Value Added Tax

This paper empirically investigated indirect tax and employment generation in Nigeria from 1999 -2019. The specific intentions of the study were to; examine the correlation between value added tax and employment generation in Nigeria and determine the impact of custom and excise duties on employment generation in Nigeria. Secondary data on employment rate, custom and excise duties as well as value added tax were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and the method of Dynamic Ordinary Least Square regression analysis was applied. Given the empirical results, the paper concluded that indirect tax measures by value added tax (VAT) has a direct link with employment rate. Also, custom and excise duties have a significant impact on employment generation in Nigeria. Based on the empirical findings, the study recommended amongst others that government should put in place adequate fiscal measure to ensure that revenue generated from indirect taxes is effectively utilize to develop and grow the economy through employment generation.

This paper empirically investigated the impact of value added tax (VAT) on economic growth in Nigeria from 1994–2018. This was done against the background that VAT as an indirect tax was introduced by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1993 to replace sales tax with the sole aim of increasing the revenue base of government and make funds available for developmental purposes. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of value added tax on economic growth in Nigeria and determine the impact of other tax revenues particularly, custom and excise duties on economic growth in Nigeria. Thus, secondary data on GDP, VAT revenues, custom and excise duties were sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. Also, ARDL technique was used to analyze data. The variables were subjected to ADF unit root test prior the ARDL and found to be stationary. The ARDL co-integration test showed that there is a long run association amongst the variables. The ARDL short run result showed that the value of VAT h...

Filing your income tax return in SXM can seem daunting, but with the right guidance and resources, it becomes a straightforward process. Whether you prefer to handle filings personally or engage a professional, compliance is the key to avoiding penalties and benefiting from available deductions.

Alhamdulillah, segala puji hanya milik Allah SWT, Rabb semesta alam. berkat Rahmat dan Kasih-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul "Cara dan sistem pemungutan pajak". Serta shalawat dan salam tak lupa disampaikan kepada Nabi kita Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa kita dari alam kegelapan menuju alam yang terang benderang seperti yang kita rasakan saat ini.

Turkiye’de koyden kente goc ile birlikte sehir merkezlerinde yogunlasan nufusun en buyuk gereksinimlerinden birisi de konut olmustur. Bu nedenledir ki gunumuzde tum ulke sathinda Toplu Konut Idaresi Baskanligi, Belediyeler vb. kurumlar yogun bir sekilde kentsel donusum sorununu come cozme ugrasisindadirlar. Kentsel donusum uygulamalarinda, mevcut konutlar yikilmakta ve yikilanlarin yerine alt yapisi ve zemini saglam, her turlu ustyapisi tamamlanmis, cok katli yerlesim yerleri insa edilmekte ve konut sahiplerine de bu konutlardan verilmektedir. Bir diger kentsel donusum uygulamasinda ise hazine arazisi uzerine gecekondu tarzi yapilmis binalar yikilmakta ve yikilan bina sahiplerine uzun vadeli faizsiz veya dusuk faizli krediler saglanmaktadir. Bu calismada, konut sektoru katma deger vergisi uygulamalarinda ozellikli durumlarin neler oldugu tespit edilerek, uygulamada bu konuda ortaya cikan tereddutler, kanun, yonetmelik, teblig, ozelge, ve Danistay kararlari isiginda incelenmistir. Ca...

In the digital era, the emergence of quick response (QR) code technology has become a vital tool for enhancing the efficiency of electronic invoice management and promoting security and transparency in financial transactions, while reducing costs and ensuring compliance with regulations. This study focuses on QR code technology and electronic invoice requirements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, by exploring the generation of QR codes for electronic invoices. The study begins by analyzing QR code technology and its role in encoding and decoding information. Subsequently, the electronic invoice requirements in Saudi Arabia are reviewed, with a focus on the applicable systems and regulations. The research also includes details on generating QR codes for electronic invoices, considering factors such as data encoding, security protocols, and compatibility standards using the Python programming language. Various steps of this process are explained. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the technology and requirements related to electronic invoices in Saudi Arabia and to develop a program for creating QR codes for electronic invoices to improve and develop the financial and technological infrastructure in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, thereby contributing to supporting the digital economy and promoting sustainable development.

