Water Resources (Environment)

This paper examines the manner in which Pakistani and Indian media represent the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) in the bigger picture of climate change and transboundary water politics. The study will analyze the tone, thematic emphasis and narrative approaches of top newspapers in the two countries on times of increased levels of water-related tensions and extreme climate phenomena using comparative framing analysis. This research aims to reveal whether the media discourse serves to support cooperation or trigger the conflict discourse, and how the narrative of climate change is placed in such frames. The study will present the availability of perspectives contributing to the overall understanding of the impacts of media in shaping the public deliberation and perception of common natural resources in South Asia and it will do so through the integration of the vision of environmental communication, international relations studies and media studies.

El embalse Carrizal es una obra realizada sobre el río Tunuyán, que nace a la vida del oasis en el año 1971, acompañada de importantes proyectos de desarrollo económico e integración territorial. La inexistencia de una legislación adecuada a las necesidades generadas por esta infraestructura, la ineficiencia en su administración y la desconexión puesta de manifiesto entre el embalse y su zona de influencia, son las causas que provocan la falta de equipamiento turístico-recreativo adecuado y el aprovechamiento óptimo del recurso agua. En el caso de Potrerillos , se diferencian 3 zonas en donde el impacto de la presa puede producir cambios importantes, potenciando su desarrollo o provocando la aparición de externalidades negativas y mayores gastos de los previstos. Estas son : la márgenes del embalse, en donde se espera, al igual que en El Carrizal, el

A new geological map has been developed using the regional database created at a 1:10,000 scale by the Geological Section of Regione Umbria. The study area was selected to enhance understanding of the existing
geothermal field, based on geophysical and geognostic research conducted by ENEL in the late 1970s and 1980s. This effort aims to improve knowledge of the structure of the potential geothermal reservoir and to determine the possible temperatures within it, continuing the initial work done through the Hotlime project under the European initiative “Establishing the European Geological Surveys Research Area to deliver a
Geological Service for Europe” (GeoERA). Within the framework of the European project “Geological Service for Europe” (GSEU), 3D geological modeling was performed to characterize the geothermal reservoir beneath
an approximately 800-square-kilometer area in the south-western Umbria region of central Italy. The modeling incorporated stratigraphic data and well logs, which were digitized and georeferenced through GIS software,
along with the vectorized version of the area’s geological map, including geological and tectonic data. Seven significant geological cross-sections were traced at locations with the highest data density. These sections
were processed using classic methods and expert opinion, then digitized and incorporated into a 3D modeling software. The study allowed for the reconstruction of subsurface behavior, including the top and bottom of the
geothermal reservoir, fault lines, and temperature isolines at 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, using spatial analysis and data interpolation techniques within the modeling software. The main geothermal reservoir was calculated
to be 2.720 cubic kilometers, located at an average depth of -1,700 meters below sea level, spanning an area of about 800 square kilometers. The data layers and documentation related to the geothermal reservoir study will be standardized in line with GSEU Project.

Bihar's wetlands are crucial ecosystems, defined by the Ramsar Convention as areas where water governs the environment. Covering approximately 4.4% of Bihar, these wetlands, predominantly in North Bihar's floodplains, include natural and man-made habitats. They support diverse biodiversity, including migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway, numerous fish species, and vital microbial life. These wetlands regulate hydrological processes, mitigating floods and replenishing groundwater, and play key roles in biogeochemical cycles, like carbon sequestration. Their ecological significance extends beyond local impact, influencing regional and global environments. However, agricultural expansion, driven by Bihar's economy, poses a significant threat. Bihar's economy heavily relies on agriculture, with fertile alluvial plains supporting crops like rice, wheat, and maize. Agricultural expansion, aimed at meeting growing demands, involves converting wetlands into farmland. This pressure intensifies due to population growth and the need for increased food production. The economic importance of agriculture often outweighs wetland conservation, especially in poverty-stricken areas. This necessitates balancing agricultural needs with wetland preservation. Agricultural practices alter water flow, sediment deposition, and nutrient cycling, impacting wetland ecosystems. Bihar's wetlands host diverse flora and fauna, including the sacred lotus and numerous bird species, some globally threatened. They are vital for fish biodiversity and support endangered species like the Indian elephant. Microbial diversity plays crucial roles in nutrient cycling and pollutant transformation. The historical context of agricultural dominance in Bihar highlights the continuous pressure on wetlands. Balancing economic needs with ecological preservation is essential for sustainable development in the region.

There is a scarcity of water in major metropolitan areas in Brazil like
São Paulo, which is crossed by a large river, the Tietê, which we have
been trying to clean up for some time. In the Upper Tietê area, in
which the Metropolitan Area anchored by São Paulo is located, there is
201 cubic m of water available per inhabitant per year, versus 1,000
cubic m per inhabitant per year in Pernambuco State, in Northeast
Brazil. This is far below what is internationally considered the
appropriate amount of water per inhabitant11.
This situation resulted from a historical process in which the river was
cast into oblivion by the society living along its banksthus losing its
original features and roles, as well as its connection to the city’s
inhabitantsand now serves the same function as the Cloaca Maxima in
Ancient  Rome.

This study examines community perceptions of water governance in Lethem, Guyana, with a focus on equity, access, and stakeholder inclusion. Using a survey of 377 residents, the research reveals generally positive views on fairness and collaboration but also highlights concerns about gender equity and the prioritization of vulnerable groups. The findings emphasize the importance of transparent, participatory, and culturally responsive governance systems. They also underscore the need to strengthen institutional mechanisms and visibility of inclusive policies to build public trust and improve water governance outcomes in hinterland communities. Policy implications are discussed for more effective, inclusive water resource management.

