Water sensitive urban design

Constructed wetlands are a common structural treatment measure employed to remove stormwater pollutants and forms part of the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) treatment suite. In a constructed wetland, a range of processes such as settling, filtration, adsorption, and biological uptak e play a role in stormwater treatment. Occurrence and effectiveness of these processes are variable and influenced by hydraulic, chemical and biological factors. The influence of hydraulic factors on treatment processes are of particular concern. This paper presents outcomes of a comprehensive study undertak en to define the treatment characteristics of a constructed wetland highlighting the influence of hydraulic factors. The study included field monitoring of a well established constructed wetland for quantity and quality characteristics, development of a conceptual hydraulic model to simulate water movement within the wetland and state-of-the-art multivariate analysis of quantity and quality data to understand correlations and define link ages between treatment performances and influential hydraulic factors. Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP) concentrations formed the primary parameters used in the data analysis. The outcomes of the analysis revealed significant reduction in event mean concentrations of all the pollutants species by the constructed wetland. However, percentage reduction of pollutant loads was moderate compared to the expected performance targets. Treatment characteristics of the wetland were significantly different for storm events above and below the prescribed design event. For events below design event, TSS and TN load reduction was comparatively better and strongly influenced by increased retention time. For events above design event, TP load reduction was comparatively better and influenced by TP wash-off characteristics from catchment surfaces.

This study seeks to identify internal audit and its impact on the reliability of accounting information, by addressing a glimpse of the historical development of internal audit and determining its importance and objectives that it aspires to, as well as identifying the tools used by the internal auditor during the performance of his duties within the institution, and we also explain the relationship of internal audit with reliability Accounting information and how the accounting information included in the financial reports is reviewed, and we highlight the most important goal of the internal audit, which is to display the true and honest picture of the financial position of the institution. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher reviewed a number of studies in this field, and by relying on personal observation, conducting interviews, and looking at various documents related to the field of study, the researcher reached several results, the most important of which is that internal audit services help the institution achieve its goals by providing an organized and logical approach to evaluate and improve The effectiveness of risk management and control processes, as it is responsible for achieving internal control objectives that include monitoring the adequacy and effectiveness of operations, and thus the reliability of the information contained in the financial reports. Or its unreliability is what affects the development of the institution, whether negatively or positively. Internal audit also contributes to discovering errors that may exist in the books and records and thus obtaining accounting information free from errors. It also contributes to reviewing the data and thus obtaining reliable accounting information that can be relied upon. She has to make the decision, and the researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important of which is that until the independence of the woman is achieved The internal audit department must be objective and trustworthy. The internal audit department must be independent of the activities it reviews. It is also necessary to educate the employees by the senior management, in order for them to cooperate with the internal auditor, while performing his duties, and to change their view towards him. The accounting information must be verified and the loan of continuous monitoring. It controls data and procedures by establishing effective internal control systems that contribute to the conduct of its operations and verifying the integrity of accounting operations and financial documents from cases of errors, fraud and negligence.

Water has always shaped the growth of human societies, not only as a vital resource but also as a cultural, social, and spiritual force. This dissertation investigates the historical and contemporary relationship between humans and water, with a specific focus on the canal networks of Alappuzha, Kerala—known as the “Venice of the East.” Through comparative case studies of Varanasi, Dal Lake in Kashmir, and Alappuzha, the research examines how communities across India have interacted with water for livelihood, identity, and ritual, while also facing challenges of ecological degradation, urban neglect, and mismanagement. The core objective is to analyze Alappuzha’s canals across their past, present, and possible futures, in order to gain deeper insight into the complex human–water interconnection and to explore strategies for enhancing, restoring, and reimagining these once-thriving networks for contemporary urban life.

the South Australian Government's capacity to develop and deliver science-based policy solutions in water management. It brings together the best scientists and researchers across Australia to provide expert and independent scientific advice to inform good government water policy and identify future threats and opportunities to water security.

O livro apresenta um conjunto de discussões e análises desdobradas a partir do Seminário Especial Desafios da Educação Contemporânea: Racismo e Desigualdades Múltiplas ofertado na Linha de Pesquisa dos Estudos Culturais em Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Trata-se de um conjunto de estudos sobre a configuração de processos e práticas que constituem desigualdades múltiplas, alinhados às ações de gerenciamento da condição de precariedade a partir do Racismo de Estado.

