge is not being optimally used and that a better integration of various forms of knowledge is needed. We identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated. For the individual farmer this can be done by synthesising knowledge from different sources. It can also be done through farmer networking e whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions, through collaboration between farmers and researchers as knowledge co-generators, and through multi-actor knowledge networks that bring together participants from various fields. We conclude that the dynamic contexts, complexity and the local specificity of the current challenges facing agriculture and the many roles it is being asked to fulfil require more inclusive, flexible modes of governing the generation, integration and sharing of knowledge. All stakeholders, including farmers, need to be recognised as equal co-authors of knowledge generation, and all kinds of knowledge, both formal and informal, need be brought together in innovation processes. Knowledge networking and multi-actor knowledge networks that facilitate knowledge exchanges, joint learning and the generation of new more integrated solutions, are crucial if agriculture is to become sustainable and resilient.

During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, ongoing criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization.

Would you take a personal risk to help your community? Could you balance leading others with serving them? Should you define your actions narrowly as successes or failures? Consider these and similar
questions about leadership by examining the last day of the Elder Pliny, a scholar and navy officer of the Roman Empire. Stationed in the Bay of Naples in 79 C.E., Pliny woke up one August morning to see Mt. Vesuvius erupt across the waters from his fleet. In that moment, he made a life-changing choice: rather than seek shelter, he rushed to evacuate friends stranded near the exploding mountain.
This case takes you through Pliny’s journey to Vesuvius, asking you to take on his dilemmas and decisions as he unknowingly proceeds to his death. By putting yourself in Pliny’s position you will challenge your ideas about leadership, and you will determine whether you have the courage to guide others

An empowered leader, having journeyed through the depths of self-healing, emerges as a beacon amidst adversity. Their transformative guidance is a testament to the strength found in embracing one's own shadows and releasing the shackles of limiting beliefs. With empathy as their compass, they illuminate the path of growth, inspiring others to transmute challenges into opportunities, and crafting a legacy of resilience, authenticity, and profound change. Excerpt Leadership transformation is not merely about achieving success in the external world, but also about embarking on a journey of expanding consciousness and personal healing. By embracing this transformative process, leaders can unlock their true potential, inspiring positive change not only in themselves but also in those they lead. It is through the conscious exploration of one's own limitations, vulnerabilities, and personal growth that true leadership emerges, creating a ripple effect of healing and transformation throughout organizations and communities.

La investigación tiene el propósito de argumentar el grado de cohesión social que existe en la Productora de Flores Selectas de Tequexquinahuac SPR, RL, una organización integrada por 20 socios: 17 son hombres y 3 mujeres. La idea central está basada en el interés por conocer elementos que permiten organizar a actores sociales alrededor de un proyecto común; al interior de la organización propician cohesión social. La productora de flores es un caso de éxito en el Grupo de Acción Local (GAL) de Texcoco, por ello, surge el interés por conocer aquellos factores (confianza, identidad, interés) que le han permitido conservar su estructura, actualmente está llevando a cabo actividades que favorecen su desarrollo. Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio, serán tomados como ejemplo para coadyuvar en la generación de cohesión social en otras organizaciones que pertenecen al GAL Texcoco. Estos grupos, surgen a partir del Programa Relaciones entre Actividades de Desarrollo de la Economía Rur...

In order to remain competitive and stay in the market in the near future, farmers will be compelled to adopt a portfolio of strategies that include a series of innovative proposals, with the active participation and commitment of everyone involved. To achieve this, enterprises must bet on knowledge and learning as main element to integrate experienced knowledge (from farmers) with expert knowledge (technical-scientific). Integrating these two kinds of knowledge through research will change paradigms and contribute to rural modernization and to rethinking collective proposals that generate governance, prosperity and resilience. This work analyzes the processes and strategies related to knowledge management and organizational learning in the field of organic farming in an agricultural cooperative in the area of Murcia, Spain. It is a successful model of organizational learning, as 25 years of experience are managed in order to adequately influence the organizational level, generating prosperity and sustainable development.