Purpose -The purpose of this research is to demonstrate how legal strategies can be used to enhance the effectiveness of value-added tax (VAT) and how taxation laws can synergise with economic goals to strengthen the economy. Design/methodology/approach -This study uses a comprehensive approach to explore various aspects of VAT, including its mechanics, collection process and global trends. It uses a comparative analysis of different types of taxes and their potential impact on economic growth. Additionally, it examines the role of the law in establishing tax systems, and how the law makes VAT more effective. Findings -The research highlights the importance of legal frameworks in implementing VAT strategies and addressing associated challenges. It also identifies the advantages and disadvantages of VAT and discusses its role in diversifying economic income sources to ensure a sustainable national revenue stream. Originality/value -This research contributes to the literature by offering insights into the interplay between law, taxation and economic development, particularly focusing on the effectiveness of VAT. It provides original perspectives on legal strategies to optimise VAT systems and enhance economic growth.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in Australia in July 2000 modelled on the European Union's value-added tax (VAT) system at a relatively lower and flat rate of 10%. In recent years, debate over the efficacy of the GST, and the tax system in general, has intensified. This paper analyses the economics of alternative tax policy scenarios for the purpose of informing the tax debate in Australia. Our analytical framework applies a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of the Australian economy that has been specifically designed for policy analysis.

We estimate the marginal excess burden of the GST and its components. Our results show that the GST is highly distortionary in its treatment of intermediate inputs and investment, but is efficient as applied to household consumption. We also estimate the general equilibrium effects of changes to the GST base and rate, and its removal from investment. The general equilibrium estimates support the marginal excess burden estimates. Our results suggest that the efficiency of the GST could be improved by broadening the consumption base or removing it from investment. Simply increasing the GST rate would be welfare decreasing.

After its 56th meeting, the GST Council approved one of the most sweeping rate rationalisation exercises in India's GST history. These changes, coming into force from 22 September 2025 (coinciding with the onset of Navratri), compress the existing multi-slab structure into a more streamlined regime.

The U.S. oil industry, once hailed as the cornerstone of global energy dominance, is now caught in a self-reinforcing cycle of falling oil prices, dwindling rig counts, shrinking investment, and declining production, that could erode America's market power in global oil. The industry, after years of strong output growth, now confronts a mounting set of pressures that threaten to reverse its gains. Billions in spending cuts underscore the mounting challenges faced by US oil producers, while OPEC+ seizes the moment to reassert its dominance.

Revenue collection from internationally traded goods is one of the core roles of Customs Administrations in many developing countries. Currently, the Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority (ERCA), the only government department authorized in the country to collect taxes from foreign trade, is also collecting customs duties, excise tax, value added tax (VAT), surtax, and withholding tax from imported goods to the country. These taxes provide considerable revenue to the government. The central theme of this Article is to evaluate the performance of customs duty towards its contribution to total government revenues. To achieve this objective, two important measurements of a tax revenue performance, the ratio of the tariff revenue to the total government revenues and the revenue productivity of the tax base in the study period (1959/60-2012/13), are analyzed first. Then, both the share and the trend of customs duty in the trade taxes, total taxes and total government revenues are analyzed, respectively. The trend of customs duty/GDP ratio is also included in the analyses. The findings of the analyses indicated that although its share in the government budget is significant, the effective tariff rate is much lower than the average tariff rate; its contributions to both the total tax revenues and total government revenues have also declined over time. Therefore, the identification of the responsible factors for this low performance of the tariff revenue in the country needs further investigations.

Revenue collection from internationally traded goods is one of the core roles of Customs Administrations in many developing countries. Currently, the Ethiopian Revenues and Customs Authority (ERCA), the only government department authorized in the country to collect taxes from foreign trade, is also collecting customs duties, excise tax, value added tax (VAT), surtax, and withholding tax from imported goods to the country. These taxes provide considerable revenue to the government. The central theme of this Article is to evaluate the performance of customs duty towards its contribution to total government revenues. To achieve this objective, two important measurements of a tax revenue performance, the ratio of the tariff revenue to the total government revenues and the revenue productivity of the tax base in the study period (1959/60-2012/13), are analyzed first. Then, both the share and the trend of customs duty in the trade taxes, total taxes and total government revenues are analyzed, respectively. The trend of customs duty/GDP ratio is also included in the analyses. The findings of the analyses indicated that although its share in the government budget is significant, the effective tariff rate is much lower than the average tariff rate; its contributions to both the total tax revenues and total government revenues have also declined over time. Therefore, the identification of the responsible factors for this low performance of the tariff revenue in the country needs further investigations.