Endüstriyel üretim tarzının yaygınlaşması, doğal kaynakların sermaye uğruna tahribatını ciddi ölçüde hızlandırmıştır. Yer altı ve yer üstü zenginliklerin kontrolsüzce tüketildiği bu süreç, özellikle son yıllarda ekolojik dengenin de bozulmasını beraberinde getirmiştir. İklim değişikliğine neden olan bu bozulma; artan orman yangınları, artan kuraklık dönemleri, sel, fırtına ve kasırga gibi aşırı hava olayları, hava kirliliğinin artması, yağışların düzensizleşmesi ve ortalama hava sıcaklıklarının artması gibi sorunlar ile net bir biçimde kendini göstermektedir. Bunların bir sebebi olarak da geometrik olarak artış gösteren bilimsel buluşların, nüfus artış hızını tetiklemesini gösterebiliriz. Dünya nüfusunun on haneli sayılara ulaşması, yaşamsal önemde olan tüm kaynaklar üzerinde bir baskı yaratmıştır. Bu baskıdan en çok etkilenen kaynaklardan biri ise tatlı su kaynaklarıdır. Özellikle kentlerdeki nüfus yoğunlaşması, su kıtlığını ve su kirliliğini insanlık için ciddi bir tehdit olarak ortaya çıkarmıştır. Kent yaşamına yönelik bu tehditlerin ciddi bir biçimde kendini göstermeye başladığı son yıllarda, suya duyarlı şehirler (water sensitive cities) oluşturmak başlı başına önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Toplumsal refahın, güçlü ekonomik ilişkilerin ve sağlıklı bir biçimde işleyen ekosistemlerin istikrarlı bir şekilde devam etmesi, kentin su kaynaklarının optimal kullanımı ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. “Suya duyarlı şehirler” yaratma fikri, işte bu tür hassasiyetlerin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.

Global urbanization and climate change have resulted in many environmental problems, including pollution, water scarcity, and other water-related disasters. As a result, urban solutions classified under design sustainability are needed to reduce the impacts of urbanization and climate change. Water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) promises to reduce freshwater pollution, provide additional water, decrease flooding potential, protect ecosystems, improve urban amenities, and preserve the aesthetic nature of blue and green areas. These objectives are vital as we face rapid urbanization, rapid growth in population, serious water scarcity, and climate change impacts on urban water resources, However, we find that these studies are limited, especially in developing countries, and do not match the importance of the subject. So, the fundamental techniques of WSUD are thoroughly outlined in this paper, emphasizing how WSUD contributes to the increased livability of metropolitan regions. The search in research databases from 2016 to 2024 included research papers, theises, books, and international and local reports. This review aims to raise awareness regarding the present situation in Egypt and to enhance comprehension of optimum planning methods for WSUD. This paper main contribution is to enhance the understanding of WSUD by identifying the gap (future trends for researchers) in this topic.

Since the late 1990s, the development of Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) has evolved to include broader concepts such as water-sensitive cities, offering a complementary alternative to conventional urban water management. While widely accepted in principle, WSUD continues to face critical shortcomings in practice. Through the bibliometric analysis of 688 publications and an in-depth content analysis of the 30 most highly cited articles, this study identifies persistent discrepancies between WSUD's stated objectives and its real-world outcomes. Key gaps are evident in areas such as long-term performance monitoring, socioeconomic impacts, climate resilience, policy integration, and community engagement. The findings also point to recurring social, institutional, technological, and economic limitations that hinder implementation and diffusion. These insights call for a re-evaluation of existing WSUD approaches and underline the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. Future directions in urban planning and design should place greater emphasis on the socioeconomic dimensions, climate adaptability, governance structures, and technological innovation necessary to advance WSUD as a core component of sustainable and resilient urban development.

In 1999 the City of Portland (City) began to require that stormwater management facilities (SMF) be built when private property is newly developed or redeveloped (City Code Chapter 17.38). Proper maintenance and upkeep of SMFs is essential to ensuring they function appropriately. The City’s Maintenance Inspection Program (MIP) is tasked with inspecting stormwater management facilities on private properties in order to ensure that they are being properly operated and maintained and to meet provisions of the City’s NPDES Municipal Separated Storm Sewer System (MS4) permit. Greenroofs are one type of SMF that are installed to satisfy this requirement. Understanding the long-term maintenance needs of a greenroof is essential to reaching MIP goals established by City Code and the MS4 permit. Data collection occurred between November 2011 and May 2013 at private properties in Portland, Oregon during routine maintenance inspections of stormwater management facilities for the City’s Mainten...

Stormwater bioinfiltration systems can be effective options for the treatment and disposal of stormwater runoff from urban areas. However, the performance of these systems and other infiltration devices can be affected by factors such as texture, structure and degree of compaction of the treatment media. This study provides insights on media characteristics of a poorly operating biofilter facility located in Tuscaloosa, AL, along with supporting laboratory investigations. Double ring infiltrometer tests and soil compaction measurements were conducted along a large biofilter to determine the in-situ infiltration and compaction characteristics of the media. Infiltration measurements were also made during actual rain events by observing falling water levels in ponded areas. The effects of different compaction levels on the infiltration rates through the soil media were also examined during controlled laboratory column tests for comparison to the field observations. Similar tests were also conducted examining compaction effects of the media after mixing with varying amounts of filter sand to investigate restoration options. These results indicate that soil compaction results in increased bulk densities, decreased moisture capacities and has dramatic effects on the infiltration rates.