Looking ahead, rural Europe faces significant challenges. Some of these are long-term and will require major adaptation, such as climate change, increasing scarcity of fossil fuels and the ageing indigenous population. Others are medium-term and subject to political uncertainty, such as economic stagnation and unemployment, pressures from in-migration, and constrained public finances. Markets appear likely to continue to encourage conventional farm modernisation and capitalization, but these may increase, rather than resolve, rural problems and tensions. Seen through an ecological lens, conventional patterns of development decrease rural social, environmental and economic resilience, and yet this is becoming increasingly important. New approaches are needed which can work with global and local processes to maintain rural diversity, quality and community: key factors in resilience-building. Interesting tactics may involve increasing local capacity to act, stimulating new local produc...

El Programa LEADER II es una Iniciativa Comunitaria creada para apoyar acciones innovadoras en el medio rural destinadas al desarrollo local. Durante el desarrollo del Programa LEADER I, antecesor del nuevo LEADER II, en los años 1991-94 se detectaron importantes problemas para incorporar los condicionantes medioambientales a la evaluación de proyectos subvencionables. El presente artículo muestra la metodología desarrollada en el Programa de Innovación Rural del LEADER II de la Sierra Oeste de Madrid para incorporar los factores medioambientales a la selección y evaluación de proyectos. Estos factores constituyen uno de los siete criterios —junto con el marco legal, el diagnóstico socioeconómico, el diagnóstico de los sectores productivos, la participación social, la existencia de programas de calidad e I + D y los criterios propios del Grupo de Acción Local del LEADER— desarrollados en el trabajo. El criterio del medio físico evalúa la relación entre proyecto y medio ambiente, tan...

Planning in the last 60 years has seen a radical change since the discussion of the rational approach that until then was used, but was considered ineffective. This generates a number of approaches that seek for a better answer to the needs of planning, such as comprehensive rational planning, which keeps the deliberative rationality, but includes social and economic system designs, then comes the advocacy planning that suggests that planners have to give voice and strength to excluded social groups affected by planning. Transactive planning begins a process of change of rationality by raising the need for planning to unite the expertise and experiential knowledge that may become more focused on action and social learning. Finally, it gives way to the communicative and collaborative planning which starts from communicative rationality, in which dialogue and built consensus for a real planning becomes more important. The latter approach is immersed in postmodern thought, which has included a series of concepts in the planning to make it more effective, this is how the inclusion concepts and dialogue, politics, responsibility and ethics, context and multiculturalism emerge. All these concepts are born of postmodern philosophy through authors such as Habermas (1987), Levinas (1969) and Derrida (1997) among others. After this review, we can conclude that the paradigm shift in the planning starts from the change of deliberative rationality based on reason and scientific method to the communicative rationality that is based on the premise that truth is a social construct, this raises the need Cities as Physical spaces Cities as Systems Sociological process Economic process Problem Alternatives Criteria Objectives 3.1.

Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information,

La investigación tiene el propósito de argumentar el grado de cohesión social que existe en la Productora de Flores Selectas de Tequexquinahuac SPR, RL, una organización integrada por 20 socios: 17 son hombres y 3 mujeres. La idea central está basada en el interés por conocer elementos que permiten organizar a actores sociales alrededor de un proyecto común; al interior de la organización propician cohesión social. La productora de flores es un caso de éxito en el Grupo de Acción Local (GAL) de Texcoco, por ello, surge el interés por conocer aquellos factores (confianza, identidad, interés) que le han permitido conservar su estructura, actualmente está llevando a cabo actividades que favorecen su desarrollo. Los resultados obtenidos de este estudio, serán tomados como ejemplo para coadyuvar en la generación de cohesión social en otras organizaciones que pertenecen al GAL Texcoco. Estos grupos, surgen a partir del Programa Relaciones entre Actividades de Desarrollo de la Economía Rur...

During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, ongoing criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization.

This paper shows the skills and competences (technical, behavioural and contextual) affecting regional and rural development in Romania. The methodology used is based on the model of Working with People (WWP), which integrates elements of social learning and planningand Project management international models, which integrate competences that have an influence on regional development. WWP model is the result of experience in rural development planning from the research group GESPLAN at the Technical University of Madrid in several European contexts and emerging countries. The results show that the main skills and competences for regional development in Rumania are focused on three components: technical-entrepreneurial,social-ethical and political-contextual. Experience lessons in the first years of the Romanian National Rural Development Network (NRDN) demonstrate the right project management approach for Regional Development, exceeding the "technical" approach of the management and emphasizing the behaviour of individuals and the contexts where they work. This new way of thinking opens up new fields of research in regional development projects planning, evaluation and management. These three dimensions are necessary for effective management and implementation of projects and programs under conditions of regional development.