Este artigo trata sobre as relacoes entre o meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento economico, constitui de forma fundamental na sociedade. Tem por objetivo colaborar com o conhecimento sobre o debate o tema, obtendo possiveis solucoes para melhorar a evolucao das relacoes sociais, politicas e economicas. A metodologia aplicada foi a pesquisa descritiva e exploratoria, no desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi feito uma revisao bibliografica para justificar os limites e contribuicoes da propria pesquisa sobre o debate entre as relacoes do meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento economico. E studando as interacoes do homem com a natureza e os mecanismos legais para protecao do meio ambiente. Analisando o crescimento economico acompanhado de melhorias nos aspectos relacionados com a qualidade de vida , educacao , saude , infra-estrutura e com profundas mudancas da estrutura socioeconomica. Concluindo que  atraves da geracao de empregos, como uma forma eficaz de se construir uma nova sociedade global,...

The modelling of lake water quality is very important to make some prediction and to monitor it. Modelling Lake water quality, utilizing the data obtained from the in-situ measurements, collecting samples from the in situ and analyzing them in a laboratory are very expensive and time consuming. Several algorithms can be used to model lake water quality using the in-situ measurements data. In this work, Deep Learning was used to perform pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity modelling of the Itasy Lake. Deep Learning is another branch of machine learning or automatic training that works well to solve many problems. The obtained results demonstrated that the developed model of a deep neural network (deep learning) provides an excellent relationship between the observed and simulated water quality parameters. Moreover, the coefficient of correlation (R 2 ) was 0.89 for pH, 0.97 for the dissolved oxygen, 0.96 for the conductivity and 0.99 for the turbidity. The root mean square error (RMSE) values for pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity were below 0.22, 0.21 mg.l -1 , 1.37 µS.cm -1 , and 0.53 NTU respectively, during the deep learning training and validation phases. After getting the model, the parameters of the Itasy Lake water were estimated on 1 st January 2019. The obtained results are as follows: pH was ranged from 7.1 to 7.6, 7.0 mg.l -1 to 7.2 mg.l -1 for the dissolved oxygen, 55.7 µS.cm -1 to 57.1 µS.cm -1 for the conductivity and 12.0 to 12.2 NTU for the turbidity. It was shown that the water quality of Itasy respects the Malagasy norm with regard to pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity and turbidity. And the mean values for these parameters were respectively 7.6 for pH, 7.01 mg.l -1 for the dissolved oxygen, 57.05 µS.cm -1 for the conductivity and 12.03 NTU for the turbidity.

The geothermal energy represents one of the best types of ecological energetic resources, with costs nowadays competitive. The relatively recent volcanic areas host the main geothermal structures. Three are the parameters which in turn determine the presence of a geothermal field: a hot body which supplies heat to the system, a reservoir in which circulating the hydrothermal fluids and a cap rock which isolates or limits the loss of heat and/or fluids from the system. All these parameters are necessary, but not yet sufficient. In fact it is important also to evaluate the hydric (thermal) recharge capacity of the reservoir and its degree of self sealing. In Italy the study of geothermal fields has been conducted up to the end of '80 years, on the volcanic structures cropping along the on-shore tyrrhenian coastline. These studies have shown a high potentiality, but on the other hand a low usability because the hydrothermal fluids were highly saline. Here we propose an investigation of the geothermal resource with the aim to project deep explorative submarine drills, always on the tyrrhenian area, but this time off-shore. The Tyrrhenian basin reveals high positive heat flux anomalies. They are mainly centred on the volcanic seamounts structures (Magnaghi, Vavilov, Marsili, etc.), that can be also active from a magmatic point of view. These volcanic structures are expanded on areas ranging from some units of km2 up to several tens of km2, in an extensional tectonic context. This magmatism is mainly basic, with associate calc-alkaline events. Therefore both the volcanic structures and the related bathial planes, are theoretically characterised by lava successions, of both pillow and massive types. The peripheral and distal areas of these volcanoes are probably characterised by epiclastic deposits. At the same time moving from the centre of the volcano to the distal zone, the pelagic deposits would be progressively thick. The whole amount of geological and geophysical data could be in principle used to infer the presence of some geothermal fields. The hydrothermal fluids would be the marine water, with its salinity as a function of T and P. The presence of the hydrostatic marine pressure would determine a sensible difference of the physical-chemical features of the water, compared to that of the counterpart on-shore geothermal fields. The boiling point of the water in fact would be sensibly changed as a function of T and P, such to limit the frequently problems related to the self-sealing phenomena. However the nowadays available data do not yet let to have a clear and exhaustive picture of the geology and geophysic of the Tyrrhenian basin, except from the geodynamical point of view. Thereby we here propose new and detailed scientific analyses by the means of a series of planned surveys, such to characterise restricted and local area eventually relevant for geothermal topics.

This paper examines Bayelsa state and the contamination of it's aquifers. It seeks to establish that excessive pumping of aquifers, the interconnectivity of aquifers, saltwater intrusion and a low lying topography are responsible for successive ground water contamination.

This study investigates the adaptive strategies employed by smallholder farmers in response to climate change, with emphasis on their socio-economic characteristics, perceptions, and mitigation practices in Jere Local Government Area, Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive research design using quantitative methods. A structured questionnaire was administered to two hundred and one (201) respondents selected through multi-stage random sampling from four villages: Zabalmari, Dusuman, Mulai, and Alau respectively. Data were analyzed using simple percentages, frequency tables, and charts. Findings reveal that the farming population is predominantly youthful to middle-aged (21-40 years), largely male (83%), and primarily educated through Qur'anic schools (53%), with limited formal education. Farming is mostly rain-fed, with crop production (51%) as the principal livelihood source, increasing vulnerability to rainfall variability and land degradation. Notably, 55% of respondents had over 20 years of farming experience, suggesting a strong base of indigenous knowledge. Respondents identified deforestation (51%), emissions from vehicles and generators (61%), and bush burning (20%) as key causes of climate change, while decreased rainfall (50%), excessive heat (25%), and forest loss (19%) were cited as major effects. Adaptation strategies included early planting (25%), mixed cropping (30%), crop diversification, and use of drought-tolerant varieties. Spiritual practices like prayer (28%) also emerged as coping mechanisms. Despite a high adaptation rate (89%), constraints such as limited access to finance (40%), inadequate climate information (31%), and lack of improved seeds (20%) hindered effective responses. Most respondents (96%) were aware of climate impacts, and 91% reported income decline due to climate-related disruptions. Information sources included radio (60%) and agricultural extension services (20%). The study highlights high awareness and willingness to adapt among smallholder farmers. However, improved institutional support, access to climate-resilient technologies, and tailored extension and financial services are necessary to enhance resilience in semi-arid farming communities.