The drainage rates in biofiltration devices are usually controlled using an underdrain that is restricted with a small orifice or other flow-moderating component. These frequently fail, as effective orifices that are used for flow control are usually very small (< 10 mm) and are prone to clogging over time. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of a foundation drain material (SmartDrain TM ) under a variety of challenging conditions. SmartDrains TM work by capillary action, requiring very little head to initiate flow through the use of a siphon. This paper will present the results from a series of tests conducted to determine the flow capacity and clogging potential of the SmartDrain TM material during biofouling experiments under controlled pilot-scale biofilter conditions. A pilot-scale biofilter that consists of a tall Formica-lined plywood box, 0.90 m by 0.85 m in cross sectional area and 1.20 m tall was used for the tests. The tests were conducted using two different species of green algal that were encouraged to grow in the biofilter device for several weeks before draining. The results indicated that the biofouling had only a small effect on the discharge rates, even though the algal growth was extensive. Prior tests evaluated the SmartDrain TM performance after excessive loadings by fine ground silica particulates (Sileshi et al., 2010b) and also for a range of length and slopes using clean water (Sileshi et al., 2010a ).

To address water quality concerns and numeric effluent limits, the designers of (bio)(in)filtration systems will need to integrate water and soil chemistry into the selection of filtration media mixtures. For the "dissolved" metals, designers will need to consider the ratio of valence states of the metals as they consider the proportion of ion exchange resins versus organic-based media in the final media mixture. As the correlations between pollutant capacity and soil/media chemistry showed, metals' capacity is directly related to organic matter content and the effective cation exchange capacity of the soil. Available stormwater treatment organic media provides a wide range of treatment sites, but possibly smaller numbers of each site type, compared to ion exchange resins such as zeolites. An activated organic media, such as granular activated carbon (GAC), will have an increased number of surface active sites potentially available for treatment, but this media may not sustain plant growth and may not be desired as a component of (bio)retention media. Other trade-offs also have to be considered in a complete analysis of (bio)(in)filtration media, such as the trade-off between organic content for plant growth versus nutrient leaching. Finally, there is a lower limit to treatment, after which no further pollutant removal occurs, especially given the contact time requirements based on draindown times required for many bioretention devices. Slightly improved removals for many metals may be achieved with much longer contact times, but the substantial increase in surface area devoted to (bio)(in)filtration may not be cost-effective (given the draindown time requirements). This paper uses "dissolved" copper as an example of how to use both soil and water chemistry to design an optimal bioretention media from a subset of potential mixture components.

The effects of urbanization on soil structure can be extensive. Infiltration of rain water through soils can be greatly reduced, plus the benefits of infiltration and biofiltration devices can be jeopardized. This chapter is a compilation of results from several recent and on-going research projects that have examined some of these problems, plus possible solutions. Basic infiltration measurements in disturbed urban soils were conducted during the EPA-sponsored project by Pitt, et al. (1999a). The project also examined hydraulic and water quality benefits of amending these soils with organic composts. Prior EPA-funded research examined the potential of groundwater contamination by infiltrating stonmvater (Pitt, et al. , and 1999b ) ). In addition to the information obtained during these research projects, numerous student projects have also been conduced to examine other aspects of urban soils, especially more detailed tests examining soil density and infiltration during lab-scale tests, and methods and techniques to recover infiltration capacity of urban soils. This chapter is a summary of this information and it is hoped that it will prove useful to both stonnwater practice designers and to modelers.

 The highest copper release was observed from copper materials at pH 5. After about one day of exposure, the copper concentration was more than 6 mg/L (970 mg/m 2 ).  Copper release was also found for the other materials, but at much lower concentrations.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Performance of a constructed wetland is commonly reported as being variable due to the site specific nature of influential factors. This paper discusses the outcomes from an in-depth study which characterised the treatment performance of a wetland based on the variation in the runoff regime. The study included a comprehensive field monitoring of a well-established constructed wetland in Gold Coast, Australia. Samples collected at the inlet and outlet were tested for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP). Pollutant concentrations in the outflow were found to be consistent irrespective of the variation in inflow water quality. The analysis revealed two different treatment characteristics for events with different rainfall depths. TSS and TN load reduction was found to be strongly influenced by the hydraulic retention time where performance was relatively superior for rainfall events below the design event. For small events, treatment performance w...

O artigo apresenta o Programa “Direitos humanos, acessibilidade e inclusao social de pessoas com deficiencia: Viver com inclusao”, do PROEXT 2014, na area de conhecimento da Educacao Especial, na linha tematica de Direitos Humanos. Analisa a proposta de Intervencao Precoce e Estimulacao Global focada na diade pais/crianca e na orientacao as familias, oferecida a criancas entre 0 e 6 anos de idade que apresentam deficiencias ou desvios no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, oriundas de comunidades populares e/ou atendidas no ambulatorio de genetica do Hospital Universitario Gaffree e Guinle (HUGG). Contou com a participacao de dez alunos bolsistas de extensao, sendo cinco do curso de Pedagogia e cinco do curso de Medicina, e ainda com dois bolsistas de incentivo academico, discentes dos cursos de Pedagogia e Servico Social.

Since the trends of adverse climate change and integrated urban water management have continued in the twenty-first century, governments and other institutions seek reliable predictions as water resource requirements arise. Although uncertainty is never cut off from the need for a probabilistic movement, through current developments in science and the technology of hydrological modeling on urban water management analysis, researchers can improve the ability to create realistic scenarios that will benefit the water sector it adapts to these changes. Model studies on the combined effects of climate change and the water sector have found that the change can be significant, depending on scenarios and the assumptions of climate change, as well as the degree of urban development. In this work, conceptual analysis of urban water management has been applied to several scenarios of climate change in order to obtain new insights and uncertainties.