Applying authentic and transformational leadership enhances servant leadership principles to gain followers' trust. All leaders need a system or method while transforming organizations. Servant leadership remains vital within an organization. Greenleaf's writings target areas that can impact various levels of leadership affecting organizations. Servant leaders guiding followers toward excellence involves ethical principles which help transform people. Leadership theory educates people on the direction and guidance relating to the mission. Leadership should include people from all levels connecting with each other. Good leaders acknowledge the importance of attending to the needs of people. In leadership, the best leaders have informal and formal guidance from people in the organization. The sacred word exhibits leaders operating within God's will and those opposing his will by applying servant leadership principles to transform people. Trust will remain the most important factor when influencing people in business. Every person can exhibit leadership skills at any level.

Part of the Educational Administration and Supervision Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information,

Previous research has revealed that transition to sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base – new content and forms of knowledge and learning. In this paper, we explore farmers’ knowledge and learning practices with a focus on the role of informal knowledge and learning in strengthening agricultural sustainability and resilience. It is based on 11 case studies from the international RETHINK research programme, which discover diverse pathways of farm modernisation and related knowledge and learning processes. We outline the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of local farmer knowledge. We argue that the potential of farmer knowledge is not being optimally used, and we identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated: by the individual farmer by synthesising knowledge from different sources, through farmer networking – whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions...

In the past, rural prosperity has been mainly associated with the modernisation of agriculture and the economic benefits that appear to originate from it. Today we know that this simple logic is not correct in several respects. Regionally, structural changes to farms and the modernisation of a few farms have not always contributed to prosperous rural areas. At the level of farm households, we can see that other noneconomic aspects such as a minimum level of autonomy, social recognition and social and environmental well-being all play rather significant roles. In this paper, we present an empirically grounded analysis of these questions based on in-depth case studies in seven countries (Spain, Italy, Lithuania, Latvia, Israel, Germany and Denmark). We discuss rural actors understanding of rural prosperity in different countries and contexts, the strategies used to improve prosperity and well-being, and how these strategies can be enabled and fostered. The empirical evidence presented indicates that prosperity in rural contexts is increasingly understood as being multi-dimensional and that people seek to balance economic parameters with human, social and environmental well-being.

The widespread transformations in farming practices during recent decades across many parts of Europe e increased capital intensity, scale enlargement, specialization, intensification and mechanization have been accompanied by a quite dramatic shift towards more standardized agricultural information and knowledge. Previous research reveals that transition towards more sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base, with new content and forms of knowledge and new processes of learning. In this paper, we explore the relevance of informal farmer knowledge and learning practices in constructing alternative pathways in sustainable agriculture and strengthening agricultural resilience. It is based on 11 case studies carried out within the international RETHINK research programme. The cases reveal the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of farmers' experience-based knowledge. Farmers greatly value local experiential knowledge as they see it as having practical, personal and local relevance. Given the limitations of more standardized information and knowledge, and the urgent need for a transition towards more sustainable and resource-efficient practices, we argue that the potential of local farmer knowledge is not being optimally used and that a better integration of various forms of knowledge is needed. We identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated. For the individual farmer this can be done by synthesising knowledge from different sources. It can also be done through farmer networking e whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions, through collaboration between farmers and researchers as knowledge co-generators, and through multi-actor knowledge networks that bring together participants from various fields. We conclude that the dynamic contexts, complexity and the local specificity of the current challenges facing agriculture and the many roles it is being asked to fulfil require more inclusive, flexible modes of governing the generation, integration and sharing of knowledge. All stakeholders, including farmers, need to be recognised as equal co-authors of knowledge generation, and all kinds of knowledge, both formal and informal, need be brought together in innovation processes. Knowledge networking and multi-actor knowledge networks that facilitate knowledge exchanges, joint learning and the generation of new more integrated solutions, are crucial if agriculture is to become sustainable and resilient.