Carbon 14 tests confirmed what was widely accepted in research that the Cave of the Patriarchs complex was built by Herod the Great.
One of the open and embarrassing questions that was on the agenda without a plausible answer from the 19th century, until the publication of a documentation file by the Antiquities Authority in 2014, was: Was and where was the original Herodian gate to the complex?
Researchers raised the possibility that the original entrance to the compound was in the northwest corner, hidden by the structure known as Joseph's Tomb.
However, upon re-examination of the historical sources, locating new inscriptions, direct contact with the gates from unfamiliar directions and exposing layers of plaster, I would like to claim that two of the three existing openings in the wall are original. The eastern gate was built in the center of the eastern wall, at the level of the bedrock, and all those coming could enter through it without the need for stairs. On the other hand, the western gate was built in a location where those entering through it reached the space between the Avraham tombstone and the Jacob tombstone. To this gate, go up via a staircase built on top of vaults.
The search for monumental gates and ancient literary evidence contributed to incorrect understandings regarding the dating of the existing and known openings in the cave complex.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the climate change impacts in Maroon Basin, Iran. To investigate the impacts of climate change on rainfall, temperature, and inflow in Maroon Dam, a simulation of four general circulation models (GCMs) was done in three future periods 2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080. The results showed that the projected increased temperature would significantly reduce the runoff in the basin, despite the projected increase in rainfall. The most significant decrease of the average inflow to the Maroon Dam Reservoir in the near future of the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios in March 24 and 26.4%, the middle future in March 25.4 and 29%, and the far future in March 27 and 30.6%, respectively, is predicted. Also, the MODSIM model simulation results showed that the Maroon Dam Reservoir would face a water resources shortage in the future to provide maximum demands. The average water supply reliability in climate change scenarios showed that the maximum water ...

Following the Paris Agreement, global actors intensified climate action through ambitious pledges, financial alliances, and investments in green technologies. However, despite continued rises in atmospheric carbon concentrations and global temperatures, a series of structural regressions have emerged, exposing the deep vulnerabilities and inherent flaws of artificial environmental protection systems— systems predominantly shaped by mainstream economics’ growth-oriented and technology-centric paradigms. This paper, grounded in Granular Interaction Thinking Theory (GITT), seeks to uncover the logical flaws embedded in such systems. It explains how they perpetuate the illusion that perpetual economic growth is compatible with environmental protection through prioritizing investment in advanced— yet often costly, low-impact, and highly uncertain— technological solutions. This bias also results in an overdependence on a limited range of technologies, heightening the risk of economic bubble formation and immiserizing growth. To address these systemic shortcomings, we advocate for the adoption of the semiconducting principle of monetary and environmental value exchange. This principle ensures that environmental values can be translated into monetary values, but not vice versa— thereby preventing monetary valuation from undermining ecological sustainability. Operationalizing this principle effectively requires the cultivation of Nature Quotient (NQ) across society and a broader socio-cultural shift toward an eco-surplus culture, in which environmental protection, restoration, and regeneration are not peripheral trade-offs, but foundational preconditions for long-term economic resilience, political stability, and social well-being. Such a profound transition will inevitably increase systemic entropy— manifesting as uncertainty and disruption across established socio-cultural and political patterns, norms, and structures. Accordingly, this paper also explores the major challenges that may hinder the emergence and diffusion of an eco-surplus culture, as well as strategies for addressing them.

Resumo -O abastecimento sustentável de água para pequenas comunidades rurais no semiárido brasileiro é um assunto desafiador ainda não plenamente solucionado. Uma pesquisa realizada em três municípios localizados no semiárido do Estado do Ceará revelou que a questão da escala da comunidade e o modelo gerencial adotado são fatores decisivos para o sucesso dos sistemas implantados. Cinco condicionantes para universalização e sustentabilidade dos sistemas de abastecimento foram identificados como prioritários, os quais correspondem às dimensões tecnológica, social, gerencial, econômica e legal.

Ethiopia's main environmental problem has been soil erosion. To control and reverse the problem, soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques have been deployed over the past two to three decades. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of implemented soil and water conservation measures on soil physicochemical properties in the Anuwa watershed, southern Ethiopia, under various conservation structures (Soil bund, Fanya Juu, Stone bund and Micro Basin) and topographic positions (upper, middle and lower) of conserved plots. The soil samples were collected from 45 locations to analyze topsoil texture, bulk density (ρd), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), CEC, exchangeable Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+. All soil samples were analyzed using standard and recommended methods. Using the SPSS computer program 21, the effect of independent variables (SWC practices and landscape position) on the dependent variables (soil properties) was statistically tested. The significance test was performed using two-way ANOVA. The findings indicated that the SWC measure significantly decreases the percent values of sandy soil texture, while it increased the mean values of organic carbon, available phosphorus, exchangeable Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+, and CEC (P < 0.05). The sand content, the bulk density, the SOC, and the total nitrogen showed statistically significant variations between the conserved and non-conserved upper topography (P < 0.05). The effects of conservation measures were significant in almost all soil physicochemical properties at P < 0.01 except for the silt content, bulk density, and Ca 2+ in the lower topography. The study findings revealed that Fanya Juu SWC measures are by far the most efficient, and recommended method to minimizing soil erosion, and improving selected soil physical and chemical quality in the Anuwa watershed. Local governments and other stakeholders should work cooperatively to strengthen and sustain the implementation process.