Rapid urbanization and climate change are testing humanity’s ability to adapt
and reshape itself. Coastal cities are increasingly threatened by rising sea
levels, as well more extreme and more unpredictable weather events. These
precedented challenges call for transforming the approach in urban resilience.
From fighting the water, to consolidating it. Instead of keeping water away, you
bring into your urban spaces and help it resolve your problems. Under the large
banner of nature-based solutions many alternative flood management concepts
have emerged under different names in different countries. The largest country
pursuing this alternative model is China, under the terminology of “sponge city”.
The present thesis gives an update of the success and failures so far, by
summarizing results from different survey and studies. The results are positive,
despite insufficient funds and inaccurate planning. However, challenges remain,
especially due to the Chinese political system, where criticism is not embraced.
The studies use quantitative and qualitative data, such as remote sensing
imagery and in-dept interviews from different Chinese cities. The successful
implementation of the sponge city concept in China, will pave the foundation for
similar projects in other large countries, such as the US, India, the EU and
south-east Asian countries, which have numerous coastal cities.

Cities are naturally formed through their linkage with the ground/soil, creating levels of the city according to morphological land features and relational identifications with the ground, revealing urban ground typologies that may become symbolic interpretations of original geographies and heritage. This paper argues the importance of porous and earthly surfaces as phenomenological opportunities for “active recreation, a green transportation alternative, a venue to celebrate our heritage as well as an opportunity to regenerate sensitive waterfront lands”. It criticizes the tendency to soil seal, which is “one of the main causes of soil degradation in the EU”, and which “puts biodiversity at risk” and “contributes to global warming”. Aiming to not only preserve natural soft edge transitions with the water but also take advantage of a site’s cultural and historic interest, the discussion also emphasizes the importance of natural arterial continuity (urban greenways) and morphological earth identification, offering alternative solutions to waterfront hardscapes. Although Greece is at the better end of European countries regarding the degree of soil sealing as a percentage of its total land area (1.35%), it is a country which tends to soil-seal its urban waterfronts, despite the great opportunities to create ‘earthly’ connections not only along the seashore but also through the formation of soil arteries that could potentially reach the surrounding near mountains, from the sea.

The original contribution of this paper is the perspective of phenomenology in suggesting softer surfaces over soil sealing within the context of Greek waterfront cities, helping enhance the scientific discussion on the field of environmental urban design and common landscape practices of permeable surfaces as new strategic initiation points towards urban renewal.

No capítulo 19, “A Política Nacional de Alfabetização: diálogos e
rupturas no Distrito Federal”, Graciely Garcia Soares e Kelly Alves Rocha
dos Santos analisam a Política Nacional de Alfabetização – PNA (Brasil,
2019), suas concepções teóricas sobre a alfabetização e sua implantação
no Distrito Federal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa a
partir de documentos públicos sobre os temas relacionados e de natureza
interpretativa. As autoras discutem a concepção de alfabetização apresentada na PNA e sua imposição ao método fônico, além disso, apresentam um breve histórico sobre os programas federais de alfabetização com um recorte a partir do ano de 2012, em um diálogo com o Currículo em Movimento da Secretaria de Educação do Distrito Federal, suas concepções e a forma como se deu a aplicação da política no DF.

An essential part of sustainability in any city is to ensure that the city is living within the region's natural water resources. 500,000 new homes will be needed in Sydney in the next 20-30 years substantially increasing water demand. Also, a combination of factors means that Sydney's centralised water supply is likely to decrease rather than increase in the next 20 years. Thus, a decreasing centralised water supply and increasing water demand necessitates the need for Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) and integrated water management. This paper outlines how urban growth and renewal can adopt sustainable water practices using two distinct but interrelated strategies. The first strategy is to optimise the strategic planning that occurs at different levels of government. The second strategy is to optimise the physical relationships between the built form and water usage.

The current NPDES permit of an industrial aerospace complex located on Ventura County, California requires to provide treatment to any stormwater overflows originated at the complex typically during storm events. These overflows occur when the individual capacities of a series of storage ponds located at different points of the site are exceeded. A stormwater treatment system (STS) is required to avoid exceedances of certain constituents of concern (COCs), especially certain heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, mercury, lead) and organics (dioxins and volatile organic compounds -VOCs), that may washout from the soil during storm events. Coarse filtration (sand and multimedia filters) was the basis of the STS, but did not achieve the required removal of COCs to meet the permit. Additional analyses were required to increase filtration effectiveness. Fractionation of the solids present in the water revealed the presence of large fractions of silts and clays, which are too small to be removed by coarse filtration. These small solids also had a significant fraction of the total COCs attached to them, which prompted the exceedances of the permit limits. This analysis highlighted the need for coagulation chemicals to clump these small particles together and form flocs that may be further removed by coarse filtration while meeting permit limits. This analysis also allowed to better characterize the raw water from different storage ponds and select the location with the best water quality to feed the STS.

Human development and the natural environment interact to shape distinctive landscapes, particularly in regions where water plays a central role between society and resilience. This research focuses on the Eastern Periphery of the Dhaka Metropolitan Area (DMA), where indigenous settlements have long integrated natural waterbodies into their development patterns. The problem lies in the ongoing urbanization that threatens these long sustained traditional practices, leading to the degradation of natural landscapes and water management systems. The aim of the paper is to analyze the physiographic landscape of this area and promote sustainable, water-sensitive urban development by understanding local land-water interactions. To achieve this, the study adopts a mixed-method approach, incorporating satellite image analysis, GIS mapping, field observations, and interviews with local inhabitants. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to width, slope gradient, surface quality, and land division patterns, in response to seasonal fluctuations and water level variations. The findings reveal that the local land-water interface has evolved naturally and dynamically, driven by landscape parameters such as size, width, slope, surface quality and local land utilization patterns. The study identifies important landscape elements that could be incorporated into urban design to foster water-sensitive development in deltaic cities like Dhaka. As a whole, this research underscores the importance of understanding indigenous landscape characteristics and local knowledge to guide sustainable urban development and address water-related urban crises.

Dealing with stormwater runoff from water quantity and water quality aspects has always been a category of necessary municipal infrastructure. Bioretention Cells (BRCs) are new features of this infrastructure. A BRC is a basin in the ground that consists of a surface bowl to initially capture runoff which can filter through a permeable media. The primary objective of BRCs is for water quality treatment but their contribution to water quantity control objectives of an overall stormwater design for a medium density subdivision is not fully understood. From 2011 to 2017, a low-density residential subdivision in the greater Toronto Area, Mosaik Glenway, was constructed as a pilot study. Its stormwater system includes three BRCs. The objective of this research is to use the results of monitoring and computer modelling of the Mosaik Glenway subdivision to help understand the contribution that BRCs can make to quantity control in stormwater management (SWM). Modelling results presented in this thesis demonstrate that BRCs can help mitigate the loss of infiltration due to urbanisation. Under favourable soil conditions, they may have the potential to fully mitigate the loss of infiltration due to urbanization. BRCs are also capable of reducing the amount of quantity storage normally required by traditional SWM facilities for a wide range of precipitation events, including large storm events, even if they are constructed in less-than-favourable soil conditions. Moreover, BRCs also have opportunities to reduce overall stormwater management infrastructure costs.

A educação é um processo dinâmico e, por mais que se discuta, ainda ficará muito a ser dito. Pois, tudo que fale sobre educação gera sempre novos debates, novos questionamentos, novas discussões. Entretanto, não há dúvidas de que a educação contribui para o desenvolvimento do ser humano.
Embora seja apresentada como algo que complementa a formação do ser humano, a educação também é um instrumento de transformação social. E, para que maior seja a contribuição proporcionada pela educação enquanto processo, esta precisa ter um acesso democrático, sob todos os aspectos, principalmente, quando se busca o fortalecimento da educação especial inclusiva.
No presente livro, reunimos cinco estudos ligados à educação, prioritariamente à Educação Especial Inclusiva. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, discutiu-se a educação enquanto direito de todos, oportunidade em que se apresenta alguns conceitos de ‘educação’ e se discute a sua contribuição ao desenvolvimento do ser humano, para em seguida, comentar as disposições constitucionais que garantem a universidade do direito à educação em nosso país, chamando atenção para o fato de que se trata de uma conquista resultante de uma luta histórica.
A importância da educação especial inclusiva é o tema do debate apresentado no Capítulo 2, no qual, após se promover uma retrospectiva histórica sobre a Educação Especial, discutem-se os obstáculos enfrentados pelos profissionais que atuam nessa modalidade educativa, destacando-se que a Educação Especial Inclusiva-EEI vem produzindo mudança no sistema educacional e, ao mesmo tempo, exigindo uma completa transformação deste sistema, para fazer com que a escola seja plenamente reconhecida como sendo um espaço para todos. Portanto, capaz de proporcionar em seu contexto a necessária inclusão das pessoas com deficiência.
No Capítulo 3, aborda-se a língua brasileira de sinais na atualidade. Nele, inicialmente, apresentam-se os primeiros marcos da Educação Especial no Brasil, assinalando a contribuição de Eduard Huet, professor surdo francês, que veio para o Brasil a convite de D. Pedro II, tornando-se responsável pelas primeiras iniciativas formais voltadas para a educação de surdos em nosso país, que fortemente contribuíram para formação da Língua Brasileira de Língua. Em um segundo momento, abordam-se os retrocessos registrados no processo educativo direcionado aos surdos, principalmente, com a implantação do oralismo e as proibições formais ao uso da língua de sinais. E a luta da comunidade surda por quase um século até a sanção da Lei nº 10.436/2002, reconhecendo a Língua Brasileira de Sinais - Libras como meio legal de comunicação e expressão, diploma legal este que se constitui um verdadeiro marco na história da Educação dos Surdos no Brasil.
A formação do professor para a educação especial inclusiva é o tema abordado no Capítulo 4, que inicialmente apresenta a estruturação dessa modalidade educativa no Brasil. E, em seguida, questiona como vem sendo promovida a formação do profissional responsável por este processo educativo. Neste capítulo, houve a preocupação de se apresentar o professor como o agente de mudança, que desempenha uma importante missão na educação especial inclusiva, auxiliando no desenvolvimento do aluno com deficiência. No final, ressaltou-se que, para bem atuar na educação inclusiva, o professor precisa buscar novos conhecimentos através de uma formação continuada, melhorando sempre a sua prática pedagógica.
Por fim, no Capítulo 5 discutiram-se os desafios da inclusão escolar, destacando-se que para promover a inclusão, não basta apenas inserir o aluno com deficiência no ensino. Mostrou-se que é necessário redefinir o papel da escola, adequá-la complemente, dotando-a das condições necessárias para melhor acolher o aluno com deficiência. E mais, capacitando o professor para que este tenha condições de desenvolver um processo educativo que contemple as múltiplas particularidades do público-alvo da Educação Especial Inclusiva.

A inclusão escolar é algo necessário, mas ainda enfrenta muitos desafios, suscitando sempre discussões e questionamentos. Para muitos especialistas, a escola brasileira ainda não possui condições de promover a inclusão efetiva dos alunos com deficiência. E muito pouco vem sendo feito para mudar essa realidade.
A máxima que diz que ‘a escola é um espaço de todos’ precisa deixar de ser retórica e transformar-se em prática, ou melhor, em realidade. Isto somente acontecerá na prática quando todas as escolas forem efetivamente inclusivas. Pois, para promover a inclusão escolar, não basta matricular o aluno com deficiência no ensino regular.
Necessário se faz que a escola tradicional se transforme de forma completa, repensando seu papel e suas práticas pedagógicas; adequando seus currículos às reais necessidades de seus alunos; promovendo as alterações necessárias em suas estruturas internas e capacitando todos os seus colaboradores, especialmente, o professor, visto que este é o agente que conduz o processo educativo.

The territorial expansion of the economic zones along Tirana-Durres corridor, is considered as clear evidence of regional economic development. Since the first 10 years of 1990-2000, the need for a functional planning process was clearly noted. In the early 2000's, the linear planning on both sides of the highway, from KJ (Kamza Junction) to KT (Kashar Turn), was the real demonstration of that need. This article is a first effort towards an indirect analysis on spatial urban development processes of the last 20 years, indicated by development urban plans for Greater Tirana. This analysis concludes on the defects on integration of this area into the existing structure of Tirana, which are reflected in the new regulatory plans during 2012-2016. This article identifies the functional zoning phenomena, forms and rates of parcels occupation, analyzed through the land use indicators coverage. The urban analysis is focused also on identifying the achievements and failures on the design of spatial structures of social importance. This analysis intends to lead towards a more detailed study of the ways that enable the integration of this industrial area with the residential zone. It is considered as an attempt, which raises a number of issues, for helping the planners, architects and city administrators, involved in the planning and implementation of Partial Urban Plans.

SUMMARY The Toronto and Region Conservation Authority is currently evaluating the long term performance and effectiveness of permeable pavement (permeable pavers) and bioretention swales for stormwater management on a parking lot in King City, Ontario. ...

The emergence of integrated urban water management (IUWM), provides a unique opportunity for passive evaporative cooling of urban environments. This study investigates the potential of purposefully managed irrigation for cooling benefits in a suburb of Adelaide, Australia, where IUWM is widely adopted. SURFEX was used to simulate heatwave conditions across a suburban environment. Results from two simulation periods are presented: model validation period and a heatwave case study. Model validation suggests SURFEX can broadly capture the average intra-suburban diurnal air temperature variability, but not the average maxima and minima. A range of idealised irrigation scenarios were tested with different rates and timing of watering implemented. Clear evidence was found that irrigation reduces air temperature in urban environments. The diurnal average air temperature was reduced by up to 2.3 • C. The cooling benefit of increasing irrigation was non-linear, with negligible additional cooling predicted above 20 L m -2 d -1 . The magnitude of cooling was proportional to the pervious (irrigated) fraction, meaning less cooling occurred in areas with greater urban development. Although irrigation increased humidity, it still improved outdoor human thermal comfort during heatwave conditions. IUWM approaches can provide an additional fit-for-purpose water supply to the urban environment, which should be utilised for cooling benefits.

El inminente crecimiento urbano y poblacional a nivel mundial está llevando al límite los recursos de las ciudades, modificando su comportamiento y obligándolas a cambiar su estructura. Los recursos en las grandes urbes son cada día más insuficientes, siendo el agua, la principal escasez, necesitando fuentes externas para satisfacer la demanda del vital líquido. México afronta un alto nivel de urbanización en cada una de las ciudades que lo conforman; el estado de Oaxaca, al igual que el resto del país, comienza a evidenciar problemáticas del crecimiento poblacional, dentro de los que destaca, el estrés de los recursos hídricos y el enorme desafío para la administración y gestión del agua. El presente es el resultado de una investigación realizada en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de Oaxaca, el cual se encuentra ubicado en uno de los estados considerado con mayores porcentajes de lluvia a nivel nacional; con condicionantes geográficas de abundantes pendientes y laderas de baja permeabilidad, volviéndolo una zona con altas probabilidades de inundación. El objetivo principal fue la generación de estrategias sustentables para la gestión y aprovechamiento del agua pluvial urbana en el Centro Histórico de Oaxaca de Juárez, desde el enfoque de ciudades sensibles al agua, a fin de disminuir a futuro el estrés hídrico y la vulnerabilidad de zonas inundables, basándose en las recomendaciones de la Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM); estrategias como la infraestructura verde y renaturalización, las cuales han demostrado propiciar un mejor balance en materia de los recursos hídricos de las ciudades.

The challenges related to sanitation and water management in new urban communities have contributed to the emergence of visions of Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) and Water Sensitive Urban Design in cities worldwide to keep pace with these subtle changes in the shape of the urban environment. This research paper aims to monitor the main obstacles and challenges facing residents of new cities in Egypt and the environmental impacts resulting from those challenges in the urban context. A questionnaire was conducted among a group of the population. This study took the economic housing model for low-income people in the 6th of October City in Egypt as a case study. As a result, the study found that the main challenges facing the residents of these areas and their impacts are:
1) Lack of regular maintenance. 2) Health risks to the population. 3) Damaging of public parks and gardens. 4) Pollution of the surrounding environment, including soil and water. 5) Lack of state funding for maintenance and Limited financial resources available for projects in this type of housing. 6) Lack of government engagement in preparing programs to raise population awareness and clarity in environmental goals and quality of life policies. 7) Lack of community initiatives to participate in decision-making. 8) Lack of political guidance on planning processes for sustainable infrastructure.

N source pollution (NPS) occurs when rainfall and snowmelt flows over the ground, picking up pollutants such as pathogens, sediments, and nutrients on its way to streams, rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water (Figure 1). More than 50 percent of the nation’s rivers and streams and nearly 70 percent of the nation’s lakes are impacted by NPS. Pathogens, sediments, and nutrients are the biggest contributors to impairment of rivers and streams while mercury, nutrients, and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are the biggest contributors to the impairment of lakes. One method of managing NPS pollution is through the use of structural best management practices (BMPs). Structural BMPs are designed to decrease the volume of runoff that enters water bodies by increasing infiltration rates. Examples of structural BMPs include rain gardens, stormwater wetlands, and riparian buffers. A newer structural BMP is a weep berm.

Abstract: River valleys are specific ecological corridors, the disturbance of which might result in serious conse-quences for the biotopes. Thus development strategies of river valleys should be thoroughly discussed and realized by interdisciplinary teams. Complex development ...

La impermeabilización de la ciudad, fruto de un modelo de ocupación urbana intensivo,ha generado un aumento de los volúmenes de escorrentía que ha justificado la ampliacióncontinua y siempre insuficiente de las redes de saneamiento, consolidando un modelo de gestión del drenaje insostenible. En los últimos años se está demandando un tratamiento de lasaguas pluviales más acorde con los principios medioambientales, en el que la planificaciónsea el marco de referencia para el control del sellado del suelo y la mejora de la sostenibilidadurbana. En este artículo se presenta una propuesta metodológica para la aplicación deeste nuevo modelo denominado ‘diseño urbano sensible al agua’ (DUSA), definiendo suselementos principales y su integración en el planeamiento urbano.

Η συζήτηση για τη μετακίνηση των πληθυσμών στο πλαίσιο της κλιματικής αλλαγής -παρά τον μικρό αριθμό μοντέλων πρόβλεψης και τις μεθοδολογικές δυσκολίες- έχει αναχθεί σήμερα σε αντικείμενο ουσιαστικού πολιτικού ενδιαφέροντος αλλά και διαμάχης. Μέσα στη συνθετότητα των δυναμικών που αναπτύσσονται στη σχέση ανθρώπινης κινητικότητας-χώρος, ο διάλογος αυτός εκφράζει διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις όχι μόνο ιδεολογικές αλλά και διαχειριστικών και επιχειρησιακών μέτρων και πολιτικών.

Nairobi County is faced with acute water scarcity and streets are often flooded during heavy downpour. The aims of this research were to assess the adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting and major water sources in Nairobi County. Samples were picked from Kabete Dagoretti, Wilson, Moi Airbase and J.K.I.A meteorological weather stations. Assessment was done in Maisonette and multi-story residential buildings, institutions and industries followed by a descriptive analysis. The outcome of the study revealed that typical sources of water were City council piped water, borehole and roof catchment rainwater harvesting. Most buildings solely depended on City Council piped water; industries 76%, institutions 48%, maisonettes 56% and multi-story buildings 50%. There was no building depending solely on roof catchment rainwater harvesting. The ones who harvested rainwater did it as supplement to City Council piped water and/or boreholes. Institutions are leading in rainwater harvesting 44% followed by maisonettes 20%, multi-story buildings 6% and industries have least adopted rainwater harvesting 4%. The overall adoption of roof catchment rainwater harvesting is 16%. Most residents, 79.4% were not harvesting rainwater because rainwater harvesting systems were not included in the initial planning or architectural design of buildings. But 84.6% felt that roof catchment rainwater harvesting should be practiced by every building. Roof catchment rainwater harvesting can solve problems of water scarcity in Nairobi County. Every building should harvest rainwater and store it in appropriate storage capacity that depends on water demand in the building and rainfall supply.

Kolkata at night is no longer cool during summer
in the three months from April to June. The
temperature decreases slightly in the morning,
but as the day progresses, the temperature starts
to increase. Along with this, relative humidity
appears as a companion of temperature which
has increased to 90 percent this summer. This
combination of 90 percent relative humidity and
an average 39oC temperature makes a difficult
situation for the people living in the City of Joy.

The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the State of Florida Department of Transportation. Furthermore, the authors are not responsible for the actual effectiveness of these control options or for drainage problems that might occur due to their improper use. This does not promote the specific use of any of these particular systems.

Wet detention ponds collecting runoff from highways were examined as possible candidates for harvesting (reuse). Media mixes and methods to filter water for reuse were demonstrated. Filter media mixes categorized as Biosorption Activated Media (BAM) were laboratory tested for pollution removal and filtration rates. The media mixes with highest removal effectiveness were then demonstrated in pipes placed in operation at existing wet detention ponds. The use of a media mix was also demonstrated in a pilot operation to simulate retention areas in swales along highways. Down-flow and up-flow media filters were installed to improve water quality from wet detention ponds. Three of the filters were installed with provisions for removing debris and with mechanisms to backwash the filter media. A mobile pipe-in-pipe system was also demonstrated at a high rate of filtration. A disc filter operation was also demonstrated and water quality effectiveness documented. A swale filter system was dem...

The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the State of Florida Department of Transportation. Furthermore, the authors are not responsible for the actual effectiveness of these control options or for drainage problems that might occur due to their improper use. This does not promote the specific use of any of these particular systems.

Wet detention ponds collecting runoff from highways were examined as possible candidates for harvesting (reuse). Media mixes and methods to filter water for reuse were demonstrated. Filter media mixes categorized as Biosorption Activated Media (BAM) were laboratory tested for pollution removal and filtration rates. The media mixes with highest removal effectiveness were then demonstrated in pipes placed in operation at existing wet detention ponds. The use of a media mix was also demonstrated in a pilot operation to simulate retention areas in swales along highways. Down-flow and up-flow media filters were installed to improve water quality from wet detention ponds. Three of the filters were installed with provisions for removing debris and with mechanisms to backwash the filter media. A mobile pipe-in-pipe system was also demonstrated at a high rate of filtration. A disc filter operation was also demonstrated and water quality effectiveness documented. A swale filter system was dem...

The emergence of integrated urban water management (IUWM), provides a unique opportunity for passive evaporative cooling of urban environments. This study investigates the potential of purposefully managed irrigation for cooling benefits in a suburb of Adelaide, Australia, where IUWM is widely adopted. SURFEX was used to simulate heatwave conditions across a suburban environment. Results from two simulation periods are presented: model validation period and a heatwave case study. Model validation suggests SURFEX can broadly capture the average intra-suburban diurnal air temperature variability, but not the average maxima and minima. A range of idealised irrigation scenarios were tested with different rates and timing of watering implemented. Clear evidence was found that irrigation reduces air temperature in urban environments. The diurnal average air temperature was reduced by up to 2.3 • C. The cooling benefit of increasing irrigation was non-linear, with negligible additional cooling predicted above 20 L m −2 d −1. The magnitude of cooling was proportional to the pervious (irrigated) fraction, meaning less cooling occurred in areas with greater urban development. Although irrigation increased humidity, it still improved outdoor human thermal comfort during heatwave conditions. IUWM approaches can provide an additional fit-for-purpose water supply to the urban environment, which should be utilised for cooling benefits.

This paper aims to explore in terms of land using in urban morphology in the Albanian reality. The distinct lifestyle of an urbanized society create a wide range of market demands to be taken for the developments of transportation, infrastructure, residential and recreational uses. There is a lack of study of the target group and its impacts on housing, in the Albanian reality. Appraising methods, techniques and practices of housing in post-socialist countries, is more difficult than it appears. Because of a socialist system for more than 50 years have been a few experts in urban design. In that periods had been no participation in the decision making. After the '90, spontaneous development, uncontrolled by the urban policies, has started in the studied area. The problem is that increasing density of urban growth in that area is not matched with appropriate understanding of how urban policies affect the formation of social and spatial patterns. This area cannot be understood as an integrated unit with a singular driving dynamic, nor a defined spatial boundary. This is instead a complex construction created by interaction of actors in a multiple network who invest in the materialization of space and who give meaning to places. Creating a new urban pattern is the process of shaping a new life in a city. What is going to happen with this new spatial pattern? This is a question that gives us the obligation of finding the key how we are transforming the city, are we going to be proud of this transformation? Using the urban network of a selected urban space, describe the spatial pattern of the city. Is it possible to considerably affect the metabolic performance of urban space by urban development policies and planning, and how much? As an important background for the scenario building the following leading questions are formulated. Which types and spatial ranges of urban developments can be considered as a reasonable potential of sustainable urban development policies and planning, to be applied in order to improve existing urban forms?