Planning in the last 60 years has seen a radical change since the discussion of the rational approach that until then was used, but was considered ineffective. This generates a number of approaches that seek for a better answer to the needs of planning, such as comprehensive rational planning, which keeps the deliberative rationality, but includes social and economic system designs, then comes the advocacy planning that suggests that planners have to give voice and strength to excluded social groups affected by planning. Transactive planning begins a process of change of rationality by raising the need for planning to unite the expertise and experiential knowledge that may become more focused on action and social learning. Finally, it gives way to the communicative and collaborative planning which starts from communicative rationality, in which dialogue and built consensus for a real planning becomes more important. The latter approach is immersed in postmodern thought, which has included a series of concepts in the planning to make it more effective, this is how the inclusion concepts and dialogue, politics, responsibility and ethics, context and multiculturalism emerge. All these concepts are born of postmodern philosophy through authors such as Habermas (1987), Levinas (1969) and Derrida (1997) among others. After this review, we can conclude that the paradigm shift in the planning starts from the change of deliberative rationality based on reason and scientific method to the communicative rationality that is based on the premise that truth is a social construct, this raises the need Cities as Physical spaces Cities as Systems Sociological process Economic process Problem Alternatives Criteria Objectives 3.1.

This paper explores critically the practice of teacher mentoring in Shanghai schools. It begins with a review of the literature on teacher mentoring, which is followed by an introduction to education and teacher mentoring in the schools. The next section critiques teacher mentoring in Shanghai and we highlight three key characteristics and strengths of the practice of teacher mentoring that ensure the effectiveness and smooth implementation of mentoring in Shanghai schools. In terms of the weaknesses, we argue that the success of teacher mentoring in Shanghai is inhibited by a performative culture that emphasises examination scores and an instrumental view of education. Such a culture and view of education in turn limit the extent to which novice teachers can disagree with the experienced teachers in their teaching practice.

During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, ongoing criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization.

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Resilience is understood as the capacity of rural systems to transform and adapt, and this is key to achieving sustainable rural development. The aim of the research is to study resilience from a cooperative framework based on four concepts: persistence, adaptability, transformation capacity, and learning, and to collect successful strategies that encourage resilience. The research is part of a project called Rethink funded by the European Commission and state agencies of 14 European countries, included in the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and the ERA-NET RURAGRI. The methodology is structured based on a common analytical framework that holds the four concepts of resilience applied to each of the key stakeholders (cooperative, public sector, private sector and civil society). The case study analyzed is a cooperative that has more than 25 years’ experience in agriculture during which it has demonstrated its capacity for renewal and recovery through its working model. The analysis...

During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, ongoing criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization.

This paper shows the skills and competences (technical, behavioural and contextual) affecting regional and rural development in Romania. The methodology used is based on the model of Working with People (WWP), which integrates elements of social learning and planningand Project management international models, which integrate competences that have an influence on regional development. WWP model is the result of experience in rural development planning from the research group GESPLAN at the Technical University of Madrid in several European contexts and emerging countries. The results show that the main skills and competences for regional development in Rumania are focused on three components: technical-entrepreneurial,social-ethical and political-contextual. Experience lessons in the first years of the Romanian National Rural Development Network (NRDN) demonstrate the right project management approach for Regional Development, exceeding the "technical" approach of the management and emphasizing the behaviour of individuals and the contexts where they work. This new way of thinking opens up new fields of research in regional development projects planning, evaluation and management. These three dimensions are necessary for effective management and implementation of projects and programs under conditions of regional development.

Previous research has revealed that transition to sustainable agriculture requires a new knowledge base – new content and forms of knowledge and learning. In this paper, we explore farmers’ knowledge and learning practices with a focus on the role of informal knowledge and learning in strengthening agricultural sustainability and resilience. It is based on 11 case studies from the international RETHINK research programme, which discover diverse pathways of farm modernisation and related knowledge and learning processes. We outline the diversity of knowledge sources and learning forms that farmers use and the particular role of local farmer knowledge. We argue that the potential of farmer knowledge is not being optimally used, and we identify several ways in which different kinds of knowledge can be integrated: by the individual farmer by synthesising knowledge from different sources, through farmer networking – whether or not facilitated by formal agricultural knowledge institutions...

