Used Lubricating Oil

This study presents a comparative analysis of petroleum infrastructure projects in South Asia and the United States, with a focus on the role of advanced gas turbine engine technologies in enabling effective cross integration between fuel supply systems and power generation assets. The research followed a systematic methodology to ensure transparency and rigor, drawing upon a comprehensive body of 92 peer-reviewed articles and technical reports, collectively cited over 1,850 times, to evaluate infrastructure maturity, technological deployment, governance structures, operational resilience, and environmental performance across both regions. The findings highlight stark contrasts: the United States demonstrates a highly developed and interconnected petroleum infrastructure anchored by extensive pipelines, underground storage, LNG export facilities, and a diverse mix of heavy-duty and aeroderivative turbines optimized for flexible grid participation. South Asia, in contrast, exhibits a more fragmented infrastructure profile characterized by concentrated LNG terminals, limited crossborder pipelines, and heavy reliance on baseload combined-cycle units that often face challenges linked to fuel quality variability, maintenance dependence, and climatic vulnerabilities. Environmental and safety standards also diverge significantly, with the U.S. operating under stringent regulatory regimes and continuous monitoring systems, while South Asia faces weaker enforcement capacity and greater exposure to natural hazards. Governance and finance emerge as pivotal factors, as U.S. projects benefit from mature markets and diversified capital flows, whereas South Asian projects remain heavily reliant on donor financing and sovereign guarantees. The study concludes that cross integration is not solely a technical challenge but one shaped by infrastructure maturity, institutional strength, and environmental resilience. By synthesizing insights from a broad literature base, this research provides an integrated framework for understanding the systemic differences between South Asia and the United States and underscores the need for regionspecific strategies to optimize petroleum-to-turbine integration.

Blending of biofuels with petro-diesels has become indispensable for environmental conservation, offering considerably enhanced tribological qualities that contribute in power saving along with extension in the lifespan of compression-ignition (CI) engines. The objective of this work is to investigate the tribological features of nanoadditivated Laxmitaru- fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) blends in petro-diesel, by means of a 4-ball tribometer following American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 4172 standard. The experiments involved B-10 (10 percent biodiesel mixed with petro diesel), B-20 and B-30 variants along with neat petro-diesel. Nano Silicon dioxide (SiO2) was added in varying concentrations of 0.20%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1% by weight with Laxmitaru-FAME. The results revealed 75 % decrease in coefficient of friction (COF) and 55% reduction in wear compared to neat diesel (B0). Wear patterns of the experimental spheres were analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated the material insertion and consequential mending on interface by nanoparticles due to highly stable dispersions.

This research is about the recycling of used lubricating oil. Two different types of lubricating oil which were ACCEL ULTRA and MACH5 which were used as engine oil were covered by the study .Physical testing was conducted on the two samples before and after the treatment in order to compare the result of analysis. Two different kinds of solvents were used in the treatment of the used oil which started by filtering the oil then extracting the oil by solvent extraction technique at 70C •. Followed by distilling the oil at 140C •-170C • In order to separate the solvent from the oil so as to be used again. At this stage the oil was ready for testing. The tests included: kinematics viscosity at 40C • and 100C • , viscosity index, specific gravity, flash point, insoluble matter, water content and total base number. This results obtained revealed that treatment has improved and enhanced the physical properties of the used lubricating oils, the comparison between treated and untreated data revealed appositive impact associated with viscosity at 100C° for oil .for Mach5, Accel Ultra the viscosity before treatment was 18.3 , 16.9 and 15.03 while the viscosity after treatment was 15.03 , 19 and 17.2 respectively .The recommendation of the study is to demark certain areas for collection and recycling of oil.

Disposing used lubricating oil (ULO) through local means has been found to lead to air, land and water pollution. This pollution lowers the lifespan of inhabitants due to spread of diseases. Treatment of used oil is one of the easiest way to avoid pollution as observed in literatures. Aside preventing pollution, another advantage is majorly turning waste to wealth. In this paper, an indebt review was done on the various methods for treating used lubricating oil. The advantages and shortcomings of each method were highlighted for further study.

This research based on the mineral base oil formulated in different additives for Automotive engines. In this experiment, performance of two different groups of mineral base oil are investigated, one of which is Group-1 base oil while the other is Group-II base oil. Different products are prepared for automobile like Motorcycle, CNG Car and Diesel engine with the required additives. Then, the samples were used in the respective vehicles and samples it is observed that the viscosity at 100oC of Group-2 base oil’s products depleted about 4.91%, 5.91% & 9.55% while of Group-1 Base oil’s products are about 16.5%, 10% & 26.08% for Motorcycle, CNG engine car and Diesel engine respectively. Similarly, the flash point of Group-2 base oil’s products decreases less as compare to the products of Group-1 base oil, hence the results of the samples are use shows that the products blended in Group-2 base oil perform better and run longer than the products blended in Group-1 base oil.

Petroleum-derived products, such as lubricant oils, are non-renewable resources that, after use, must be collected and processed properly to avoid negative environmental impacts. A circular economy of used oils requires the re-refining and reuse of the same. Similar to most countries in Latin America, the management of used oils in Ecuador is still incipient and few cities collect and treat this material properly. In Cuenca, the ETAPA company collects ~1344 t/year of used oils, which are subjected to pretreatment operations prior to their use as fuel in a cement factory. However, combustion generates polluting gases and disallows the adding of value to the used oils. The lack of studies on the characterization and methods utilized for recovering used oils under the conditions found in medium-size Latin-American cities (e.g., Cuenca), alongside a lack of government policies, have hindered the adoption of re-refining operations. The objective of this work is to characterize the used l...

Mechanic village should be adapted in developing countries rather than the city-wide auto mechanic workshop practice. This is suggested because developing countries are yet to enforce environmentally friendly automobile workshops and mechanic practice. If all automobile repair works in different cities are confined to mechanic villages, collection, preservation, recycling and reuse of spent oil will become effective. The goal is to stop the habit of disposing spent automobile oil on the ground, which results in excessive trace metal pollution of topsoil and insecurity of food products in the affected areas. Beside environmental quality, business and employment opportunities will improve. Small-scale refining or reprocessing of used oil in mechanic villages is lucrative and recycling plants are affordable and available. Cost benefit analysis indicate strong environmental benefits and annual turnover in excess of $2,234,375.00.

The basic functions of lubricating oil in machines are to minimize friction and wear in order to enhance their lifespan of machines. When lubricating oils have been used beyond their recommended life span, improper disposal can be harmful to the environment. In this paper, used oil sources and different collection techniques were identified with the objective to show that enhanced collection rate could stimulate used oil re-refining. Based on various used oil re-refining techniques, a program was formulated that will not place the burden of disposal only at the door step of the facilities generating the waste oil alone, but also as the collective responsibility of the government and the waste oil processing program managements. An empirical relationship was obtained for the economic benefit in terms of, the amount of waste oil drained per car per year and the collection rate of waste oil for any given year above 2009.

Cooling in industrial production and refrigeration of perishable and nonperishable products is common practice throughout the world. Research studies have been conducted both experimentally and numerically to simulate Vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) and its performance respectively, however, experimental procedure often seems to be expensive and time-consuming to carry out due to the function of many variables. This study was therefore designed to numerically simulate the performance assessment of a nanoparticle enhanced VCRS. A numerical model of a vapor compression refrigeration system was developed using standard refrigeration equations on each of the major components of the refrigeration system such as compressor, evaporator, condenser and expansion valve. The model was then simulated on a MATLAB platform with a CoolProp installed packages via Python under two different simulation cases. In the first case, the mass fractions were varied for CuO, TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles while their densities remained constant and a reversed condition was investigated for the second case. The results showed that both the refrigerating effect and the Coefficient Of Performance (COP) of the system increase as both the mass fraction and density of all the nanoparticles increases. It also shows that the compressor work decreases as both the mass fraction and density of all the nanoparticles were increased. On comparing the computational and numerical analysis results, the study established no significant difference in terms of COP and the use of nanoparticles were found to have improved the COP of the system.

In this review we have done studies on different types of refrigerants usage and with the inclusion of nano particles in the refrigerant their performance characteristics. The cooling time of R1234yf decreases up to 7% because R1234yf has about 25% more mass than R134a.The GWP of R1234yf is 4 whereas the GWP of R134a is 1430.The combination of HCFC-134a with ester lubricants is suggested as a better option than other lubricants for refrigeration applications.The use of carbon dioxide gas is a good option for electrical cars. The use of nano particles with refrigerant improves the performance of air conditioning systems.

Engineered nanoparticles have expanded dramatically in production and use, exposing workers and consumers to greater risk. Novel opportunities and risks are presented by the development and use of new materials, respectively. The ecosystem and human health are being disrupted by the application-related uncertainty of ENPs. Proper use of nano particles in the refrigerant with small amount increases the performance of air conditioning system. In this paper pure refrigerant R134a is mixed with nano particle copper oxide in the concentration 0.1% & 0.5% of weight. The results shows that using nano refrigerant the energy consumption is reduced compared to using pure refrigerant alone. The time taken to reach the cabin temperature is less using nano refrigerant.

This research based on the mineral base oil formulated in different additives for Automotive engines. In this experiment, performance of two different groups of mineral base oil are investigated, one of which is Group-1 base oil while the other is Group-II base oil. Different products are prepared for automobile like Motorcycle, CNG Car and Diesel engine with the required additives. Then, the samples were used in the respective vehicles and samples it is observed that the viscosity at 100 o C of Group-2 base oil's products depleted about 4.91%, 5.91% & 9.55% while of Group-1 Base oil's products are about 16.5%, 10% & 26.08% for Motorcycle, CNG engine car and Diesel engine respectively. Similarly, the flash point of Group-2 base oil's products decreases less as compare to the products of Group-1 base oil, hence the results of the samples are use shows that the products blended in Group-2 base oil perform better and run longer than the products blended in Group-1 base oil.

This research based on the mineral base oil formulated in different additives for Automotive engines. In this experiment, performance of two different groups of mineral base oil are investigated, one of which is Group-1 base oil while the other is Group-II base oil. Different products are prepared for automobile like Motorcycle, CNG Car and Diesel engine with the required additives. Then, the samples were used in the respective vehicles and samples it is observed that the viscosity at 100 o C of Group-2 base oil's products depleted about 4.91%, 5.91% & 9.55% while of Group-1 Base oil's products are about 16.5%, 10% & 26.08% for Motorcycle, CNG engine car and Diesel engine respectively. Similarly, the flash point of Group-2 base oil's products decreases less as compare to the products of Group-1 base oil, hence the results of the samples are use shows that the products blended in Group-2 base oil perform better and run longer than the products blended in Group-1 base oil.

Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure."This heat transfer generally takes place through a phase change of the refrigerant. This research studies various refrigerants used in the refrigeration system along with their effects on the environment, effects on global warming.

Refrigerationisdefined as reducing the temperature of a consideredspace by removingheat. Domestic, Commercial, Inustrial and Trasportrefrigeration are some of the applications. Phase change phenomena of the refrigerantwillprouce the coolingeffect in vapour compression refrigeration system and the coefficient of performance of the VCR system canbeincreased by using water cooled condenser, and by introducingshell &coilheatexchanger at the end of the compressor, and by sub-coolingusingheatexchanger at condenser inlet. Otherthanthese techniques, Fromliteratureitwasfound that Nano fluids have high heattransferpotential, increased thermal properties in comparisonwith the abovediscussedmethods. It was also observed that Nano lubrication will provide higher thermal conuctivity when compared to conventional refrigerants.Thispaperinvolvesexperimental investigation of introduction of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the lubricationoilknown as Nano-lubricant. The COP iscalculated at the different volume fractions and iscomparedwiththat of the base VCR system using R410a as refrigerant. The Nano-particles in lubricant improved the tribological characteristics whenintroduced in compressorVCR system which in turnreduced the compressorwork.

Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure."This heat transfer generally takes place through a phase change of the refrigerant. This research studies various refrigerants used in the refrigeration system along with their effects on the environment, effects on global warming.

In developing country like India, most of the VCR systems based on halogenated refrigerant are used due to its excellent properties. However , the halogenated refrigerants having adverse environmental impacts such as ODP and GWP. Hence conversion of such systems to eco-friendly ones will be a major thrust area for refrigeration sector in the time to come. As and when an existing system of R134a has to be recharged it is suggested to retrofit the system with new/natural and alternative refrigerants to full fill the objectives of the Montreal and Kyoto protocols. Presently, hydrocarbon mixtures and pure hydrocarbons are available in market to replace R134a, but the optimum ratio and mass fraction to be used for better and safe performance of the system is given by only few researchers. This paper reviews the various theoretical and experimental studies carried out around the world with eco-friendly HC and HCM refrigerants, which are going to be the promising alternatives. The problems with HCM refrigerants when they use as a retrofitted are also analyzed.

The fact that used lubricating oil is toxic and harmful, and its deposition and reuse in an environmentally unsustainable manner has serious environmental footprints. The desire of building a sustainable environment for posterity birth this study to assess the impacts and existing management of vehicular used lubricating oil. This was achieved by assessing the generator's level of awareness and existing management practices. Accidental/Snowball sampling techniques were used to select samples with data collected through questionnaires and observations and presented in tables, charts, and plates. The study reveals that 57% of the respondents were unaware of the negative impacts of environmentally unsustainable disposal of used lubricating oil, and 79% were unaware of environmental standards geared towards building a sustainable environment. Sustainable management to restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystem and ecological processes was emphasized by 89%, and 81% revealed raising awareness and promoting understanding is essential to building a sustainable environment. Over 80% cited reused as a major management technique despite not being environmentally sustainable, 90% said it is reused as power starry oil and hydraulic oil, 60% cited reused as gear oil, furnace fuel, and rust prevention, about 30% said it is reused as a dust suppressant, weed killer, ball joint oil, and used to light a fire for cooking, while <20% cited that it is reused as boiler fuel, hair cream and wound treatment oil and burning to reduce the organic compound and heavy metals content as reducing technique of used lubricating oil management. The study concluded that unstainable disposal of vehicular used lubricating oil leaves a footprint in the environment and it recommended mandatory education of generators and dealers of used lubricating oil, establishing plants for recycling used lubricating oil, agglomerated mechanics workshop to ease the collection of used lubricating oil by recycling plants and adoption of global best practices of vehicle used lubricating oil management.

Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. Composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid...

Modern lubricating oil is made of base stock or base oil blended with a few ppm of chemical additives according to its grade and specific duty. During usage, lubricating oils undergo changes termed degradation and contamination, which render them ineffective for further application. This research investigated the effect of two different solvent mixuresA=(xylene+butanol+methanol) and B=(xylene+butanol+isoprppanol) followed by bleatching on activated alumina as adsorbent material to produce lubricating oil. To achieve this objective, firstly used oil was allowed to settled for (1hr), after being centrifuged at 1500rpm for 30 minutes then exposed to filtration on Buncher funnel with vacuum pump to remove impurities. The results showed that all ratio ( 1:1,1:3 and 1:5) of solvent mixture (A) is the best performance with the maximum percent sludge removal. The characterization and physico-chemical properties showed that the refined oil from solvent mixure (A)followed by treatment with ac...

This study analyses the effects of several waste management policies on recycling rate of hazardous industrial waste such as used lube oils by using country-level temporal data for Tunisian Company of Lubricants (TCL) from 1980-2015. The examined policy variables include pricing waste collection, curbside recycling services and dropoff centres. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate that different recycling programs such as curbside and drop-off recycling act as complements in increasing recycling rate. The empirical results indicate that these policy variables are also found to be effective measures to increase the rate of regenerating of used lube oils.

Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. Composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid...

Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. Composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid...

A certain percentage of the vapor compression based refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems continue to run on halogenated refrigerants due to its excellent thermodynamic and thermo-physical properties along with the low cost. However, the halogenated refrigerants have adverse environmental impacts such as ozone layer depletion potential and global warming. Hence, it is necessary to look for alternative refrigerants to full fill the objectives of the international protocols (Montreal and Kyoto) and to satisfy the growing worldwide demand. In this context, the use of &quot;natural&quot; refrigerants (air, CO2 or ammonia) becomes a possible solution. We introduce in this study the merit of redeploying these natural refrigerants as an alternative solution to replace halogenated refrigerants. This paper reviews the various experimental and theoretical studies carried out around the globe with environment friendly alternatives such as hydrocarbons (HC), hydroflurocarbons (H...

Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. Composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid...

Disposing used lubricating oil (ULO) through local means has been found to lead to air, land and water pollution. This pollution lowers the lifespan of inhabitants due to spread of diseases. Treatment of used oil is one of the easiest way to avoid pollution as observed in literatures. Aside preventing pollution, another advantage is majorly turning waste to wealth. In this paper, an indebt review was done on the various methods for treating used lubricating oil. The advantages and shortcomings of each method were highlighted for further study.

Utilising pyrolysis as a waste tyre processing technology has various economic and social advantages, along with the fact that it is an effective conversion method. Despite extensive research and a notable likelihood of success, this technology has not yet seen implementation in industrial and commercial settings. In this review, over 100 recent publications are reviewed and summarised to give attention to the current state of global tyre waste management, pyrolysis technology, and plastic waste conversion into liquid fuel. The study also investigated the suitability of pyrolysis oil for use in diesel engines and provided the results on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics. Most studies show that discarded tyres can yield 40–60% liquid oil with a calorific value of more than 40 MJ/kg, indicating that they are appropriate for direct use as boiler and furnace fuel. It has a low cetane index, as well as high viscosity, density, and aromatic content. According to diese...

The use of pyrolysis oil can be seen as an alternative fuel for maritime transport. However, pyrolysis oil from tires must be desulfurized for this. Recently, this can be done by hydrodynamic cavitation. This process does not require oxidation chemicals but only water, a cavitation generator, and a pump to drive it. In the literature, this concept has been successfully tested on model fuels. In this study, the cavitation generator for the desulfurization of waste tire pyrolysis oil was printed from polylactic acid-based on simulations of the optimal design, which allows for much cheaper production and easy replacement in case of wear or testing of alternative designs. After 60 min of treatment at 5 bar inlet pressure, a desulfurization of almost 33% was achieved. Furthermore, an interaction analysis showed that only from a pyrolysis oil content of 5.5 to 6% does hydrodynamic cavitation have an effective effect on desulfurization.

The four-ball tester was used in this analysis to demonstrate the lubricity of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with diesel fuel (DF) and their blends, DT10 (TPO 10%, Diesel 90%) and DT20 (TPO 20%, Diesel 80%). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the wear scar. In contrast to diesel fuel, TPO demonstrated better antiwear behaviour in terms of higher load-carrying capacity. DT10, DT20, and TPO’s wear scar diameter (WSD) was 22.35%, 16.01%, and 31.99% smaller than that of diesel at 80 kg load, respectively. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the TPO and DT10 had less wear than their counterparts.

This study aims to investigate a CI diesel engine characteristic of diesel-biodiesel blend with oxygenated alcohols and nanoparticle fuel additives. Biodiesel was synthesized from a complementary palm-sesame oil blend using an ultrasound-assisted transesterification process. B30 was mixed with fuel additives as the base fuel to form ternary blends in different proportions before engine testing. The oxygenated alcohols (DMC and DEE) and nanoparticles

Petroleum-derived products, such as lubricant oils, are non-renewable resources that, after use, must be collected and processed properly to avoid negative environmental impacts. A circular economy of used oils requires the re-refining and reuse of the same. Similar to most countries in Latin America, the management of used oils in Ecuador is still incipient and few cities collect and treat this material properly. In Cuenca, the ETAPA company collects ~1344 t/year of used oils, which are subjected to pretreatment operations prior to their use as fuel in a cement factory. However, combustion generates polluting gases and disallows the adding of value to the used oils. The lack of studies on the characterization and methods utilized for recovering used oils under the conditions found in medium-size Latin-American cities (e.g., Cuenca), alongside a lack of government policies, have hindered the adoption of re-refining operations. The objective of this work is to characterize the used l...

This study investigates the treatment of used lubricating oils from AL-Mussaib Gas Power Station Company-Iraq, which was treated with different extractive solvents (heptane and 2-propanol). The performance activity of these solvents in the extraction process was examined and evaluated experimentally. Operating parameters were solvent to oil ratios of (1:2, 1:4, 1:6, and 1:8), mixing time (20, 35, 50, and 65 min), temperatures (30, 40, 50, and 60 ºC), and mixing speed (500 rpm). These parameters were studied and analyzed. The quality is determined by the measuring and assessment of important characteristics specially viscosity, viscosity index, specific gravity, pour point, flash point, and ash content. The results confirm that the solvent 2-Propanol gave great proficiency with the most elevated percent of sludge removal compared with heptane. The greatest percentage of waste removal is enhanced when the solvent/oil ratio increases with optimal economic aspects. The significant chara...

The rapid rise in global oil prices, the scarcity of petroleum sources, and environmental concerns have all created severe issues. As a result of the country’s rapid expansion and financial affluence, Malaysia’s energy consumption has skyrocketed. Biodiesel and solar power are currently two of the most popular alternatives to fossil fuels in Malaysia. These two types of renewable energy sources appear to be viable options because of their abundant availability together with environmental and performance competence to highly polluting and fast depleting fossil fuels. The purpose of adopting renewable technology is to expand the nation’s accessibility to a reliable and secure power supply. The current review article investigates nonconventional energy sources added with nanosized metal particles called as nanomaterials including biodiesel and solar, as well as readily available renewable energy options. Concerning the nation’s energy policy agenda, the sources of energy demand are also investigated. The article evaluates Malaysia’s existing position in renewable energy industries, such as biodiesel and solar, as well as the impact of nanomaterials. This review article discusses biodiesel production, applications, and government policies in Malaysia, as well as biodiesel consumption and recent developments in the bioenergy sector, such as biodiesel property modifications utilizing nanoparticle additions. In addition, the current review study examines the scope of solar energy, different photovoltaic concentrators, types of solar energy harvesting systems, photovoltaic electricity potential in Malaysia, and the experimental setup of solar flat plate collectors (FPC) with nanotechnology.

The four-ball tester was used in this analysis to demonstrate the lubricity of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with diesel fuel (DF) and their blends, DT10 (TPO 10%, Diesel 90%) and DT20 (TPO 20%, Diesel 80%). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the wear scar. In contrast to diesel fuel, TPO demonstrated better antiwear behaviour in terms of higher load-carrying capacity. DT10, DT20, and TPO’s wear scar diameter (WSD) was 22.35%, 16.01%, and 31.99% smaller than that of diesel at 80 kg load, respectively. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the TPO and DT10 had less wear than their counterparts.

Used Motor Oils Recycling (UMOR) can be fulfilled in different ways depending on the quality and quantity of
the fresh oil and the quality of the collected UMO. The Acidic Sludge (AS) is a byproduct of UMOR with hazardous
effects and impacts on the environment. It yields 0.15 of each barrel (220 liters) of UMOR operation. The valid and
relevant databases were used to discover the latest reports in managing the AS of UMOR operation. The findings of the
current review were oriented towards the physical-chemical backbone of AS and its industrial exploitation. The chemical
structure of AS was highlighted by a glance view in the recent reports. To sum up, it was recommended to utilize this
valuable byproduct in many industrial applications as an additive

The cement industry can assume a very important role in achieving a sustainable future. As the global population rises, the general public is placing an increased pressure on the conservation of essential natural resources such as land and nonrenewable energy sources with a need for more socially and environmentally sustainable development initiatives. Cement is one of the most important components of the infrastructure needed to support that sustainable development. The cement industry has been globally linked to those industries with extensive use of nonrenewable natural resources and with a high energy demand. It is well known that a cement plant needs between 80 kg to 150 kg of fuel and at least 100 kWh of electricity to produce one ton of cement. With such high energy demand, the cement industry has been searching and implementing several alternative fuel initiatives to increase energy efficiency and lower fuel and energy costs with many consequential environmental benefits. One of those clearly available fuel alternatives is used motor oil. In this study, the characteristics of used oil are measured through a detailed evaluation of fuel based on heating value, viscosity, and water content. The environmental benefits are measured through the evaluation of CO2 emission reduction and dioxin/furan stack testing.

Energy and environment are two most talked about words by environment activists and organizations. The oil which is used for moving parts and other friction induced machines, in order to reduce friction and save energy becomes contaminated after one use. The reuse of such oil may not give desirable results. Disposing and reuse are two possible alternatives. The disposal of the waste oil has serious environmental foot prints. It is envisaged to reuse the oil as far as possible. Many investigations are reported on reuse of oil and re-refining of used oil. Many methods such as adsorption, dehydration, vacuum distillation, solvent extraction have been investigated for the re-refining of used oil. Current review summarizes research and studies of used oil.

The recent decline in crude oil prices due to global competition and COVID-19-related demand issues has highlighted the need for the efficient operation of an oil and gas plant. One such avenue is accurate predictions about the remaining useful life (RUL) of components used in oil and gas plants. A tribosystem is comprised of the surfaces in relative motion and the lubricant between them. Lubricant oils play a significant role in keeping any tribosystem such as bearings and gears working smoothly over the lifetime of the oil and gas plant. The lubricant oil needs replenishment from time to time to avoid component breakdown due to the increased presence of wear debris and friction between the sliding surfaces of bearings and gears. Traditionally, this oil change is carried out at pre-determined times. This paper explored the possibilities of employing machine learning to predict early failure behavior in sensor-instrumented tribosystems. Specifically, deep learning and tribological d...

Engine oils are made from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing of certain other chemicals (additives) for improving their certain properties. Lubricating oil is used to lubricate moving parts of engine, reducing friction, protecting against wear, and removing contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as an anticorrosion and cooling agent. This research effort focuses on comparative study of re-refined engine oils by extraction of composite solvent, single solvent, and acid treatment methods. Composite solvent was made up of butanol-propane and butanone; propane was used as single solvent. Different properties of refined oil and waste oil were analyzed, such as cloud and pour point, flash point, specific gravity, ash content, viscosity, moisture ratio and acid value. On the basis of experimental work, it was found that the iron contamination decreased from 50 ppm to 13 ppm for composite solvent; for propane solvent it decreased up to 30 ppm and 15 ppm for acid...

The demand of energy is increasing rapidly and most of the nation utilizes petroleum fuels to fulfil the needs. Petroleum fuels are the principle non-renewable energy assets of the modern time that moves all the industries in the world. Many alternative fuels have been investigated which can be potential replacement of diesel. A rigorous study is being done before suggesting any alternative fuels as their properties are different from diesel. To find the optimum amount to be blended with diesel and optimum engine operating parameters, different sets of experiments have been carried out. To reduce the time and cost of the experiment's different alternative ways such as numerical modelling, simulation and optimization technique can be better option. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques are found one of the alternative in order to reduce the number of trials and optimize engine design parameters such as injection timing (IT), injection pressure (IP) and compression ratio (CR). In this regard the aim of this research paper is aimed to discuss the vital optimization techniques specially used to find optimum blend and engine operating parameters of the diesel engines.

During normal use, impurities such as dirt, metal scrapings, water or chemicals can get mixed in with the oil or be generated in it due to thermal degradation or oxidation. Used engine oil itself contains a number of additives and is contaminated by impurities and a residue resulting from the combustion process. This paper review a method by which the spent oil is adequately recycled for reuse, the cost of recycling is relatively low compared to production of lubricating oil from crude oil as the numbers of purification stages are reduced. In used lube oil contains poisonous and carcinogenic like lead and PAH (poly-aromatic hydrocarbons) etc. Also the oils used in transformers contain PCB"s (polychlorinated biphenyls), which are highly carcinogenic as well. From various sources, used lubricating oils are generated and are disposed improperly. The burning of used oil in kilns and incinerators produces lots of ash and carcinogens causing environmental pollution. The most important used oil recycling technology is the re-refining. With these processes high quality base oil can be produced. By proper recovery and refinement of it, a lot of valuable product can be obtained. The objective of re-refining is to remove the degraded additives and contaminants and to restore the properties of the oil identical to the standards provided by SAE (Society of Automobile Engineers), the re-refined base oil characteristics using solvent extraction have a slight difference, compared to the virgin oil.

The four-ball tester was used in this analysis to demonstrate the lubricity of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with diesel fuel (DF) and their blends, DT10 (TPO 10%, Diesel 90%) and DT20 (TPO 20%, Diesel 80%). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the wear scar. In contrast to diesel fuel, TPO demonstrated better antiwear behaviour in terms of higher load-carrying capacity. DT10, DT20, and TPO’s wear scar diameter (WSD) was 22.35%, 16.01%, and 31.99% smaller than that of diesel at 80 kg load, respectively. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the TPO and DT10 had less wear than their counterparts.

The use of pyrolysis oil can be seen as an alternative fuel for maritime transport. However, pyrolysis oil from tires must be desulfurized for this. Recently, this can be done by hydrodynamic cavitation. This process does not require oxidation chemicals but only water, a cavitation generator, and a pump to drive it. In the literature, this concept has been successfully tested on model fuels. In this study, the cavitation generator for the desulfurization of waste tire pyrolysis oil was printed from polylactic acid-based on simulations of the optimal design, which allows for much cheaper production and easy replacement in case of wear or testing of alternative designs. After 60 min of treatment at 5 bar inlet pressure, a desulfurization of almost 33% was achieved. Furthermore, an interaction analysis showed that only from a pyrolysis oil content of 5.5 to 6% does hydrodynamic cavitation have an effective effect on desulfurization.

Refining of waste mineral oils is usually done by distillation or acid/clay methods, or a combination of both. In this study, waste oil refining was carried out in order to obtain higher efficiency than acid /clay method by using more environmentally friendly physicochemical methods which could be an alternative to acid /clay method and distillation methods. For this purpose, demetalization and decolorization stages were applied in order. It was observed that the oils obtained had equivalent parameters to base oils.

The four-ball tester was used in this analysis to demonstrate the lubricity of tire pyrolysis oil (TPO). The tribological performance of the tire pyrolysis oil was compared with diesel fuel (DF) and their blends, DT10 (TPO 10%, Diesel 90%) and DT20 (TPO 20%, Diesel 80%). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the wear scar. In contrast to diesel fuel, TPO demonstrated better antiwear behaviour in terms of higher load-carrying capacity. DT10, DT20, and TPO’s wear scar diameter (WSD) was 22.35%, 16.01%, and 31.99% smaller than that of diesel at 80 kg load, respectively. The scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that the TPO and DT10 had less wear than their counterparts.