Total Institutions

Krzysztof Sawicki, Urszula Markowska-Manista (red.), Zakład Poprawczy w Białymstoku w systemie resocjalizacji z perspektywy zespołowych badan terenowych, Wydawnictwo Temida 2, Białystok 2022, ss. 242 Książka Krzysztofa Sawickiego i Urszuli Markowskiej-Manista jest książką dość nietypową. Po dekadach rozpleniania się paskudnej praktyki akademickiej polegającej na wykorzystywaniu prac magisterskich, licencjackich, semestralnych i wszelakich innych wytworzonych przez studentów, bez ich wiedzy i zgody, do stworzenia dzieł własnych przez naukowców, Autorzy-Redaktorzy wpadli na genialny pomysł, by tychże studentów (i doktorantów) do wspólnego badania, a potem opisywania wyników tegoż badania, oficjalnie zaprosić. Nie trzeba chyba nikogo uświadamiać, że był to pomysł ryzykowny -poziom umiejętności studentów bywa bardzo nierówny. Uspokoję jednak Czytelnika -ryzyko opłaciło się, i to z nawiązką. Książka składa się z ośmiu rozdziałów. Tylko pierwszy z nich, zatytułowany "Badania terenowe w zakładzie poprawczym" jest autorstwa Redaktorów książki. Jest to zabieg celowy -po przedstawieniu Czytelnikowi specyfiki placówki (Zakład Poprawczy w Białymstoku od 1997 r. był placówką resocjalizacyjno-terapeutyczną dla chłopców uzależnionych od środków odurzających i psychotropowych oraz nosicieli wirusa HIV i było tak w chwili przeprowadzania badań; najnowsze nowelizacje zniosły te podziały) i zaznajomieniu Go z założeniami metodologicznymi oraz organizacją i przebiegiem badań własnych, Redaktorzy oddali głos studentom, którzy są już wyłącznymi autorami pozostałych części książki. Zanim przejdę do napisanych przez nich rozdziałów, wspomnę tylko koniecznie, że celem badań, jak piszą sami autorzy redaktorzy, było wykonanie swoistej "…fotografii placówki poprzez zarejestrowanie aktywności przebywających w jej przestrzeni osób, wychowawców i nieletnich, aktywności wynikającej z realizacji zadań statutowych i programów terapeutyczno-resocjalizacyjnych oraz w kontekście specyfiki miejsca" (s. 29). Aby temu celowi podołać zdecydowali się (bardzo słusznie) na zastosowanie jakościowych metod badań, bowiem, jak sami wskazują, jest spory deficyt literatury na temat nieletnich z problemem uzależnienia a także specyfiki pracy

This study investigates the Hebrew noun ‫ַם‬ ‫ַע‬ ‫פּ‬ (paʿam), tracing its semantic development from the concrete notion of a footprint or step to its abstract usage as "time, occurrence." The analysis draws upon cognates in Arabic (notably ‫وع‬ ُ ‫ب‬ būʿ, "distance of a pace"), comparative pictographic elements within the Hebrew script, and parallels in Chinese writing (步 bù, "step"). By reading 1 Kings 7:4 as an architectural description that preserves the most concrete meaning of paʿam, we see how physical imagery of "steps" becomes a key metaphor for measuring both space and time in Biblical Hebrew thought.

Background and Objectives: The opportunity for women to actualize themselves in non-domestic and masculine spheres, like religion, has become more accessible nowadays. Women are fully permitted to commit themselves to God's path by living a celibacy life even though they need to deal with several challenges. As highlighted in this research, Indonesian Buddhist and Catholic nuns had to face a difficult life path before they were firmly engaged in their new identity in monastic life. Their holy aspirations to achieve the ultimate goal of the spiritual journey as nuns conflicted with the socio-cultural values deeply embedded in Indonesian society, which define the ideal female figure. Briefly, this study investigated how Indonesian Buddhist and Catholic nuns confronted their changing identities and negotiated multiple tensions to maintain their commitment and self-agency by devoting their lives to religious orders. Methodology: This research employed a qualitative method as a suitable approach to gather more comprehensive data on the personal journeys of Buddhist and Catholic nuns. It involved in-depth interviews with several Buddhist nuns from Tantrayana-Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Malang Regency, East Java, and Catholic nuns from the Order of St. Francis in a church in Semarang City, Central Java. By comparing the two traditions of women's celibacy across different religions through a phenomenological approach, this study explored the gradual transformation of women who aspired to become Buddhist and Catholic nuns, starting from the mortification phase, through desocialization to the resocialization phase, based on Erving Goffman's concept of total institution. Main results: As a voluntary total institution, the monastery implied a subtle distinction from the involuntary total institution-the mortification phase is not portrayed as a loss of selfhood but rather as a manifestation of devotion for the nuns. Moreover, fellow ascetics are not seen as new authority figures but rather as guides who support them amid the upheaval of shifting identities. Other research findings showed that both Buddhist and Catholic nuns also experienced difficulties from internal forces. They encountered in-between situations during the mortification phase since they had to drop their old identities that had been embedded for years. With help from religious Conclusions: The presence of other monastic members is crucial for Indonesian Buddhist and Catholic nuns. They work as a support system in maintaining religious agency through celibacy and navigating the dynamics of identity change. The social roles attached to old identities could be reconciled by combining them with spiritual roles through reinterpretation in the framework of religious teachings (Idea of Karuna and Serving God), forming a unified personality of Indonesian Buddhist and Catholic nuns.