This paper estimates Nash-type fiscal reaction functions for European governments competing for revenue from diesel excises. It appears that European governments strategically set their excise levels by responding to their neighbors' tax rates. This provides evidence for the presence of tax competition in diesel excises. In fact, a 10% higher rate in neighboring countries (in terms of the user price) induces a country to raise its own rate by between 2 and 3%. This impact is robust for alternative specifications. By imposing restrictions on excise levels, EU harmonization of excises in 1987 and the introduction of a minimum in 1992 exerted a positive impact on the excise level in a number of EU countries. It has not, however, significantly reduced the intensity of tax competition. Indeed, strategic tax responses have not significantly been reduced by these harmonization policies. We also find that high-tax countries appear to compete more aggressively than low-tax countries in the sense that they feature larger strategic tax responses. There is no significant difference between large and small countries.

The crisis of 2008 began as a financial crisis because it touched the banking system. In Europe it became a state crisis. Countries that were hard affected are Greece and Spain. The reason is that the European Central Bank had checked more basic indicators as GDP, inflation and unemployment, while such indicators as public debt and the budget deficit had been left in the shade. The crisis showed that the countries having worse indicators got affected more severely by the crisis itself. A typical case is Greece. Analysis of the case of Albania on this issue, is an aid for the region, because shows that the management of public debt through fiscal policy avoids deterioration of the main macroeconomic indicators. Albania's reforms towards a market economy imply the transformation and fiscal consolidation, as well, which means reducing the budget deficit and public debt. Consequently, public finance reform is carried out in terms of expenditures and tax collection. After the 2008 crisis, public debt in Albania has had a growing trend. Currently it is about 64 percent of GDP. Further increasing of public debt consists a serious obstacle to economic growth. In these conditions it is necessary to follow a prudent policy to reduce public debt and budget deficit. The core of this lies in reforming and restructuring the economy to find new sources of economic growth. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present a fiscal policy overview which is followed by Albanian Government for period 2000-2014, the public debt situation and ways to mitigate the fiscal imbalances.

Globalized economy has brought about many economic and political problems in both national and international fields. One of the most significant results of globalization is that it has removed boundaries and reduced time and space related costs preventing international capital from moving towards areas where it can increase its value. This change, which is positive considering revaluation and profit increase in global capital, has caused normlessness and led to a process blocking international competition, which may most of the time result in national and international economic crises. Countries have, thus, started to introduce tax policies that would attract global capital. This problem has conceptually been handled in fiscal literature as international tax competition. Recently its harmful aspects have also been included in the discussions. In this context, national authorities as well as international institutions such as European Union and OECD have been working on projects to prevent harmful tax competition. Yet, globalization and financialization of economy have made countries more dependent on international capital. It is conflicting that countries are making new regulations to prevent harmful tax competitions while they are also creating an environment where they can promote global capital to avoid possible financial crises. This conflict was clearly observed in European Union during the 2008 global crisis. This study reveals the conflict between tax policies applied by EU to overcome the 2008 global financial crisis and the works intended for preventing harmful tax competition in EU.

Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) dikenakan atas penghasilan yang diperoleh selama satu tahun dan tidak bisa dialihkan ke pihak lain. Withholding Tax (WHT) adalah mekanisme pemotongan langsung pajak penghasilan di sumber pembayaran, di mana pembayar wajib memotong persentase tertentu dari jumlah pembayaran yang dilakukan kepada penerima, berdasarkan Pasal 23 Undang-Undang No. 7 Tahun 1983 yang telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang No. 36 Tahun 2008. Dengan demikian, pajak berfungsi sebagai sumber pembiayaan negara yang bersifat wajib, tanpa imbalan langsung, dan dipungut dari penghasilan atau transaksi tertentu melalui mekanisme seperti pemotongan langsung di sumber pembayaran. Semua ketentuan ini diatur dalam undangundang perpajakan yang berlaku di Indonesia.

The article analyzes the current state of the banking system of
the  Republic  of  Uzbekistan  and  identifies  problems  associated
with  its  development.  In  particular,  such  problems  as  the
presence of the problem of unbalanced liquidity in commercial
banks,  insufficient  resource  base  of  banks,  a  low  level  of
profitability  of  assets  of  commercial  banks,  and  a  high  level  of
rates of required reserves of the Central Bank were identified.
Also, the article studies the scientific and theoretical views of
economists on the development of the banking system.
In the article, on the basis of the analyzes carried out, scientific
proposals have been developed aimed at the development of the
banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In particular, the
ways of increasing the profitability of commercial banks 'assets
were developed, the possibilities of strengthening the resource
base  and  increasing  the  level  of  banks'  liquidity  were
substantiated,  proposals  for  improving  the  policy  of  required
reserves of the Central Bank were substantiated.

The main objective of this study is to quantify the impact caused by changes in federal tax on the tax policy of the Brazilian states, considering the presence of horizontal tax competition between states. Using panel data covering 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District during the period 1995-2009, two models were estimated representing the average reaction of the states in response to changes in federal tax rates. In the first model, both levels of government act simultaneously, whereas in the second model, reaction is sequential, with the federal government acting as the leader in defining its effective tax rates. The results indicate a positive and significant response of states to increases in the federal tax rate, resulting in an over-taxation of the common tax base and higher tax rates. Additional tests show that the first model is the most suitable to represent the problem analysed.

The main objective of this study is to quantify the impact caused by changes in federal tax on the tax policy of the Brazilian states, considering the presence of horizontal tax competition between states. Using panel data covering 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District during the period 1995-2009, two models were estimated representing the average reaction of the states in response to changes in federal tax rates. In the first model, both levels of government act simultaneously, whereas in the second model, reaction is sequential, with the federal government acting as the leader in defining its effective tax rates. The results indicate a positive and significant response of states to increases in the federal tax rate, resulting in an over-taxation of the common tax base and higher tax rates. Additional tests show that the first model is the most suitable to represent the problem analysed.

This study examines the effect of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on the Indian banking sector including the challenges and opportunities arising due to its implementation. This research serves the study shift in operational dynamics of the banking sector forced by GST, to bring into perspective an analysis based on tax compliance, customer experience, and the changes brought in regulatory aspects. Findings show simplified tax structures; enhanced transparency; and input tax credits to be an important benefit. The drawbacks include the complexities of operations, state-wise registrations, increase in compliance costs, and banking service's tax rates. Some insights are presented in connection with a landmark case "Commissioner of GST and Central Excise vs. M/s Citibank N.A." which illustrate the practical issues confronting the sector in light of GST provisions. Findings also indicate that GST could only reduce the cascading effect of taxes, particularly in interbank dealings, but have brought higher complexity in inter-branch transactions and increased the cost of banking services. The original contributions of the study on GST have arisen from the realities and implications that GST would present toward the endeavour at repositioning the banking sector. The findings hold relevance for the policymaking community, banks and financial institutions, as well as the various regulatory bodies in providing most pertinent insights into the changing economic landscape of taxation.

Saya menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa makalah ini masih memiliki banyak kekurangan, baik dari segi penyusunan maupun isi materi. Oleh karena itu, dengan rendah hati saya memohon maaf atas kekurangan yang ada dan sangat mengharapkan kritik serta saran dari dosen pengampu mata kuliah Pajak Penghasilan Pemotongan dan Pemungutan maupun dari teman-teman sekalian. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pembaca.

Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan yang maha esa sehingga makalah ini dapat tersusun sampai selesai. Terima kasih kepada Bapak Dr. Wirmie Eka Putra, S.E., M.Si. dan Ibu Scheilla Aprilia Murnidayanti, S.Pn., M.A. pembimbing yang telah mengarahkan penulis dalam membuat makalah ini Penulis sangat berharap semoga makalah ini dapat menambah pengetahuan dan pengalaman bagi pembaca. Bahkan penulis juga berharap agar makalah ini bisa bermanfaat bagi kehidupan pembaca Penulis sebagai penyusun makalah ini merasa bahwa masih banyak kekurangan dalam penyusunan karena keterbatasan pengetahuan dan pengalaman penulis. Oleh karena itu, jika ada kritik dan saran terkait ide tulisan maupun penyusunannya, Penulis akan menerimanya dengan senang hati.

Penyusunan makalah ini bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan mengenai teori dan praktik perpajakan, khususnya terkait pemotongan pajak di Indonesia. Selain itu, penulis berharap makalah ini dapat memberikan gambaran yang jelas mengenai jenis-jenis, sifat, serta mekanisme pemotongan pajak sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundangundangan yang berlaku. Penulis menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu, penulis dengan rendah hati menerima segala kritik dan saran yang membangun demi perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan dukungan, bimbingan, serta bantuan dalam proses penyusunan makalah ini, khususnya kepada Bapak dan Ibu dosen pengampu. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi penulis maupun para pembaca. Jambi,

Tento článek je zpracován jako jeden z výstupů výzkumného projektu Rozvoj fi nanční a účetní teorie a její aplikace v praxi z interdisciplinárního hlediska s registračním číslem MŠM 6138439903. V současnosti ovšem lze daňový systém České republiky nazvat stěží efektivním z hlediska vlivu na efektivnost ve výrobě (a potažmo zaměstnanost). Zdanění práce je vyšší, než zdanění kapitálu, pokud opomineme v současnosti placené důchody. Předpoklad, že by lidé, kteří jsou v současnosti v produktivním věku, mohli dostávat od státu starobní důchody, které by jim ve stáří zajistily stejnou životní úroveň, jako je životní úroveň současných důchodců, se zdá být dosti silný. Zároveň existuje také diferenciace mezi jednotlivými druhy kapitálu. Úroky z úvěrů (včetně úroků z půjček na fi nancování výplaty dividend a podílů na zisku, srov. rozsudek Nejvyššího správního soudu č. 5 Afs 25/2009 -98) jsou zdaněny, opomineme-li drobné výjimky, pouze u zdroje. Tak lze půjčkou z daňové jurisdikce s nízkou sazbou daně z přijatých úroků snížit daňový základ společnosti -rezidenta ČR. Naproti tomu zdanění zisku činí 31,15 % (v důsledku 19% daně z příjmů právnických osob a 15% daně z dividend a podílů na zisku obdrží rezident pouze 68,85 % zisku před zdaněním). I tomuto zdanění se však lze vyhnout vhodnou volbou sídla akcionáře (srov násl. tabulku), neboť z "průtočných" dividend se daň neplatí. Daňový systém v České republice tedy respektuje především požadavek na stabilitu příjmu státního rozpočtu -zdanění práce lze uniknout obtížněji, než zdanění zisků.

Merupakan laporan yang berisi informasi keuangan sebuah organisasi. Laporan keuangan yang diterbitkan oleh perusahaan merupakan hasil proses akuntansi yang dimaksudkan sebagai sarana mengkomunikasikan informasi keuangan terutama kepada pihak eksternal.

Tax administration constantly monitors taxpayers through tax control to meet the legal obligations of the tax field. The main purpose of this function is to advise taxpayers and maintain operational control through continuous monitoring. Motivated by the importance of tax control, this paper aims to provide an empirical contribution to the analysis of tax control’s effects on the level of tax revenues. The database obtained in the analysis is both quantitative and qualitative according to the evidence of direct operational controls performed on businesses. The variables analysed are total tax revenues from value added tax (VAT), profit tax, personal income tax (PIT), withholding tax, etc.; tax control variables and macroeconomic variables. The methodology used in this paper is based on linear models with many variables as well as statistical tests to find the potential levels and equilibrium, elasticity and structural estimation of tax revenues. The findings of this paper provide a ...

This article, in an optimistic view, intends to prove that it is necessary the introduction of a European Union common system, by implementing at the community level some quota of taxation generally valid for all the Member States. This is an essential condition for the reduction of the phenomenon of fiscal evasion, including here the VAT evasion in the intra-community transactions.

The prevalence of poverty in developing countries like Ethiopia demands improvising internal revenue generating projects particularly the Tax collectionto reduce dependence on foreign aid and borrowing. The goal of this study is to investigate tax assessment and collection problems and the causes with regard to Category "A" taxpayers found in Debre Markos city. To achieve this objective, the researcher distributed self administered semi structured questionnaires to category "A" taxpayers found in Debre Markos city. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative research approches. The total population was 755 category "A" taxpayers in total while the researcher take 88 samples by using Taro Yemane formula. The information gathered witnessed that there exist inefficiency and insufficient number of tax assessment and collection officers in the Debre Markos city Finance and Economic Development Bureau. Moreover, most taxpayers lack sufficient knowledge of tax assessment and collection procedures. Thus, most of taxpayers do not know why they are paying taxes; what types of taxes are expected from them; and the applicable rules and regulations. Due to this and other factors mentioned in the analysis of this study, negligence, delay in tax payment and evasion are taken by taxpayers as solution to escape from payment of taxes.

We study good-by-good deviations from the Law-of-One-Price (LOP) for over 1,800 retail goods and services between all European Union (EU) countries for the years 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. We find that for each of these years, after we control for differences in income and value-added tax (VAT) rates, there are roughly as many overpriced goods as there are underpriced goods between any two EU countries. We also find that good-by-good measures of cross-sectional price dispersion are negatively related to the tradeability of the good, and positively related to the share of non-traded inputs required to produce the good. We argue that these observations are consistent with a model in which retail goods are produced by combining a traded input with a non-traded input.

Faced with budget constraints the Sri Lankan government (SLG) entered an International Monetary Fund Stand-by-Arrangement (IMF-SBA) for USD 2.6bn in 2009. • With this, the SLG has committed to raising the revenue-to-GDP ratio from 14 percent at present (2009) to 16.9 percent of GDP by 2012.

We present an equilibrium model of tax avoidance and test its implications using a survey of firms in Brazil. In the model, the credit method used to collect value-added tax (VAT) creates informality chains—clients or suppliers of informal firms are more likely to be informal. An increase in enforcement in a production stage increases formality downstream and upstream. Various empirical measures of formality of suppliers and buyers, and of enforcement downstream and upstream, are positively correlated with formality. When the VAT is applied in a single stage of production at a rate estimated by the authorities, these chain effects disappear. (JEL H25, H26, L14, L21, O14, O17)

The major political parties support the tenet of the original GST agreement that GST change requires unanimous state approval. However, GST change could differentially affect state economies, and thus influence support from individual states. We investigate the potential for GST change to differentially affect state economies. We do this by developing a multi‐regional model of the Australian economy that contains details of the legislated features of the GST. In this model, when we change any element of the GST, the economic effects are informed by regional differences in economic structure and their interactions with the details of our GST theory.

We develop a framework for economy-wide modelling of value-added tax systems. Our framework models a number of complexities of VAT systems as they are implemented by tax agencies. In particular, we model multiple rates, multiple exemptions, multiple degrees of refundability across commodity users, and multi-product enterprises. A detailed VAT framework, such as that which we present in this paper, is important for correct modelling of VAT within a general equilibrium model. Such a framework is also of value in correctly calculating the distribution of indirect tax payments in CGE model databases, a prerequisite of accurate welfare impact calculations. We use the model to analyse the effects of simplifying Vietnam's complex VAT system. We simplify the system by moving from three tax rates to one budget-neutral rate, while also removing many discretionary exemptions. We find that the policy lifts real private consumption spending, our welfare measure, by an average of 0.9 per cent over our simulation period, 2008-2018.

measures of VAT compliance rates are valuable for identifying problem areas in VAT implementation. They are also essential for meaningful cross-country and cross-time comparisons of VAT compliance. We present a comprehensive and general framework for calculating VAT compliance rates at both the economy-wide and detailed sectoral levels. Unlike existing measures of VAT compliance, our framework isolates a compliance measure from the effects on VAT receipts of detailed features of VAT systems as actually implemented by tax authorities. These features include multiple VAT rates, exemptions, registration rates, refund limitations, informal activity, taxation of domestic non-residents, and undeclared imports. We implement our comprehensive VAT compliance measure for Vietnam, a country with a complex VAT system. Our estimate of Vietnam's VAT compliance rate is about eleven percentage points higher than that calculated by the most popular measure of compliance, collection efficiency (CE). Our method facilitates decomposition of the difference between CE and our VAT compliance measure into the individual contributions of statutory and structural features of Vietnam's VAT regime.

The evolution of corporate income tax policies has been the subject of extensive scrutiny and has garnered substantial political and media focus. The continued worldwide expansion of corporations, coupled with the preservation of tax frameworks primarily under the purview of individual nation-states, has spawned a multitude of tangible and perceived dilemmas. One noteworthy example is the frequently cited notion of tax competition, which is portrayed as a compelling impetus behind the diminishing corporate income tax rates among nations, resembling a fervent race towards the lowest possible threshold. Corporate Investments are one of the key factors contributing to economic growth. The dynamics of corporate investments are intricately entwined with the prevailing tax regimes, where tax policies and incentives can significantly shape the allocation of resources and investment decisions of businesses. This research paper investigates the relationship between tax regimes and corporate investment decisions within the Indian context. Spanning from 2012 to 2023, the study employs a multifaceted approach, encompassing historical analysis and application of known investment theories such as Tobin’s q theory and the user cost of capital approach to discern the nuanced dynamics at play. The specified time frame will specifically highlight the impact of the most historic shift in the Indian tax regime with the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). The findings of this research can have significant policy implications for the Indian government and policymakers. It is aimed to help identify the impact of current tax policies in attracting investments and inform potential reforms to further enhance the investment climate in India.

This paper represents an outline of the contribution of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Bangladesh in association with the GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the beginning of vat introduction in Bangladesh. We constructed a correlation matrix using the Pearson and Spearman correlation methods, which was then visualized using a Heatmap to visualize the relationship between the variables. To evaluate the association among the variables, three hypotheses have been set and tested using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation. The data set have been developed from secondary sources combing the data of VAT revenues, GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the very beginning of VAT's introduction in Bangladesh (1991-2020) to complete the study and test statistical models. According to our findings, VAT makes a significant contribution to government income generation, resulting in the coverage of budgeted revenues and contributing to consistent GDP growth. VAT, as an indirect tax, is now seen as a powerful fiscal weapon to meet the government's ever-increasing demand for revenues to support all development programs for countries transitioning from least developed to developing. VAT has a strong significant correlation with the annual budget amount, but no positive association with GDP growth rate or total governmental revenues, according to Pearson, Spearman, and ANOVA model findings. VAT can play a vital role in sustaining government internal revenue sources by bordering the basic tax base.

In India, a new Direct Tax Regime was established in the 2020 Union budget, which will help taxpayer's more and simplified regulations relating to income tax and tax filing. It is clear from looking at many scenarios that both tax systems have benefits and drawbacks. For Indian taxpayer's, the adjustments made don't truly make life simpler. The new tax system is an excellent choice for those who have recently begun working, have a lesser salary and also for people who don't have lot of money. Investing in someone to lower their tax burden is part of the old tax system. However, everyone should bear in mind that your investment and insurance coverage shouldn't be chosen based on Tax Regime you choose.

Based on the best available theory and evidence, the Mirrlees Review sets out a comprehensive set of proposals for tax reform. While focused on the UK, its analysis and conclusions bear directly on the policy debate in other developed countries. The Review proposes a move to a more neutral tax system. Key ingredients include adjusting the personal tax and welfare system to achieve redistribution more effi ciently, imposing VAT on a broader base of consumption at a single rate, targeting environmental externalities more accurately, and aligning tax rates across all income sources while exempting the normal return to saving from tax, and introducing an allowance for corporate equity into the corporate tax system.

This study aims to examine the effect of tax penalties, trust in the tax authorities, and tax audit of taxpayer compliance. This research is based on a decrease in tax revenues that still has not reached the target set in the state budget ("APBN"). This study intends to identify factors that have a significant effect on taxpayer compliance which is limited to factors of tax penalties, trust in the tax authorities, and tax audit. This research will be conducted by using a quantitative approach; it can be done by using an approach through 153 respondents as a sample of this research. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of the study show that partially and simultaneously tax penalties trust in the tax authorities, and tax audit has a significant effect on taxpayer compliance. Determination coefficient value of 0.426 shows that the amount of 0.426 (42.6%) variation of the tax compliance variable is able to be explained by variables tax penalties, tax audit, and trust in the tax authorities.