Tourism is currently one of the leading industries or sectors that is very strategic to be developed to improve the economy to improve people's welfare. Kutacane is a city located in the southeast of the province of Aceh, this city is at the foot of Mount Leuser which is the lungs of the world. One of the attractions in Kutacane is the Ketambe tourist area, where this area is located in the Gunung Leuser National Park (TNGL) area which is famous for its natural panorama which has the potential to be developed. The tourist attraction is a major factor in the development of a tourist area so that the progress and development of a tourist area are very dependent on what attractions are offered by the tourist destination, the purpose of this study is to identify and find attractions or attractions. in the area. Ketambe tourism can support the development of tourist areas. This research was conducted using a mixed-method of qualitative descriptive and descriptive statistics. This study refers to three research variables, namely Natural, Cultural, and Artificial Attractions. The results of this study are expected to be material and input for the Southeast Aceh Regency Government in terms of planning and developing tourist areas in the area.

Iran’s escalating water crisis is not merely a product of drought or climate change; it is a man-made disaster engineered by entrenched networks of political and economic elites—what many Iranians now call the Water Mafia. This article exposes how a corrupt alliance of regime-linked contractors, Revolutionary Guard affiliates, and state institutions have exploited Iran’s water resources for profit, devastating ecosystems and driving mass displacement. Through unregulated dam construction, river diversions, and unsustainable agricultural practices, this mafia has triggered ecological collapse, land subsidence, and deepening social unrest. The crisis threatens to displace millions within Iran and fuel wider regional instability. The article calls for targeted international sanctions against the profiteers of Iran’s water crisis and urges global actors to support local Iranian efforts for sustainable water management, resilience building, and long-term ecological recovery.

The suboptimal management of sustainable water resources in Indonesia stems primarily from the misalignment between economic, social, and environmental development strategies. Rapid population growth, characterized by diverse demographic dynamics, has intensified demands for essential resources such as food, water, energy, housing, and infrastructure. However, natural systems operate within ecological limits, necessitating prudent resource governance. Water resource conservation serves as a strategic pathway to achieving sustainable development, supported by a myriad of regulations and policy frameworks. The core issue, however, is not a lack of regulatory instruments or financial allocations but rather fragmented and overlapping policies that undermine implementation effectiveness. Regulatory contradictions have led to “programmatic cannibalism,” where interventions compete rather than complement, diminishing the impact and coherence of conservation efforts. Sectoral fragmentation at the bureaucratic level reflects the disjointed nature of the regulatory environment itself. Moreover, watershed-based planning frameworks often fail to align with local government budgeting and planning mechanisms. This study synthesizes the landscape of legal and policy instruments governing water resource conservation across multiple sectors—including forestry, energy, agriculture, environment, spatial planning, and public works—at national and subnational levels. Using a qualitative literature review approach, the paper draws from policy documents, regulatory texts, and relevant international references. The findings highlight the urgency of regulatory harmonization, institutional integration, and multilevel governance readiness to support sustainable, coherent, and outcome-oriented water resource conservation strategies.

One of the characteristics of petroleum industry in developing countries is incessant flare of gases with its attendant socio-ecological impacts. Gas flaring has not only contributed to poor environmental quality and pollution but play remarkable role in micro-climate modification. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of gas flaring on air quality of Ologbo flow station, Edo state. Data was collected for air within defined distances from the flaring point in accordance with standard procedure. A 4 km distance from the flare facility was buffered. Sampling sites 1, 2, and 3 are within the vicinity of the flare facility, while the control point (Evbuarhue) is located 30 km from the fence of the flare facility. Air Quality measurements were done for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), methane CH4 and ammonia (NH3) using toxic gas monitors meter; toxic EEX 79 IICT3-T4 and CE89/336/EEC. The Ambient Air Quality and humidity were analyzed in situ using the standards a...

Water Should Not be a Tool of War in the India-Pakistan Conflict. Water Problems Can be Solved Technically and Politically.

Dursun Yıldız                                                  Dr. Hasan Hüseyin Doğan
Hydropolitics Expert                                        Vice President of Hydropolitics
                                                                                                          Association
Hydropolitics Academy-Türkiye
May 6-2025

Following the deaths of armed men in the Pahalgam tourist resort in Kashmir on April 22, India has begun to impose various diplomatic and commercial sanctions on Pakistan. The tension first began with a strategic war over water law, and India made a careful statement that it was putting the Indus Waters Treaty on hold (abeyance). According to press reports, this is the 11th time that the two countries have clashed on the border since the attack. During this period, India has begun to make more radical moves over water control after its move to put the Indus Water  Treaty on hold. As of May 5, 2024, India has stopped the flow of water from the Baglihar Dam and the Salal Dam on the Chenab River to Pakistan.  The cleaning of sediment accumulated in the dam reservoirs has declared  as the reason for this operation.
On May 7, 2025, India launched a missile attack on Pakistan's Azad Kashmir region. It is seen that conflicts will escalate in the region with Pakistan's response to the attack. However, it is known that water has not been used as a means of war in many conflicts in the past and that the Indus Treaty continues. This tradition should be continued today. Because a hydro strategy aimed at restricting water in this region could result in a major disaster.