Planning and Comunity Development: Case Studies, presents the findings of the inter-university Seminar held on 28?29 July 2011 and organized by researchers from the Technical University of Madrid and the University of California, Berkeley, who were fortunate to have the presence of the renowned Professor John Friedmann. Professors, researchers and PhD students from our research groups presented their works as scientific communications that were enriched by the debate among the different researches who attended the Seminar. All of them appear in the picture below in front of the gate of Haviland Hall at UC Berkeley. This book analyses the concept of planning and its evolution so far, leading to the conceptualization of governance as an expression of the planning practice. It also studies the role of social capital and cooperation as tools for the community development. The conceptual analysis is complemented by the development of six case studies that put forward experiences of plann...

La formulación, implementación y gestión de proyectos de desarrollo rural requiere procesos de participación que induzcan la acción colectiva. Estos procesos necesitan nuevas estructuras sociales donde se involucre a la sociedad civil organizada, como los llamados Grupos de Acción Local (GAL) creados en el contexto de la iniciativa europea LEADER. En este ensayo se analizan los fundamentos de estas nuevas estructuras y se describe su proceso de creación en cinco territorios de México, como parte de la aplicación en ese país de un modelo de planificación del desarrollo basado en el aprendizaje social, los elementos de la Ley de Desarrollo Rural Sustentable (LDRS) de México y de la iniciativa europea LEADER. Los resultados de cinco años de implementación indican que los GAL generan nuevos cauces para la participación y gestión de proximidad, el fortalecimiento de las comunidades locales, así como una nueva forma de fomentar el desarrollo endógeno sostenible mediante la implantación de proyectos.

Aunque existe consenso a nivel conceptual sobre la importancia del desarrollo local y sus elementos clave, como la potenciación de las capacidades locales y la participación; no lo hay respecto a cómo llevarlo a la práctica. Una de las propuestas más recientes es el desarrollo local en red, el cual fomenta la colaboración de las dependencias gubernamentales con los actores del territorio; su validez depende de identificar los factores determinantes para lograr el desarrollo local e incorporar las lecciones surgidas de las experiencias de sus aplicaciones. En el presente artículo se tuvo como objetivo identificar los factores determinantes para el desarrollo local en red, para lo cual se analizó un estudio de caso de desarrollo local en los Altos de Chiapas, donde se utilizaron como ejes de análisis los especificados por la iniciativa Europea LEADER. Los resultados muestran que los factores de éxito más importantes en el caso estudiado, son la creación de un grupo de acción local y l...

En los anos 80 comenzo a generalizarse la opinion de que la Union Europea (UE) requeria estrategias de desarrollo rural mas efectivas, fundamentadas en un desarrollo endogeno y en la creacion de nuevas estructuras de organizacion a nivel local. En este contexto nace, en 1991, la iniciativa comunitaria LEADER1 como una forma experimental de abordar el desarrollo rural en la UE, basada en un enfoque territorial, la creacion de estructuras de gobierno locales participativas y una gestion descentralizada. En este trabajo se analiza los fundamentos de la iniciativa, y se describe su aplicacion en la region capital de Espana (Madrid), a traves de un modelo de planificacion basado en el aprendizaje social. Se le presenta tambien como un ejemplo de como el programa, a mas de diez anos de su inicio, se ha convertido en un buen vehiculo para articular eficazmente el desarrollo rural en Europa.

The project and project management complexity has acquired growing interest. This research analyzes the dimensions of complexity in relation to rural development projects and the existing tools for evaluation. We present a novel methodological approach to assess two complementary aspects of project management: (a) the level of complexity of the project, and (b), the effects on behavioral skills. Based on the model Working With People (WWP), the methodology is applied to the Community of Irrigators LASESA in Huesca (Spain), in a rural development project of high complexity, with more than 600 direct beneficiaries involved. Results show how the management of a complex project generates positive effects on the development of behavioral skills of the people involved in the work.

Resilience is understood as the capacity of rural systems to transform and adapt, and this is key to achieving sustainable rural development. The aim of the research is to study resilience from a cooperative framework based on four concepts: persistence, adaptability, transformation capacity, and learning, and to collect successful strategies that encourage resilience. The research is part of a project called Rethink funded by the European Commission and state agencies of 14 European countries, included in the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and the ERA-NET RURAGRI. The methodology is structured based on a common analytical framework that holds the four concepts of resilience applied to each of the key stakeholders (cooperative, public sector, private sector and civil society). The case study analyzed is a cooperative that has more than 25 years’ experience in agriculture during which it has demonstrated its capacity for renewal and recovery through its working model. The analysis...

During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, ongoing criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization.