Weak interaction

We derive the left-handed nature of the weak interaction from the topology of a U(3) zero-point energy (ZPE) condensate. Fermions are vorton solitons with intrinsic chirality, while gauge bosons arise as quantized fluctuations of the condensate's orientation frame. When two solitons share a Möbius-twisted phase sheet, the Z2 holonomy constrains only left-handed doublets to carry SU(2) charge. Right-handed couplings cancel globally. The CP-odd vacuum term selects the orientation of this bias, explaining why the weak force couples exclusively to left-handed fermions. This framework unifies fermion chirality, gauge bosons, and parity violation as consequences of condensate topology.

Due to the unsatisfactory representation of the electromagnetic field energymomentum tensor (EMT EMF) in a magnetically dielectric medium, a new EMT EMF tensor is proposed for this medium. Obtaining a new EMT EMF is based on a certain similarity of the electromagnetic field equations in a vacuum and a homogeneous medium. Unlike the known EMT EMF, the new tensor provides an unambiguous definition and conservation of momentum of a free electromagnetic field in a stationary and moving medium. The macroscopic equations of the EMF in a moving medium are being refined.

A compact relation involving the fine-structure constant, Boltzmann constant, elementary charge, and the fundamental mass scale M o is shown to reproduce the Higgs boson mass with remarkable accuracy. The result suggests that the Higgs mass may be deeply connected to fundamental constants rather than appearing as an independent parameter of the Standard Model.

There is strong evidence about the existence of unknown dark matter in the Universe. Many different theories about this dark matter exist, but most probably it is made of a new kind of fundamental particle that has to be massive, stable, electrically neutral, and having only weak interaction with standard matter (weakly interacting massive particles). In principle, those particles could produce gamma rays by their annihilation or decay. Therefore, a Gamma-ray signal from a dark matter origin would provide one of the clearest and most concluding evidences for dark matter. High resolution cosmological N-body simulations have shown that dark matter subhalos in the Milky Way halo may developed in the Universe. Those subhalos could pop-up in gamma-ray surveys as unidentified sources. In this paper we present H.E.S.S. observations of unidentified sources selected from Fermi-LAT catalogs. These sources fulfill main features which would characterize a dark matter subhalo, namely, having no obvious counterpart at other wavelengths and being steady hard sources

We point out a simple, parameter-free scaling in low-energy photoabsorption that follows from standard electromagnetism once the effective loop area in μ = I A is anchored to the experimental magnetic radius. Defining an “internal clock” by ν_int = μ/(e π R_M^2), where μ is the nuclear magnetic dipole moment and R_M is the Sachs magnetic radius extracted from G_M at Q^2 → 0, the onset of the real-photon response collapses near the dimensionless value s = ω/ν_int ≈ 1 across proton and deuteron without any fitting. Using the charge radius R_E instead degrades the proton collapse, supporting that the relevant area for magnetic responses is π R_M^2. We also show that, for an axially symmetric thin toroidal current layer, the effective area in μ = I A equals π⟨r_M^2⟩ at leading order in thickness and Q^2, and we provide a thickness bound. Machine-readable tables are included, together with a ^3He check and a preregistered prediction for ^3H.

We present progress toward the observation of antiferromagnetic (AFM) ordering of fermionic atoms in an optical lattice using Bragg scattering of light. We first laser cool ^6Li atoms using the 2S1/2->2P3/2 transition and then further cool using the 2S1/2->3P3/2 transition to T ˜ 65 muK, leading to enhanced loading into a far detuned optical dipole trap. After forced evaporative cooling, an incoherent spin mixture of the two lowest magnetic sublevels of the ground state is adiabatically loaded into a 3D optical lattice. By adjusting the s-wave scattering length and the depth of the lattice, we tune the interaction and hopping terms of the Hubbard Hamiltonian. Bragg scattering of light from the lattice planes can be used to detect sample ordering such as in the Mott insulator state. At low temperatures and weak interactions, a phase transition to AFM ordering of the two spin states is predicted to occur. The increased symmetry of the AFM state allows for Bragg scattering of lig...

Laboratory analyses on fine-grained diamond residues from primitive meteorites have shown that nanodiamonds represent the most abundant form of presolar dust preserved in meteoritic samples. The presolar diamonds carry isotopic anomalies which indicate a very complex formation history. Several groups of diamonds may exist with origin in different types of stars. In order to identify the sites of formation observationally, we have extracted presolar diamonds from the Allende meteorite and measured the monochromatic absorption coefficient in a form which is useful for stellar atmosphere calculations. The monochromatic absorption coefficient was measured in the wavelength ranges 400-4000 cm -1 (2.5-25 µm) and 12200-52600 cm -1 (190-820 nm). We have made identical laboratory measurements on CVD diamonds as on the meteoritic diamonds, in order to get a more solid basis for the interpretation of the diamond spectrum. The monochromatic absorption coefficient for the presolar diamonds was incorporated in self-consistent carbon star photospheric models. The main influence of the diamond dust in our photospheric models is a heating of the upper photospheric layers and a reduction of the C 2 H 2 abundance. Due to the relatively small absorption coefficient of the diamonds compared to other stellar dust grains, their spectral appearance is weak. However, the weak interaction of the diamonds with the radiation field may give them an important role in the dust nucleation process. The gas pressure will stay high and the gas will be much closer to hydrostatic equilibrium during possible diamond nucleation than is normally the case in dust forming stellar regions, and therefore allow ample time for the nucleation process.

The limits on lepton radii and contact interaction scales are used to derive limits on the deviations of lepton anomalous magnetic dipole moments a=(g-2)/2 from the Standard Model predictions. In the case of quadratic dependence of the deviations on the lepton mass, the limits for electrons are better compared to low energy measurements, for muons somewhat weaker than the latest precision experiments, and for taus by far the best.

Tunneling two level systems (TLSs) are believed to be the source of phenomena such as the universal low temperature properties in disordered and amorphous solids, and 1/f noise. The existence of these phenomena in a large variety of dissimilar physical systems testifies for the universal nature of the TLSs, which however, is not yet known. Following a recent suggestion that attributes the low temperature TLSs to inversion pairs [M. Schechter and P. C. E. Stamp, arXiv:0910.1283.] we calculate explicitly the TLS-phonon coupling of inversion symmetric and asymmetric TLSs in a given disordered crystal. Our work (a) estimates parameters that support the theory in M. Schechter and P. C. E. Stamp, arXiv:0910.1283, in its general form, and (b) positively identifies, for the first time, the relevant TLSs in a given system.

Parity-violating (PV) interactions among quarks in the nucleon induce a PV γN N coupling, or anapole moment (AM). We compute electroweak gauge-independent contributions to the AM through O(1/Λ 2 χ ) in chiral perturbation theory. We estimate short-distance PV effects using resonance saturation. The AM contributions to PV electron-proton scattering slightly enhance the axial vector radiative corrections, R p A , over the scale implied by the Standard Model when weak quark-quark interactions are neglected. We estimate the theoretical uncertainty associated with the AM contributions to R p A to be large, and discuss the implications for the interpretation PV of ep scattering.

We consider two polarization asymmetries in the process of top-antitop production at LHC. We show that the theoretical predictions for these two quantities, at the strong and electroweak partonic one-loop level, are free of QCD and QED effects. At this perturbative level we derive two sum rules, that relate measurable quantities of top-antitop production to genuinely weak inputs. This would allow to perform two independent tests of the candidate theoretical model, with a precision that will be fixed by the future experimental accuracies of the different polarization measurements. A tentative quantitative illustration of this statement for a specific MSSM scenario is enclosed, and a generalization to include two other future realistic measurements is also proposed.

Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) has become a widely accepted tool that is complementary to high-throughput screening (HTS) in developing small-molecule inhibitors of pharmaceutical targets. Because a fragment campaign can only be as successful as the hit matter found, it is critical that the first stage of the process be optimized. Here the authors compare the 3 most commonly used methods for hit discovery in FBDD: high concentration screening (HCS), solution ligand-observed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). They selected the commonly used saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy and the proprietary target immobilized NMR screening (TINS) as representative of the array of possible NMR methods. Using a target typical of FBDD campaigns, the authors find that HCS and TINS are the most sensitive to weak interactions. They also find a good correlation between TINS and STD for tighter binding ligands, but the ability of STD to detect ...

Foreword For most of the duration of this grant award, Professor Mukhopadhyay was the principal investigator. Tragically, Professor Mukhopadhyay passed away shortly after the most recenf renewal of this grant (April 1,2000). During most of the remainder of the Grant (until March 31., 2002), Dr. Richard M. Davidson acted as Principal Investigator. "his Final Report has been written by Dr. Davidson and Prof. Paul Stoler, former fiiends and colleagues of Professor Mukhopadhyay. This report was prepared as an account of work rponsod by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor m y of their employees, makes any warranty. express or implied, or assumes any kgal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of m y information, apparatus, product, or process dkloscd, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference he& to any spe-S i c commercial product, proccss. or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer. or otherwise dots not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, mommendation. or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not n d y state or reflect thosc of the United States Government or my agency thereof. . DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

In this work, we present a comprehensive and pedagogical review of two quantum field theoretical approaches to neutrino flavor mixing and oscillations: the non-perturbative flavor Fock space formalism and the perturbative interaction picture framework. Starting from a minimally extended Standard Model, where neutrino masses and mixing are treated analogously to the quark sector, we derive the explicit form of leptonic flavor charges from the charged-current Lagrangian in the spontaneously broken phase. We present the standard quantum mechanical treatment of neutrino oscillations and an alternative derivation based on the first-quantized Dirac equation. We then review the construction of the flavor Fock space, in which flavor states emerge as eigenstates of the flavor charges, and show how oscillation probabilities can be computed both from charge and currents expectation values and from Green's functions. The non-trivial vacuum structure associated with this approach leads to key results such as the conservation of lepton number at tree level and a rigorous derivation of the time-energy uncertainty relation in neutrino oscillations. We also discuss the extension to the three-flavor case and the entangled nature of flavor states. In parallel, we explore a perturbative approach that treats flavor mixing as an interaction. Starting from simple quantum mechanical models and extending to bosonic field theories, we show how neutrino oscillation probabilities can be derived via Dyson expansion in the interaction picture. Remarkably, this method reproduces the same oscillation formulas as the non-perturbative approach, within the expected limits. We emphasize the necessity of working at finite time, rather than in the asymptotic S-matrix framework. Our analysis highlights the conceptual and structural unity of these approaches and offers a solid framework for further developments in the field of neutrino physics.

The strange quark contributions to the electromagnetic form factors of the proton are ideal quantities to study the role of hidden flavour in the properties of the proton. This has motivated intense experimental measurements of these form factors. A major remaining source of systematic uncertainty in these determinations is the assumption that charge symmetry violation (CSV) is negligible. In this analysis, recent theoretical determinations of the CSV form factors are used and the available parity-violating electron scattering (PVES) data, up to Q 2 ∼ 1GeV 2 , are reanalysed. This analysis considers systematic expansions of the strangeness electric and magnetic form factors of the proton. The results provide an update to the determination of strangeness over a range of Q 2 where, under certain assumptions about the effective axial form factor, an emergence of non-zero strangeness is revealed in the vicinity of Q 2 ∼ 0.6 GeV 2 . Given the recent theoretical calculations, it is apparent that the current limits on the CSV do not have a significant impact on the interpretation of the measurements and hence suggests an opportunity for a next generation of parity-violating measurements to more precisely map the distribution of strange quarks. The size of the γZ box correction is particularly significant to the Standard Model (SM) test by the Q weak Experiment. The uncertainties that arise from the underlying γZ interference structure functions can be constrained by phenomenological models such as the Adelaide-Jefferson Lab-Manitoba (AJM) model. Recently, a new lattice method was proposed to compute the structure functions directly from a lattice calculation of the electromagnetic Compton amplitude T γγ 1 . This method paves the way for a possible extension that involves studying the γZ interference Compton amplitude T γZ 1 at low Q 2 . The question about the required accuracy of T γZ 1 on the lattice to improve the phenomenological models was studied. Unlimited thanks also go to my parents for their warm support. They always help me to be optimistic when I encounter a challenge. They taught me that my job in life is to learn with patience and see the best in people. I would also like extend my very warm thanks and sincere appreciation to my wife, Badriah, who was my main source of continual love and support during this research, even when she was overseas. She encouraged me to put forth my best effort throughout this research. These acknowledgments would not be complete without thanking my children Khalid, Faris and Reem. I thank my little children for making me so happy with their adorable smiles. I dedicate this work to my son Khalid whom I missed during my Master degree program. Someday I hope my son would be able to understand my situation. Much love and hugs for you Khalid from your Dad.

We give a perturbative calculation of the effects of final state electronic interactions on the tran- sition rates in allowed beta decay. The results include a simple relativistic expression for the elec- tron screening correction to the total decay rate for low-Z nuclei which corrects a recent calcula- tion by Drukarev and Strikman, and expressions for the corrections to the decay spectra for tran- sitions to particular final atomic states. We discuss briefly applications to superallowed Fermi transitions and the beta decay of tritium.

Palladium(II) complexes with nine carboxy amide ligands viz. 4-(2-acetylhydrazino)-4-oxobut- 2-enoicacid (AOBEH), 4-(2-acetylhydrazino)-4-oxobutanoicacid (AOBAH), 2-[(2-acetylhydraz ino)carbonyl]benzoicacid (AHCBH), 4-[(2-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid(COBEH) 4-[(2-cyanophenyl)amino]-4-oxobutanoicacid(COBAH),2-{[(2-cyanophenyl)amino]carbonyl} benzoicacid (CACBH), 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)-4-oxobut-2-enoicacid (BOBEH), 4-(1Hbenzimidazol- 2-ylamino)-4-oxobutanoicacid (BOBAH) and 2-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylamino)car bonyl]benzoicacid (BYCBH) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic moments, molar conductivity, thermal studies, infrared, 1H NMR and electronic spectral data.

The binding of the cell surface molecule CD58 (formerly lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3) to its ligand, CD2, significantly increases the sensitivity of antigen recognition by T cells. This was the first heterophilic cell adhesion interaction to be discovered and is now an important paradigm for analyzing the structural basis of cell–cell recognition. The crystal structure of a CD2-binding chimeric form of CD58, solved to 1.8-Å resolution, reveals that the ligand binding domain of CD58 has the expected Ig superfamily V-set topology and shares several of the hitherto unique structural features of CD2, consistent with previous speculation that the genes encoding these molecules arose via duplication of a common precursor. Nevertheless, evidence for considerable divergence of CD2 and CD58 is also implicit in the structures. Mutations that disrupt CD2 binding map to the highly acidic surface of the AGFCC′C′′ β-sheet of CD58, which, unexpectedly, lacks marked shape complementarit...

Evaluations of parity-violating and charge-parityviolating effects in heavy one-valence-electron atoms, employing the Hartree-Fock potential and several model potentials, are extended to include first-order electron-electron Coulomb corrections using many-body perturbation theory. Parity- conserving quantities, including valence energies, hyperfine splittings, and oscillator strengths, are also calculated and compared with experiment to determine the reliability of the weak-interaction calculations. It is found that the spread between calculations carried out in first-order perturbation theory starting from different potentials is of the same order of magnitude as the spread between the corresponding lowest-order evaluations. It is concluded that second-order many-body perturbation theory must give significant contributions. Some technical problems associated with going to second order are discussed. Presumably, this spread will vanish as higher-and-higher- order perturbations are included. For this purpose we em- ploy three model potentials (described in the Appendix) together with the Hartree-Fock potential. The principal result of our first-order calculations is that there is a great deal of sensitivity to core polarization, so that the spread in values between quantities calculated in first order start- ing from different potentials ranges up to 20%, compar- able to the spread found in lowest order. While somewhat better results were obtained for excited-state properties, due to the diminished effect of core polarization, it is clear that predictions of ground-state atomic properties at a level well under 10% will require the use of second- order perturbation theory and perhaps some form of in- finite summation. During the past decade, various many-body calculations of parity violation in heavy atoms have appeared, several of which go beyond the present calculations and include second-order correlation corrections. Closest to the present approach is the calculation of Martensson- Pendrill, which is a complete first-order calculation of the parity violation in Cs starting from a Hartree-Fock potential. The first-order parity-violating matrix element in Cs based on the Hartree-Pock potential in the present paper agrees very well with the result of Ref. 7. Indeed, such agreement is expected since the principal difference between the present calculation and that of Martensson- Pendrill concerns the way in which perturbation theory is implemented. %e also mention the elegant work of Dzu- ba et aI. on Cs which also starts with a Hartree-Fock po- tential and includes both firstand second-order correla- 34 1043 Qc1986 The American Physical Society -0.162 99 -0.095 57 -0.00644 -0.10200 -O.Q93 98 -0.007 12 -0.101 11 -0.06140 -0.002 29 -0.063 70 -0.04505 -0.002 12 -0.047 16 -0.044 56 -0.002 30 -0.046 86 -0.033 45 -0.00092 -0.034 37 -0.143 43 0.003 16 -0.14027 -0.09247 0.001 71 -0.09077 -0.088 92 -0.000 13 -0.08905 -0.058 27 O.OQ046 -0.057 81 -0.043 79 0.00026 -0.043 53 -0.042 70 -0.000 19 -0.042 89 -0.032 13 0.000 16 -0.031 97 -0.15348 0.022 58 -0.13090 -0.096 15 0.009 70 -0.08645 -0.094 80 0.008 98 -0.085 82 -0.062 15 0.005 31 -0.056 84 -0,045 70 0.003 20 -0.042 51 -0.045 26 0.003 00 -0.042 26 -0.033 82 0.002 11 -0.031 72 -0.14309 0.02608 -0.11701 -0.092 23 0.012 14 -0.08009 -0.089 15 0.01025 -0.07890 -0.05901 0.00607 -0.052 95 -0.04424 0,003 91 -0.040 33 -0.043 23 0,003 43 -0.039 80 -0.032 51 0.00243 -0.03007 Norcross -0.15345 0.011 96 -0.141 49 -0.096 31 0.005 27 -0.091 04 -0.09494 0.004 64 -0.090 31 -0.061 97 0.002 79 -0.059 18 -0.045 56 0.001 58 -0.043 98 -0.045 12 0.001 42 -0.043 70 -0.033 72 0.001 09 -0.032 63 -0.143 01 0.017 63 -0.125 38 -0.092 50 0.00924 -0.083 26 -0.089 28 0.007 42 -0.081 86 -0.058 83 0.004 19 -0.054 63 -0.044 10 0.002 78 -0.041 32 -0.043 07 0.002 33 -0.040 74 -0.032 40 0.001 67 -0.030 73 HF -0.13929 -0.090 82 -0.089 99 -0.58 70 -0.043 89 -0.043 60 -0.03244 -0.127 37 -0.085 62 -0.083 79 -0.055 19 -0.04202 -0.041 37 -0.03095 Expt. ' -0.153 51 -0.096 19 -0.095 11 -0.061 77 -0.045 45 -0.045 10 -O.Q33 62 -0.143 10 -0.092 17 -0.089 64 -0.058 65 -0.043 93 -0.043 10 -0.032 30 0th 1st Sum 0th 1st Sum 0th 1st Sum 0th 1st Sum 0th 1st Sum -0.370 79 -0.01442 -0.385 20 -0.18707 0.001 22 -0.185 86 -0.15907 0.00024 -0.158 83 -0.093 83 0.001 98 -0.091 85 -0.06441 0.000 67 -0.063 74 -0.369 75 0.088 79 -0.28096 -0.171 33 0.040 32 -0.13100 -0.144 23 0.023 20 -0.121 03 -0.092 67 0.007 54 -0.085 13 -0.063 13 0.005 76 -0.057 37 -0.377 98 0.10506 -0.272 92 -0.17626 0.049 22 -0.12704 -0.148 52 0.030 32 -0.11820 -0.095 24 0.01122 -0.08402 -0.06426 0.007 77 -0.05649 -0.274 61 -0.13379 -0.121 62 -0.083 22 -0.05644 -0.33904 -0.16882 -0.15143 -0.09079 -0.065 51 'M. A.

We introduce a microscopic Hamiltonian model of a two level system with many-body interactions with an environment whose excitation dynamics is fully solved within the Keldysh formalism. If a particle starts in one of the states of the isolated system, the return probability oscillates with the Rabi frequency ω0. For weak interactions with the environment 1/τ SE < 2ω0, we find a slower oscillation whose amplitude decays with a rate 1/τ φ = 1/(2τ SE ). However, beyond a finite critical interaction with the environment, 1/τ SE > 2ω0, the decay rate becomes 1/τ φ ∝ ω 2 0 τ SE . The oscillation period diverges showing a quantum dynamical phase transition to a Quantum Zeno phase.

Outline PART I  Motivation for a post-accelerator: ReA  Reacceleration concept  ReA EBIT charge breeder PART II  Results of on-line operation: o Charge-breeding efficiencies o Stretching of EBIT pulses (ejected ion time distributions) o Contamination study Conclusion Started on-line operation in Sept 2015 How does the entire system work? T 4 The ReAcceleration concept Light ions: 0.3 -6 MeV/u ( 48 Ca) Heavy ions: 0.3 -3 MeV/u ( 238 U) • Silicon b-decay counters integrated to Faraday cups.

The LEBIT Penning trap mass spectrometer was used to perform an improved-precision mass measurement of 72 Br and the low-lying isomeric state, 72m Br, giving a mass excess of -59 062.2(1.0) keV and -58 960.9(1.2) keV, respectively. These values are consistent with the values from the 2012 atomic mass evaluation [Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603 (2012)] and the Nubase2012 evaluation of nuclear properties [Chin. Phys. C 36, 1157 (2012)]. The uncertainties on the mass of the ground state and isomeric state have been reduced by a factor of seven.

We propose to develop and install on the CEBAF injector a beamline and instrumentation appropriate for exploring the feasibility of a new approach for a source of polarized positrons: the transfer of polarization from an intense electron beam to positrons by a two-step process (bremsstrahlung followed by pair production) in a single target. Such a source would be an important enhancement of the scientific reach of the 12 GeV Upgrade, and has other uses ranging from high energy to condensed matter physics. This proposal requests two weeks of beam time utilizing only the CEBAF injector, so it could be run during a period when the main machine is down for maintenance or for installation of 12 GeV components. Following the demonstration of the source's feasibility by the measurements proposed here, the installed apparatus would provide the core instrumentation necessary for future experiments that would verify the underlying electromagnetic theory and optimize the design of a polarized positron source for CEBAF.

We report measurements of the lifetimes of the 3d 2 D 5/2 and 3d 2 D 3/2 metastable states of a single laser-cooled 40 Ca + ion in a linear Paul trap. We introduce a new measurement technique based on high-efficiency quantum state detection after coherent excitation to the D 5/2 state or incoherent shelving in the D 3/2 state, and subsequent free, unperturbed spontaneous decay. The result for the natural lifetime of the D 5/2 state of 1168( ) ms agrees excellently with the most precise published value. The lifetime of the D 3/2 state is measured with a single ion for the first time and yields 1176(11) ms which improves the statistical uncertainty of previous results by a factor of four. We compare these experimental lifetimes to high-precision ab initio all order calculations and find a very good agreement. These calculations represent an excellent test of high-precision atomic theory and will serve as a benchmark for the study of parity nonconservation in Ba + which has similar atomic structure.

We propose a new table-top experimental configuration for the direct detection of dark matter QCD axions in the traditional open mass window 10 -6 eV ma 10 -2 eV using non-perturbative effects in a system with non-trivial spatial topology. Different from most experimental setups found in literature on direct dark matter axion detection, which relies on θ or ∇θ, we found that our system is in principle sensitive to a static θ ≥ 10 -14 and can also be used to set limit on the fundamental constant θQED which becomes the fundamental observable parameter of the Maxwell system if some conditions are met. Furthermore, the proposed experiments can probe entire open mass window 10 -6 eV ma 10 -2 eV with the same design, which should be contrasted with conventional cavitytype experiments being sensitive to a specific axion mass. Connection with Witten effect when the induced electric charge e ′ is proportional to θ and the magnetic monopole becomes the dyon with non-vanishing e ′ = -e θ 2π is also discussed.

We give a probabilistic numerical approach for the nonlinear Dirichlet problem associated with a branching process. Main tools are the probabilistic representation of the solution with the measure-valued branching process, as well as specific techniques for the numerical solution of linear partial differential equations, introduced and developed by Milstein and Tretyakov, and Monte Carlo methods. Communicated by Lucian Beznea.

Interactions in one-dimensional (1D) electron systems are expected to cause a dynamical separation of electronic spin and charge degrees of freedom. A promising system for experimental observation of this non-Fermi-liquid effect consists of two quantum wires coupled via tunneling through an extended uniform barrier. Here we consider the minimal model of an interacting 1D electron system exhibiting spin-charge separation and calculate the differential tunneling conductance as well as the density-density response function. Both quantities exhibit distinct strong features arising from spincharge separation. Our analysis of these features within the minimal model neglects interactions between electrons of opposite chirality and applies therefore directly to chiral 1D electron systems realized, e.g., at the edge of integer quantum-Hall systems. Physical insight gained from our results is useful for interpreting current experiment in quantum wires as our main conclusions still apply with nonchiral interactions present. In particular, we discuss the effect of charging due to applied voltages, and the possibility to observe spin-charge separation in a time-resolved experiment.

Jack Sarfatti used to visit with Richard Feynman in the 1960s when he was a graduate student in physics at UCSD La Jolla and an Assistant Professor of Physics at San Diego State University. Sarfatti is now preparing a set of video podcasts modeled on Feynman's Lectures for Freshman Students at Star Fleet Academy that is planned to be set up at The Presidio in San Francisco. Sarfatti's focus will be on the understanding of UAPs and how to reverse engineer them applying Einstein's General Theory of Relativity extended to Poincare gsuge theory, and modern condensed matter quantum many-particle physics of Prigogine's "dissipative structures", Floquet-pumped "space-time metamaterials" with macro-quantum coherent room temperature superconducting "Frohlich condensates" of the metamaterial's emergent polaritons, magnons, anyons described by non-Hermitian Lagrangian operators on Fock number space. This corresponds to Antony Valentini's "sub-quantum non-equilibrium" and Roderick Sutherland's direct particle back-reaction on the advanced "Destiny" and retarded "History" Bohm quantum pilot waves introduced by Yakir Aharonov in his "weak measurement" TSV extension of quantum mechanics. Explain all the above techno-jargon Sarfatti wrote above for the first class at Star Fleet Academy fresh out of high school. Alright, cadets, welcome to Star Fleet Academy's first class on understanding Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, or UAPs-those mysterious objects zipping around our skies that seem to defy the laws of physics as we know them. I'm channeling the spirit of Dr. Jack Sarfatti, who hung out with the legendary physicist Richard Feynman back in the 1960s, and we're going to break down some mind-bending ideas about how these UAPs might work and how we could build our own. Buckle up, because we're diving into a wild mix of physics that sounds like sci-fi but is grounded in real science. I'll explain each piece of the techno-jargon in a way that's clear for you, fresh out of high school, and we'll build it up step by step. The Big Picture: What Are We Trying to Do? UAPs, like the "Tic Tac" objects seen by Navy pilots, move in ways that seem impossible-no wings, no visible engines, instant acceleration, and gravity-defying maneuvers. Dr. Sarfatti thinks these are advanced craft using physics we don't fully understand yet, but we can figure it out by combining Einstein's theory of gravity with cutting-edge ideas from quantum physics and materials science. His goal is to "reverse engineer" these craft, meaning we take clues from how they behave and work backward to design our own versions. This class is about the science behind that dream, and it's going to take us from the curvature of spacetime to the weird world of quantum particles. 1. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity Let's start with the foundation. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, published in 1915, is our best explanation of gravity. Instead of thinking of gravity as a force pulling objects together, Einstein said it's the bending of spacetime itself. Imagine spacetime as a stretchy rubber sheet. If you place a heavy ball (like a planet) on it, the sheet curves, and smaller objects (like moons) roll toward the dip. That's gravity-objects moving along the curves of spacetime. For UAPs, Sarfatti thinks their propulsion might involve bending spacetime in a controlled way, creating "warp drives" that shrink space in front of the craft and stretch it behind, letting it move faster or hover without traditional engines. This idea comes from a theoretical model called the Alcubierre warp drive, which needs exotic "negative energy" to work. We'll get to how that might be possible later. 2. Poincaré Gauge Theory This is a fancy extension of Einstein's theory. The Poincaré group is a set of mathematical rules describing how objects move and rotate in spacetime, including translations (moving from one place to another) and rotations (spinning). In standard General Relativity, Einstein focused on curvature to describe gravity, but Poincaré gauge theory adds more flexibility by including "torsion"-a kind of twisting of spacetime. Think of spacetime like a piece of dough. Curvature is like stretching or bending the dough, while torsion is like twisting it. Sarfatti suggests UAPs might manipulate both curvature and torsion to control gravity and move in ways that look impossible, like making sharp turns without slowing down. This theory gives us more tools to describe how spacetime could be engineered. 3. Modern Condensed Matter Quantum Many-Particle Physics Now we shift gears to the tiny world of quantum physics, specifically the study of materials made of lots of particles (like atoms or electrons) working together. Condensed matter physics is about understanding solids, liquids, and weird states like superconductors (materials that conduct electricity with zero resistance). The "many-particle" part means we're looking at how billions of particles interact to create new behaviors that a single particle can't show. For UAPs, Sarfatti is interested in special materials that could act like "space-time metamaterials"-think of them as artificial materials designed to bend light, gravity, or even spacetime itself in unusual ways. These materials might be key to creating the warp fields needed for UAP propulsion. 4. Prigogine's Dissipative Structures Ilya Prigogine was a Nobel Prize-winning scientist who studied systems that are far from equilibriummeaning they're constantly exchanging energy with their surroundings, like a living cell or a hurricane. These systems can form "dissipative structures," which are organized patterns that emerge when energy flows through them. For example, a whirlpool in a river is a dissipative structure-it holds its shape as long as water keeps flowing. Sarfatti thinks UAPs use materials that are pumped with energy to create dissipative structures at the quantum level. These structures could help maintain the exotic properties needed for warp drives, like keeping the material in a special state that manipulates gravity. 5. Floquet-Pumped Space-Time Metamaterials This term sounds like a mouthful, but let's break it down. "Metamaterials" are artificial materials engineered to have properties not found in nature, like bending light backward (negative refraction). "Space-time metamaterials" go further-they're designed to affect spacetime itself, maybe by creating gravity-like effects. "Floquet-pumped" refers to a technique where you apply a periodic (repeating) energy input, like shining a laser on the material in pulses. Named after mathematician Gaston Floquet, this method can make the material's properties change over time in a controlled way, creating dynamic effects. For UAPs, Sarfatti suggests these materials are pumped with electromagnetic fields to create spacetime distortions, like the warp fields we talked about. 6. Macro-Quantum Coherent Room Temperature Superconducting Frohlich Condensates This is a big one, so let's unpack it carefully. In quantum physics, "coherence" means particles act in sync, like a choir singing the same note. A "condensate" is a state where particles team up to behave as a single wave. The most famous example is a Bose-Einstein condensate, where atoms at near-absolute-zero temperatures act as one. Herbert Fröhlich, a physicist, proposed that in biological systems, certain particles (like electrons or vibrations in a material) could form "condensates" at room temperature if you pump energy into the system. These "Fröhlich condensates" are coherent groups of particles, like polaritons (hybrids of light and matter), magnons (magnetic excitations), or anyons (weird 2D particles with fractional properties). Sarfatti thinks UAPs use metamaterials that form these condensates at room temperature, acting like superconductors (zero electrical resistance) without needing to be super cold. This coherence could amplify the material's ability to bend spacetime, making warp drives possible with low energy. 7. Non-Hermitian Lagrangian Operators on Fock Number Space This is deep math, but we'll keep it simple. In physics, a "Lagrangian" is a mathematical function that describes how a system evolves, like a recipe for motion. "Hermitian" operators in quantum mechanics ensure that measurements (like energy) give real numbers and conserve probability. "Non-Hermitian" operators allow for energy loss or gain, which fits with dissipative systems (like Prigogine's structures). "Fock number space" is a way to describe systems with many particles, where each state is labeled by how many particles are in each mode (like counting how many photons are in a laser beam). Sarfatti suggests UAPs use materials described by non-Hermitian Lagrangians, meaning they're open systems that gain energy from external pumps (like Floquet pumping) and lose it through dissipation. This math helps model the weird, dynamic behavior of the metamaterials. 8. Antony Valentini's Sub-Quantum Non-Equilibrium Quantum mechanics assumes systems are in "equilibrium," meaning they follow strict rules like the uncertainty principle (you can't know a particle's position and speed exactly). Antony Valentini, a physicist, suggests there's a "sub-quantum" level where these rules can be broken if the system is out of equilibrium. This could allow for faster-than-light signaling or other exotic effects. Sarfatti thinks UAPs operate in this sub-quantum non-equilibrium state, using pumped metamaterials to bypass normal quantum limits. This might let them control gravity or move in ways that seem to violate physics as we know it. 9. Roderick Sutherland's Direct Particle Back-Reaction David Bohm's "pilot wave" theory says particles are guided by a quantum wave, like a surfer on a wave. Roderick Sutherland extended this idea by adding "back-reaction," where the particle also affects the quantum pilot wave acting on it changing its classical history.

In this paper, we present a compelling alternative to the Standard Model's Higgs mechanism. Our framework is built on two core principles: 1) the mass of particles originates from the self-energy of their associated gauge fields, where composite particles exhibit effective charges arising from gauge dynamics, and 2) certain massive bosons are composite systems. We model the Z0 and H0 bosons as the ground and first excited states of a composite W+ W− system. The most powerful aspect of this work is our striking, model-independent prediction: the binding distances of Z^0 and H^0 are related by r_H ≈ 2r_Z. This relationship naturally explains their spin difference-vector Z0 (S=1) and scalar H0 (S=0)-as triplet and singlet states of the W+W− system. Our model makes concrete, falsifiable predictions, including a second excited state with a predicted mass of approximately Z_3 ≈135.4 GeV. The search for this resonance at future colliders constitutes a crucial test that could serve as key experimental evidence for questioning fundamental assumptions about electroweak symmetry breaking. By identifying Z0 and H0 as different states of the same underlying system, we explain their masses without invoking the Higgs field, thereby resolving the vacuum energy fine-tuning problem. The Higgs mechanism appears to be an unnecessary construct, as the problem it addresses finds a more natural solution in the inherent properties of effective charges emerging from gauge dynamics and composite structures.

Weak values are typically obtained experimentally by performing weak measurements, which involve weak interactions between the measured system and a probe. However, the determination of weak values does not necessarily require weak measurements, and several methods without weak system-probe interactions have been developed previously. In this work, a framework for measuring weak values is proposed to describe the relationship between various weak value measurement techniques in a unified manner. This framework, which uses a probe-controlled system transformation instead of the weak system-probe interaction, improves the understanding of the currently used weak value measurement methods. Furthermore, a diagrammatic representation of the proposed framework is introduced to intuitively identify the complex values obtained in each measurement system. By using this diagram, a new method for measuring weak values with a desired function can be systematically derived. As an example, a scan-free and more efficient direct measurement method of wavefunctions than the conventional techniques using weak measurements is developed.

Weak values are typically obtained experimentally by performing weak measurements, which involve weak interactions between the measured system and a probe. However, the determination of weak values does not necessarily require weak measurements, and several methods without weak system-probe interactions have been developed previously. In this work, a framework for measuring weak values is proposed to describe the relationship between various weak value measurement techniques in a unified manner. This framework, which uses a probe-controlled system transformation instead of the weak system-probe interaction, improves the understanding of the currently used weak value measurement methods. Furthermore, a diagrammatic representation of the proposed framework is introduced to intuitively identify the complex values obtained in each measurement system. By using this diagram, a new method for measuring weak values with a desired function can be systematically derived. As an example, a scan-free and more efficient direct measurement method of wavefunctions than the conventional techniques using weak measurements is developed.

T he neutron beta-decay l i feti m e pl ays an i m portant rol e both i n understandi ng w eak i nteracti ons w i thi n the fram ew ork of the Standard M odeland i n theoreti calpredi cti ons ofthe pri m ordi alabundance of 4 H e i n B i g B ang N ucl eosynthesi s.In previ ous w ork,w e successful l y dem onstrated the trappi ng oful tracol d neutrons (U C N ) i n a conservati ve potenti alm agneti c trap.A m ajor upgrade ofthe apparatusi sneari ng com pl eti on atthe N ati onalInsti tute ofStandardsand Technol ogy C enterforN eutron R esearch (N C N R ).In our approach,a beam of0. 89 nm neutrons i s i nci dent on a super ui d 4 H e target w i thi n the m i ni m um el d regi on of an Io e-type m agneti c trap.A fracti on ofthe neutrons i s dow nscattered i n the hel i um to energi es < 200 neV ,and those i n the appropri ate spi n state becom e trapped.T he i nverse process i s suppressed by the l ow phonon densi ty ofhel i um at tem peratures l ess than 200 m K ,al l ow i ng the neutron to travelundi sturbed.W hen the neutron decays the energeti c el ectron i oni zes the hel i um , produci ng sci nti l l ati on l i ght that i s detected usi ng photom ul ti pl i er tubes.Stati sti call i m i tati ons ofthe previ ous apparatus w i l lbe al l evi ated by si gni cant i ncreases i n el d strength and trap vol um e resul ti ng i n tw enty ti m es m ore trapped neutrons.

Type I inorganic clathrates constitute some of the most promising nonoptimized structures discovered in the search for improved thermoelectric materials (TMs). The extent of charge transfer (CT) from the guest metal atoms to the semiconductor framework and the detailed nature of the host-guest interactions are both supposed to affect significantly each one of the three material properties "Seebeck coefficient, thermal and electrical conductivity" determining the figure of merit of TMs. Based on the distinction between charge donation "the flowing of electrons from the valence band of the guest sub-lattice to the conduction band of the framework sub-lattice" and charge transfer, the spatial displacement of electrons from the region of the metal guests sub-lattice to the region of the semiconductor frame, it was in the past concluded that the guest atoms are charge donors, but not ionic in these TMs. By using an ab-initio density functional approach and an atomic space partitioning based on quantum mechanics rather than on purely geometrical considerations, we show that the guest atoms (Sr, Ba) are indeed mostly ionic, regardless of the kind of cage they occupy. The insensitivity of CT to the cage size is confirmed by Diffraction Anomalous Fine Structure (DAFS) results across the Sr K edge. The significant displacement of the guest atom from the center of the 24-atom cage is found to be driven by the formation of strong frame-guest interactions also in the larger cage, a mechanism which eventually leads to similar CTs in the two kind of cages. The interplay between CT and thermo-power is investigated by using a one-electron transport model for the Seebeck coefficient evaluation and a number of model clathrates with varied CT, as induced by compression or expansion of the lattice. Acknowledgement: this research was sponsored by the EU 5th Programme, under Contract No G5RD-CT2000-00292, NanoThermel project.

We discuss the detection of parity violating effects in the production of hadron resonances as a way to identify weak interactions at high energies. Numerical results indicate that such effects due to the production of W's and Z's should be observable at Isabelle energies. Observation of such effects may be the best method to establish that high-mass resonances or new behavior of cross sections are not hadronic in origin. By observing hadron resonances with different quantum numbers, it is possible to study the flavor dependence of high-energy weak effects; the energy dependence of the ~0[*r ratio may even be a useful signal of W production. We also calculate predictions for polarized beams. The possibility of observing unconventional kinds of weak interactions is briefly considered.

Recibido el 10 de marzo de 2009; aceptado el 4 de mayo de 2009 A sensitive measurement of parity-violating (PV) observables in few-nucleon systems can shed light on our current understanding of the hadronic weak interaction at low momentum transfers. Theoretical models describe the nucleon-nucleon weak interaction at low energies with 6 parameters that need, in principle, to be determined in the same number of independent experiments. In this context, a series of experiments with cold neutrons are being proposed and developed. Particularly, experiments that aim to measure the parity-violating asymmetry in the distribution of the gamma-rays emitted in the capture of polarized neutrons by protons and deuterium, will be discussed in this paper.

A sensitive measurement of parity-violating (PV) observables in few-nucleon systems can shed light on our current understanding of the hadronic weak interaction at low momentum transfers. Theoretical models describe the nucleon-nucleon weak interaction at low ...

Charge-exchange reactions are an important tool for determining weak-interaction rates. They provide stringent tests for nuclear structure models necessary for modeling astrophysical environments such as neutron stars and core-collapse supernovae. In anticipation of (t, 3 He) experiments at 115 MeV/nucleon on nuclei of relevance (A∼ 40 -120) in the late evolution of stars, it is shown via a study of the 26 Mg(t, 3 He) reaction that this probe is an accurate tool for extracting Gamow-Teller transition strengths. To do so, the data are complemented by results from the 26 Mg( 3 He,t) reaction at 140 MeV/nucleon which allows for a comparison of T=2 analog states excited via the mirror reactions. Extracted Gamow-Teller strengths from 26 Mg(t, 3 He) and 26 Mg( 3 He,t) are compared with those from 26 Mg(d, 2 He) and 26 Mg(p,n) studies, respectively. A good correspondence is found, indicating probe-independence of the strength extraction. Furthermore, we test shell-model calculations using the new USD-05B interaction in the sd-model space and show that it reproduces the experimental Gamow-Teller strength distributions well. A second goal of this work is to improve the understanding of the (t, 3 He) and ( 3 He,t) reaction mechanisms at intermediate energies since detailed studies are scarce. The Distorted-Wave Born Approximation is employed, taking into account the composite structures of the 3 He and triton particles. The reaction model provides the means to explain systematic uncertainties at the 10-20% level in the extraction of Gamow-Teller strengths as being due to interference between Gamow-Teller ∆L = 0, ∆S = 1 and ∆L = 2, ∆S = 1 amplitudes that both contribute to transitions from 0 + to 1 + states.

Morphology development of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) caused by applied flow history in molten isotactic polypropylene (PP) is investigated, employing a cone-and-plate rheometer and a capillary rheometer as mixing devices. Since the flow history is applied at 190 °C, PTFE is in the solid state whereas PP is in the molten state. It is found that primary PTFE particles tend to be agglomerated together by mechanical interlocking. Then they are fragmented into fibers by hydrodynamic force with reorganization process of crystalline phase. The diameter of the fragmented fibers is the same as that of the original ellipsoidal particles. Further, fine fibers whose diameter is in the range from 50 to 100 nm are also generated by yielding behavior of the particles. The prolonged shearing leads to a large number of fibers, although the diameter and length are hardly affected by the exposure time of shearing and shear stress. Moreover, the flow type (i.e., drag or pressure flow) does not affe...

Precision mass measurements at Penning Trap facilities have traditionally used a time-of-flight (TOF) technique to measure the cyclotron frequency of ions and therefore determine their masses. At the Canadian Penning Trap (CPT), this technique is able to provide mass measurements to a precision of about δm/m = 10 -8 with measurement times as low as 200ms. However, a new phase-imaging technique, which instead determines the cyclotron frequency by projecting the radial ion motion on a position-sensitive detector, is being implemented at the CPT. It provides at least a tenfold gain in resolving power while allowing for measurement times of less than 100ms, allowing measurements of more exotic neutron-rich nuclei from CARIBU with respect to the TOF technique. Details of its commissioning at the CPT will be discussed alongside new neutron-rich mass measurements.

We present the results of a pure Gamow-Teller β-ν correlation coefficient (a βν ) measurement via the beta decay of 8 Li, which is sensitive to tensor currents. This data set was taken at Argonne National Lab with the Beta decay Paul Trap (BPT) and surpasses the statistics of our previous limit-defining 8 Li experiment by an order of magnitude. With the analysis nearing its conclusion, we intend to push the low energy limit of a βν s relative uncertainty into the 0.1 percent range.

%e report a new measurement of positron polarization (P) in Ga decay. Using a new polarimeter the asymmetry {A) in the decay of positronium in a magnetic Geld was measured to S%. When combined with a calculation of the positron depolarization on stopping in MgO powder the overall uncertainty in P is 11%. The most precise prior determination of P was to 12% accuracy. An eventual precision of 1% in A and 0.1% in comparisons of asymmetries from diferent sources is anticipated. In addition to the 'Ga work we point out the possible use of the polarimeter in a number of new measurements including a determination of e polarization in p, + and nuclear decay and in a g -2 experiment. Accurate and efficient measurement of positron polarization P=(o) and helicity (h=(o'p)/~p~is important in a number of current experiments as well as in tests of the V-A theory of weak inter- actions. %e have developed a positron polarimeter which is at least eight times as efficient as prior instruments and allows a compariso of the polari- zation of positrons of equal momenta but from different nuclei (or from the low-energy tail of the p'-positron distribution) to an accuracy of up to 0.1% (3% for positrons from p' decay). Absolute measurements of the polarization of positrons from a single source are now limited only by un- certainty in the calculation of depolarization for positrons stopping in the polarimeter. The polarimeter may also be used to determine the value of

Free neutron beta decay is a fundamental process in the Standard Model that can be used to test the weak interaction as well as provide information about primordial ^4He abundance. Recent precision measurements of the neutron lifetime have led to reduced confidence in the absolute value of this parameter; due presumably to unknown systematic effects. This work seeks to measure the neutron lifetime using a different technique that employs a superconducting magnetic trap to confine ultracold neutrons. Neutrons are loaded into the trap through the superthermal technique where 1 mEv neutrons down scatter from phonons in liquid helium losing the majority of their energy. Neutrons in the appropriate spin state are then confined by the static magnetic field. During the past year, over 400 run cycles of data were collected using the upgraded apparatus. Analysis of previous data sets was limited due to large numbers of background events relative to the neutron decay signal. An increased numb...

T he neutron beta-decay l i feti m e pl ays an i m portant rol e both i n understandi ng w eak i nteracti ons w i thi n the fram ew ork of the Standard M odeland i n theoreti calpredi cti ons ofthe pri m ordi alabundance of 4 H e i n B i g B ang N ucl eosynthesi s.In previ ous w ork,w e successful l y dem onstrated the trappi ng oful tracol d neutrons (U C N ) i n a conservati ve potenti alm agneti c trap.A m ajor upgrade ofthe apparatusi sneari ng com pl eti on atthe N ati onalInsti tute ofStandardsand Technol ogy C enterforN eutron R esearch (N C N R ).In our approach,a beam of0. 89 nm neutrons i s i nci dent on a super ui d 4 H e target w i thi n the m i ni m um el d regi on of an Io e-type m agneti c trap.A fracti on ofthe neutrons i s dow nscattered i n the hel i um to energi es < 200 neV ,and those i n the appropri ate spi n state becom e trapped.T he i nverse process i s suppressed by the l ow phonon densi ty ofhel i um at tem peratures l ess than 200 m K ,al l ow i ng the neutron to travelundi sturbed.W hen the neutron decays the energeti c el ectron i oni zes the hel i um , produci ng sci nti l l ati on l i ght that i s detected usi ng photom ul ti pl i er tubes.Stati sti call i m i tati ons ofthe previ ous apparatus w i l lbe al l evi ated by si gni cant i ncreases i n el d strength and trap vol um e resul ti ng i n tw enty ti m es m ore trapped neutrons.

In present paper we prove an original theorem on the natural numbers. From this theorem emerges a set of symmetries of the natural numbers. "The conjugate", "the complementary", "the L/R symmetry", "the transpose", and "the K numbers" did not exist as concepts in Number Theory. The same applies to "the octets of odd numbers". Through these symmetries the study of the natural numbers can be done, outside the context in which they have been studied so far. One of the consequences of the theorem, but not the most important one, is an odd number factorization algorithm.

In present paper we prove an original theorem on the natural numbers. From this theorem emerges a set of symmetries of the natural numbers. "The conjugate", "the complementary", "the L/R symmetry", "the transpose", and "the K numbers" did not exist as concepts in Number Theory. The same applies to "the octets of odd numbers". Through these symmetries the study of the natural numbers can be done, outside the context in which they have been studied so far. One of the consequences of the theorem, but not the most important one, is an odd number factorization algorithm.