This systematic literature review examined comprehensive methods for assessing the aquatic ecological health of artificial water reservoirs covering studies conducted globally from 1998 to 2023. The study employed the Protocol, Search, Appraisal, List, Synthesis, Analysis, and Reporting (PSALSAR) Framework and the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context (PICOC) framework to identify 61 relevant literature. The findings revealed the predominant use of statistics, biological and ecological indices, physicochemical contaminant analysis, and biological indicators in aquatic ecological health assessments. The SLR further identified several gaps, including the absence of a consistent framework for ecological health assessments, inadequate data on plankton community indices and the limited adoption of advanced techniques such as molecular analysis, all of which limit comparability across regions due to varying environmental contexts. Recommendations for future research include the development of more robust ecological health indicators and enhanced data integration techniques such as multimetric indices, functional trait-based indices, and resilience indicators that assess traditional metrics like water quality and biodiversity and incorporate measures of ecosystem function, services, resilience, and adaptive capacity. The SLR also recommended a comprehensive and integrated approach for future reservoir studies that combine physicochemical analyses, trophic state indices, species composition and diversity measurements, bioindicator assessments, statistical analyses, and physical habitat evaluations. Additionally, land-use assessments and advanced tools, such as molecular analyses and ecotoxicity bioassays, were proposed to enhance assessment accuracy.

Diversity of vegetation in three cover types of forest, Mappi, Papua. Mappi District, located in southern part of Papua, is one area that has a unique forest area especially in biodiversity species of flora. The aim of this study is to know tha types of vegetation and their potential. Observations were made using 9 plots, 20 x 20 m 2 in size of each plot; as tree (DBH [Diameter at Breast Height] ≥ 20 cm), 10 x 10 m 2 in size; as pole (10 ≤ DBH <20 cm), 5 x 5 m 2 ; as sapling (DBH <10 cm) and 2 x 2 m 2 ; as seedling. All vegetation in the plot are inventoried according to their growth rate. The location of the observation is based on land covers, namely swamp, secondary dryland and primary dryland forests. The results showed that the ecosystem in the swamp forest is located on the banks of the river with vegetation cover varying up to the mainland, such as Pandanus tectorius, Stenoclaena palustris, Cerbera manghas, where the species S. palustris is the species that mostly covers the forest floor. In the secondary forest, the vegetation types were consisted of Tristaniopsis ferruginea, Canarium denticulatum, Rhodamnia cinerea, Aporosa sp. and Palaquium sp. While in the primary dryland forests had stands of several species with high canopy and the forest floor covered by thin litter as lowland forest ecosystems, such as Santiria apiculata, S. laevigata, Cryptocarya crassinervia, Fagraea racemosa, Gonystylus macrophyllus, Vatica rassak and Prunus arborea.

Iran has had significant water scarcity for more than twenty years, positioning it among the nations with the greatest degrees of water stress. This dire scenario has led to macroeconomic, social, and political issues, such as heightened urban and rural migration, economic instability, and environmental deterioration. The document examines significant occurrences and public demonstrations about water difficulties across various regions of Iran, specifically from the south to the north, up to 2023. The document directs particular attention to the protests related to the desiccation of Lake Urmia and the unrest in Khuzestan, which illustrate the overarching national dilemma. We examine the effects of water shortage on urbanization, agriculture, and public security, highlighting notable regional disparities and the influence of climate change in intensifying the situation. The paper continues by highlighting the imperative for sustainable water management strategies and the acknowledgment of water as a fundamental human right to alleviate future socio-political and economic problems.

The implementation of Integrated Water and Land Resources Management (IWLRM) in Central Asia is facing substantial challenges today. The most basic challenge among them, to which many other challenges can be traced back, is the building and development of capacities at the individual and organizational levels. This Policy Brief reviews the capacity building approaches taken by the German Water Initiative for Central Asia (“Berlin Process”), in particular: (1) short-term vocational trainings for water professionals offered by the CAWa research project, (2) regional master programme “Integrated Water Management” implemented at the German-Kazakh University in Almaty, (3) training module on river basin planning developed within the GIZ program “Transboundary Water Management in Central Asia”. These approaches address mainly the individual level of capacity building, but with the establishment of river basin commissions, the GIZ programme targeted also the institutional level. Key factor...

The article presents analysis of the bio-methane production system in the selected Baltic Sea Region counties and possibilities of the distribution of this fuel based on the existing natural gas transfer systems. Each of the countries discussed has had its pre-liminary provisions developed for an intensification of the biogas utilisation processes, as an energy source, for the transport means. Legal and economic mechanisms have been characterised also, which may stimulate production increase and spur interest of the potential recipients of bio-methane as an engine fuel.

Surface water samples were collected from three stations along the Ogbia axis of Kolo Creek and were evaluated for physical and chemical properties. The observed mean values from the analysis of the water samples were; electrical conductivity 38.05±5.01 µS/cm, turbidity 11.87±0.99 NTU, total dissolved solids 17.08±0.78 mg/L, total suspended solids 7.19±1.76 mg/L, pH 5.67±0.24, salinity 26.57±1.03 mg/L, chloride 16.67±0.57 mg/L, nitrate 9.89±2.29 mg/L, sulphate 69.71±57.53 mg/L, phosphate 4.16±5.19 mg/L, dissolved oxygen 5.88±0.17mg/L, chemical oxygen demand 24.03±21.94 mg/L and biochemical oxygen demand 9.11±5.13mg/L. All the examined physiochemical parameters across the stations except pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand were within the permissible limit by WHO. The result indicated that the quality of the creek water has been compromised and as such not suitable for human consumption.

Indonesia's rapid urbanization, projected to reach 65% by 2030, is intricately tied to escalating climate risks, especially floods impacting vulnerable populations near rivers like the Citarum River in West Java. These challenges, if not addressed comprehensively, risk hindering economic growth and exacerbating health and environmental degradation, leading to urban segregation and social issues. In response, the government has issued regulations to accelerate pollution control and damage mitigation in the Citarum Watershed. However, the complexity of these issues necessitates collaborative, multi-stakeholder approaches. This paper proposes integrating nature-based and sustainable water management strategies, leveraging the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus framework and a cultural-natural approach. Hydro-diplomacy emerges as pivotal, facilitating ecosystem and societal resilience. Initiatives like microhydro systems for energy-efficient irrigation and the transformation of riverfront areas into tourism destinations highlight the potential for sustainable development and revenue generation. The penta-helix concept underscores the interconnected roles of academia, the private sector, government, community, and media in achieving program sustainability and improving the Citarum watershed. Effective budget allocation and collaborative programs are crucial for longterm success, promising to boost Indonesia's climate resilience and the WEF Nexus Index. This integrated approach not only addresses immediate challenges but also lays the foundation for sustainable urban development and climate resilience in Indonesia's evolving urban landscape.

In this paper, humidity advection maps of sea level and 850 hpa and geopotential height of sea level pressure and 500 hpa level were drawn and studied for 5 types of above 100 mm precipitation in the Bushehr province. Analyses of humidity advection maps showed that humidity resources for these precipitations are tropical regions of the eastern Africa, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and Adan Gulf, Oman Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The major courses of moisture entrance to the region are southern, south-eastern and south-western directions. On the surface level, the Siberian and Saudi Arabian high pressure systems, the east European dynamic low pressure center, the Sudan low pressure system and European high pressure center, and in the lower and middle levels of atmosphere the east Saudi Arabian anticyclone, north Africa trough and Spain anticyclone systems are the effective systems for transferring of humidity to the Bushehr region.

A região da Ponta D&#39;areia, localiza-se na cidade de São Luís, e possui um grande percentual de área urbanizada, principalmente por possuir ao decorrer das décadas uma grande especulação imobiliária, acarretando assim uma alta densidade populacional no local, além da instalação de edifícios de alto padrão, ocasionando a impermeabilização do solo. O processo de impermeabilização do solo ocasiona o aumento do escoamento superficial das águas pluviais, a ocupação e impermeabilização dessas áreas, ocasionadas pela ocupação de grandes edifícios e aplicação de asfalta sem áreas verdes, é uma das principais causas de alagamento em grandes centros urbanos, esse processo ocorre devido à alta impermeabilização do solo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a impermeabilização na área do bairro península da Ponta D’areia através de ambiente Sistema de Informação Geográficas-SIG, demostrando a correlação temporal da ocupação urbana da península no decorrer dos anos através de image...

Effective watershed development and management contribute significantly to the sustainable development goals by promoting sustainable livelihoods, bolstering resilience, and safeguarding natural resources. Implementing watersheds using physical soil and water conservation (PSWC) measures is one of the mechanisms employed to halt soil erosion and associated nutrient loss. However, no empirical study has been conducted to examine the effects of Physical Soil and Water Conservation (PSWC) structures and varying slope gradients on selected soil properties in the Ijara watershed, located in the Nonno district of Oromia, Ethiopia. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the influences of PSWC structure and slope gradients on selected soil physicochemical parameters in the study watershed. The research employed a Randomized Complete Block Design technique to collect soil data. A total of 18 composite soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of soil depth in farmland with and without PSWC structures across three landscape positions. The General Linear Model(GLM) was applied to test the influence of environmental factors on soil physicochemical properties, using the SPSS computer program software version 25. The results showed that sand particles, clay particles, Moisture, Total Nitrogen(TN), Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC), Soil Organic Matter, and Soil Organic Carbon, Exchangeable Calcium and Potassium were significantly varied across various watershed management practices (p < 0.05) due to the conservation practice. Bulk Density(BD), Moisture Content, Electro Conductivity, CEC, TN, and Exchangeable P and M showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation related across slope gradients. Except for sand particles and bulk density (BD), the mean values of all analyzed soil properties increased from the upper to the lower slope. The study results have revealed that implementing PSWC measures in the farmland significantly improved most of the physicochemical parameters of the soil compared to the farmland without PSWC measures. In the study area, the stone bund structures of the watershed reduced soil erosion problems and had desirable effects on soil physicochemical properties, improving the land's productive capacity. Responsible bodies are expected to provide technical support, training, and follow-ups for farmers in the study area to manage the watershed better.

Effective watershed development and management contribute significantly to the sustainable development goals by promoting sustainable livelihoods, bolstering resilience, and safeguarding natural resources. Implementing watersheds using physical soil and water conservation (PSWC) measures is one of the mechanisms employed to halt soil erosion and associated nutrient loss. However, no empirical study has been conducted to examine the effects of Physical Soil and Water Conservation (PSWC) structures and varying slope gradients on selected soil properties in the Ijara watershed, located in the Nonno district of Oromia, Ethiopia. Hence, this study was carried out to assess the influences of PSWC structure and slope gradients on selected soil physicochemical parameters in the study watershed. The research employed a Randomized Complete Block Design technique to collect soil data. A total of 18 composite soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of soil depth in farmland with and without PSWC structures across three landscape positions. The General Linear Model(GLM) was applied to test the influence of environmental factors on soil physicochemical properties, using the SPSS computer program software version 25. The results showed that sand particles, clay particles, Moisture, Total Nitrogen(TN), Cation Exchangeable Capacity (CEC), Soil Organic Matter, and Soil Organic Carbon, Exchangeable Calcium and Potassium were significantly varied across various watershed management practices (p < 0.05) due to the conservation practice. Bulk Density(BD), Moisture Content, Electro Conductivity, CEC, TN, and Exchangeable P and M showed a significant (p < 0.05) variation related across slope gradients. Except for sand particles and bulk density (BD), the mean values of all analyzed soil properties increased from the upper to the lower slope. The study results have revealed that implementing PSWC measures in the farmland significantly improved most of the physicochemical parameters of the soil compared to the farmland without PSWC measures. In the study area, the stone bund structures of the watershed reduced soil erosion problems and had desirable effects on soil physicochemical properties, improving the land's productive capacity. Responsible bodies are expected to provide technical support, training, and follow-ups for farmers in the study area to manage the watershed better.

The Wet Weather Design and Operation in Water Resource Recovery Facilities is a distinguished publication by the Water Environment Federation (WEF), prepared under the guidance of renowned Co-Chairs Christopher W. Tabor and Julian Sandino. With contributions from 43 leading experts, this 16-chapter resource comprehensively addresses the planning, design, and operation of water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) during wet weather events. Topics range from facility hydraulics and biological treatment to health and safety considerations, with practical case studies and consistent formatting enhancing the book's usability.
While the publication effectively balances U.S. customary and metric units in text, improvements are suggested for unifying units in figures to benefit a global audience. Despite this minor limitation, the book remains an indispensable guide for wet weather planners, engineers, and managers, offering modern solutions and practices for WRRF challenges. Readers seeking additional technical depth are encouraged to consult other complementary WEF publications. This special edition serves as a cornerstone reference for professionals managing WRRF operations under wet weather conditions.

The global environmental crisis, characterized by challenges such as climate change, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss, requires urgent action. As an educated and socially aware demographic, university students are uniquely positioned to contribute significantly to environmental protection and sustainability. This paper explores the multifaceted role of university students in addressing environmental issues through education, advocacy, research, and sustainable campus initiatives. It highlights how student-led movements, such as Fridays for Future, have propelled environmental awareness into public discourse and influenced institutional and policy changes. Students' involvement in research and innovation, particularly in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and waste management, has led to groundbreaking solutions to mitigate environmental degradation. On university campuses, students drive sustainability through initiatives to reduce waste, conserve energy, and promote biodiversity. Their advocacy extends beyond campuses to regional, national, and international platforms, where they actively shape environmental policies and push for ambitious climate action. Despite challenges such as limited funding and institutional resistance, university students continue to overcome barriers by leveraging academic resources and collaborating with external organizations. Ultimately, university students play a pivotal role in fostering long-term environmental stewardship and promoting sustainable development at both local and global levels.

  4-D Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was employed at the Kegbara Dere oil spill site in Ogoniland, Rivers State, southern Nigeria, to monitor the pollution dynamics of the contaminant plume, identify its preferential flow path, and determine target areas for decontamination to optimize remediation planning. Twelve survey lines were executed in a grid at four time points at the spill site. The independent inversion of 3-D datasets displayed acute variations in the apparent resistivity of the contaminants in response to precipitation, and a maximum depth of 41.8 m was imaged. A time-dependent evaluation of 3-D ERT models showed a reduction in the apparent resistivity of the contaminant plume during the rainy season compared to the dry season. This tendency is attributed to the dilution effect of rainfall, which increases the water content of the soil in the wet season. The time-lapse (TL) 3-D datasets were subjected to 4-D simultaneous inversion using a developed in-house algorithm, and the 4-D inversion results were analyzed to show the real-time position of the contaminant plume and the migration flow pathway is oriented to the southwest of the spill site. A maximum depth of 44.0 m was investigated. The 4-D inversion was able to eliminate time-related inversion artifacts to identify the preferential flow path of contaminant plumes at the spill site. This allows the environmental assessment of the target areas for cleanup and decontamination. An investigation of water specimens collected from five boreholes at the spill site revealed an average concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon for the specimens as 739.51 μg/l, which surpassed the Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR) margins (50 and 600 μg/l). The summed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in the specimens was measured at 0.70 μg/l in borehole 1 (BH1), 0.79 μg/l in borehole 2 (BH2), 0.36 μg/l in borehole 3 (BH3), 1.00 μg/l in borehole 4 (BH4), and 1.89 μg/l in borehole 5 (BH5), which are beyond the DPR target margin of 0.15 μg/l. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene compositions also displayed elevated concentrations in the specimens. The direction of groundwater flow is toward BH4, located southwest of the spill site, indicating the most at-risk receptor area for contamination. The results obtained from the geophysical and geochemical methods showed a strong correlation and have been validated as efficacious tools for environmental monitoring and pollution assessment at contaminated sites. The 4-D inversion proved beneficial for remediation planning and sustainable development, even in the presence of rainfall during the TL surveys. 

Congress overflows are economic structures to increase the output efficiency of the overflow in a limited width, which can be seen in the plan in the form of a trapezoid, triangle, etc. Increasing the overflow capacity by increasing its width is not always possible, the use of congress overflows is due to the increase of their effective length in hydraulic height and specific width. In this research, the effect of the geometric shape of concourse overflows in direct and lateral flow modes in channels is evaluated. For this purpose, three rectangular, trapezoidal, and semicircular overflows have been chosen in such a way that their length is equal. These three spillways have been used in the direct and lateral paths after verification and calibration, and their discharge coefficients have been obtained. Flow3D software is used in numerical modeling. For validation and calibration, numerical modeling of direct sharp edge overflow and triangular and trapezoidal congressional shapes has been done and the results show a high 90 % agreement between numerical and laboratory results. After verification and calibration, the above-mentioned congress overflows were used simultaneously in the direct and lateral paths. In all cases of discharge of the flow passing through the direct and lateral overflow obtained by using the relationship of overflows, the discharge coefficients were determined. The results of the numerical solution were verified with laboratory data to determine the flow rate of the overflow coefficient, which showed that there is a good match between the numerical and laboratory solutions and the Flow3D software has a high capability to simulate the flow on congressional overflows. The results show that under the same conditions and high flow rates, H/P > 0.2, the flow coefficient of congressional overflows in the straight channel is about 0.8 and in the lateral state is about 0.7. Also, on average, the side overflow flow rate is calculated as 40 % of the total channel flow rate. The best performance is related to the trapezoidal overflow and also by increasing the flow rate, the effect of the overflow shape can be saved.

Para una adecuada planificacion y gestion de los recursos hidricos es clave conocer la distribucion temporal y espacial de estos. La sequia es un fenomeno hidrologico extremo de gran complejidad que afecta el desarrollo y aprovechamiento de los recursos hidricos en una misma region. En este trabajo se abordo la identificacion y caracterizacion de sequias desde el punto de vista hidrologico, abarcando la mayor ventana de tiempo y espacio en funcion de los datos de caudales disponibles. Este estudio comprende un area de 14 cuencas hidrograficas argentinas (los rios Colorado, Mendoza, San Juan, Atuel, Ctalamochita, Anisacate, Xanaes, Suquia, Dulce, Juramento, Salado, Parana, Bermejo y Pilcomayo). El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido identificar y caracterizar, temporal y espacialmente, sequias hidrologicas para evaluar la disponibilidad hidrica regional, que es una componente esencial en la planificacion del agua. En este trabajo se define como sequia hidrologica aquel suceso en el...

Responders must search for ways to provide urgently needed public goods without undermining public authority. • Responders must address the psychological as well as the physical needs of victims. • Greater steps must be taken to improve global and regional disaster preparedness.

This study examines the relationship of hotel energy management strategies (HEMS) and hoteliers’ perception of sustainable energy management (SEM) in Abuja, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered while descriptive and inferential analyses methods were applied. The combined respondents mean ranking on application of HEMS revealed timely implementation on preventive and major maintenance programs, educating staff and guests on energy consciousness, frequent insulation assessment ranked (3.57-4.27) as applied HEMS. Setting energy conservation target and energy audits ranked moderately applied (3.34-3.36) while installing centralized energy management systems, on- site renewable energy generation, smart digital thermostats installation ranked (1.57-2.15) were least applied. The result further demonstrates return on investment, price and efficiency of technology, cost savings, Stabilized prices and availability of energy, improving hotel brand image and desire on improving guests’ exp...

This research contributes to the academic discussions on the politics of water quantification by analysing the factors that generate divergent water figures in the southwestern United States. The controversies surrounding the construction of the Lake Powell Pipeline (LPP) are the case of study as its proponents and opponents use conflicting water data. This analysis associates four kinds of contradictory data related to the LPP with epistemological questions (value, ranking, perspective and delimitation) to explain why having more data does not solve conflicts. Since having adequate data is essential to making informed decisions, this study concludes by calling for a critical review of water figures that considers the logical limits of quantification and the political factors influencing its production and use.

Just after the Second World War, thousands of Black Americans migrated to the North. They were fleeing the South, where they were restricted to menial jobs and barred from voting, but in the North, they frequently encountered job ceilings that reinforced the familiar racial boundaries and restrictive covenants that had long relegated them to the poorest neighborhoods and the worst living conditions.21 Davis-text-1PP.indd 6 Davis-text-1PP.

Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję wykorzystania gruntowego wymiennika ciepła typu żwirowo-wodnego do wentylacji i wspomagania ogrzewania istniejących budynków inwentarskich, w których prowadzona jest hodowla trzody chlewnej. Dokonano analizy zapotrzebowania chlewni na stopień wymiany powietrza oraz ciepło. W oparciu o aktualne zużycie energii elektrycznej na potrzeby wentylacyjno-grzewcze budynków inwentarskich zaproponowano koncepcyjne rozwiązanie alternatywne, bazujące na gruntowym wymienniku ciepła (GWC). Wykonano również analizę ekonomiczną realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Wykazano, że zastosowanie GWC żwirowo-wodnego w układzie wentylacji i ogrzewania budynków inwentarskich pozwala na utrzymanie w nich właściwych warunków klimatycznych oraz jest zasadne zarówno z ekonomicznego, jak i ekologicznego punktu widzenia. Słowa kluczowe: gruntowy wymiennik ciepła, wentylacja, budynek inwentarski, trzoda chlewna Powietrze wypełniające wnętrze budynków mieszkalnych, biurowych, gospodarczych czy inwentarskich ulega zużyciu w wyniku oddziaływania różnych czynników związanych z funkcją i wyposażeniem pomieszczeń. Przede wszystkim może być zawilgocone i zawierać zwiększone ilości dwutlenku węgla powstałego w wyniku oddychania użytkowników. Do powietrza mogą przedostawać się lub wydzielać także inne toksyczne i szkodliwe dla zdrowia gazy. W przypadku budynków inwentarskich (Mielcarek, 2012), w powietrzu mogą być pewne ilości szkodliwych dla zwierząt oparów substancji, takich jak: amoniak, metan, siarkowodór oraz pyły i inne nieprzyjemne odoranty. Nadmierna ilość wilgoci przyczynia się do rozwoju trudnych do usunięcia grzybów i jest często źródłem chorób oraz wytwarzania substancji szkodliwych dla zdrowia. Wykroplona woda przenikania do elementów konstrukcyjnych budynku, powodując uszkodzenie struktury oraz elementów wyposażenia obiektu.

Remote sensing data and GIS technology are very important tools for monitoring and controlling sand dunes. Various data were used, represented by recent images of drones, multiple digital images from Landsat-8, in addition to high spatial resolution satellite images. Landsat-8 satellite images were used to derive the natural sand index, which was used to monitor the distribution, shape, size and patterns of sand dunes in the study area. The study revealed that sand movement increased rapidly in the study area during the periods studied, as the movement of sand dunes was from the northwest to the

To understand variables that link the welfare, livelihood and the watershed is crucial when instituting the integrated watershed management. This requires having indicators to show changes of the condition of the welfare, livelihoods and watershed resources. However, the combination of livelihoods and welfare of the local communities who depend largely on watershed resources for income, food, energy and shelter have not been adequately considered elsewhere. This results to the imbalance between the human development and the conservation priorities when implementing watershed management policies. The aim of this paper is to present the technical efficiency indicator (TEI) constructed from socioeconomic and watershed related variables. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is employed to construct the TEI. The novelty in the current study is its ability to combine socioeconomic and biophysical information to obtain a sustainability indicator of both the natural resource supporting people's livelihoods and the welfare of people. The construction of TEI fills the knowledge gap on how to achieve the mutual balance between human development and conservation objectives in the natural resource management arena. Study findings are that there is significant household dependence on the watershed resources. This implies that watershed resources have a greater role to play on the welfare of the communities due to existing direct relationship between crop cultivation and the watershed environment. Therefore there is a need to take into account the sustainability of the watershed resources when setting up development policy in the study area.