Leonora Carrington was a British-born, Mexican-naturalised surrealist painter, sculptor, and writer. In this research, Derbez executes close reading literature analyses of three of Carrington’s texts from a historical gender perspective: The Debutante (1937), Down Below (1944) and The Hearing Trumpet (1974). She argues three main points. First, she maintains that Carrington criticizes the construction of femininity as an authoritarian mandate and that her stories problematize gender identity. Second, her forced institutionalization in Spain shaped her criticism of ‘total institutions’ (Goffman 1956) and she is critical of medical violence within these institutions. Third, she argues that Carrington condemns the authoritarianism of fascist governments, particularly the Nazi State and Franco’s dictatorship. Neither her feminist critique nor her anti-authoritarian thinking (two strongly interlocked matters) are subjects that have been studied intensely.

En este artículo se dan a conocer los resultados de las primeras excavaciones arqueológicas en un campo de concentración franquista en España, llevadas a cabo en septiembre de 2010 en Castuera. El campo de concentración de esta localidad fue establecido de nueva planta en abril de 1939 y fue uno de los más importantes de España. Se describen los distintos aspectos sobre los cuales ha arrojado luz la intervención (alimentación, higiene, cuidados médicos, etc.) y se comparan los resultados preliminares con investigaciones en otros centros similares fuera de España. PALABRAS CLAVE: Arqueología del conflicto. Arqueología del pasado contemporáneo. Guerra Civil Española. Franquismo. Institución total. Campo de concentración.

Las instituciones totales constituyen espacios cuyo desarrollo se enmarcan en prácticas de exclusión social, las que se encarnan en las personas y sus cuerpos. Estos procesos de exclusión involucran, entre otros aspectos, objetos que buscan romper la identidad de los y las internas con el mundo exterior. Sobre esta base, se analiza el vestuario desde una perspectiva arqueológica en instituciones psiquiátricas, específicamente en el espacio en donde actualmente se ubica el instituto Psiquiátrico Dr. José Horwitz Barak y su evolución a través del tiempo y
se reflexiona en torno a sus implicancias políticas.

How can we conceptualize resistance within contexts of detention and extreme asymmetrical violence such as torture prisons? Based on autobiographical accounts of and interviews with former Guantánamo prisoners, this article reconstructs how prisoners dealt with indefinite detention and torture. Based on a dialogue between existing theories of resistance and empirical accounts from Guantánamo, a framework of resistance is developed that operates on three conceptual axes: (1) By looking into the perceptual structure of the detainees’ practices, four modes of resistance are identified: confrontational resistance, concealed resistance, disguised resistance, and internal resistance. These modes vary with respect to whether they can be observed by the camp administration and whether they can be recognized as acts of resistance. (2) By analyzing the situational dynamic of acts of resistance, different degrees of radicalness can be distinguished within each mode. While circular acts seek to alleviate the harmful effects of the environment, transgressive acts seek to end imprisonment. (3) Finally, because circular acts of resistance mitigate specific violations, it is instructive to identify the dimensions of vulnerability that these acts primarily address (corporality, sociality, meaning). Analyzing Guantánamo in such a way does not only open an instructive perspective on detention, torture, and the logics of resistance in the camp but also reveals more general implications for the comparative study of resistance in camps and prisons.

The growth of empire in the 19th century went hand in hand with a concern to address girlsʼ education. Girlsʼ schools developed within the British, French, Dutch, Ottoman, and Russian empires and, despite the variety of spatial boundaries and the di ering nature of core-periphery relations, girlsʼ schools were the object of ideological pronouncements centered around visions of femininity. The ostensible goals for this education o en shared a similar commitment to the training of good wives and mothers in order to improve the familial morals of colonized territories. In reality, the nature of girlsʼ schooling was far more complex and played in particular into broader political debates about the role of education in the development of enlightened female subjects and later citizens. National movements in colonized areas generated discourses about women as "mothers of the nation," with an emphasis on domesticity, not dissimilar from earlier colonial rhetoric, while the development of girlsʼ schooling led a minority of women into skilled professions that challenged without upsetting existing gender relations.

​يحظى مفهوم المؤسسة الشمولية في أبحاث إرفنغ غوفمان بأهمية كبيرة، لكن لا نجد لهذا المفهوم المهم الحضور الذي يستحقه في الأدبيات العربية المنشورة، خصوصًا الدراسات المتعلقة بالمؤسسات؛ ذلك أن غوفمان يقدّم إطارًا نظريًا بالغ الأهمية من أجل تحليل عدد من المؤسسات الحديثة التي يعتقد أن لها الطبيعة نفسها، والأثر نفسه، المتمثلَين في إماتة الفرد اجتماعيًا وجعله طيّعًا. وفي هذا السياق، تحاول هذه الدراسة مقاربة مفهوم المؤسسة الشمولية سواء في حضورها الأصلي مع غوفمان، أو النصوص اللاحقة التي انتقدت المفهوم وطورته. وتهدف الدراسة إلى فهم طبيعة المؤسسة الشمولية، وأشكال السلطة فيها، والكيفية التي تتحقق فيها الإماتة، من دون أن تغفل فعالية الفرد في مقاومة هذه السيرورة.

Este documento es el resultado de una reflexión sobre las posibilidades y dificultades de la observación social empírica en la cárcel, desde la preocupación por la enseñanza de la metodología sociológica aplicada a las titulaciones universitarias de criminología. Lo aquí expuesto se apoya en la experiencia práctica que los autores han acumulado a través de múltiples estudios realizados en España y en distintos países de Iberoamérica. Una primera versión del texto fue creada para ser utilizada como apuntes prácticos de investigación para estudiantes de criminología que comenzaban su formación y no tenían por tanto experiencia profesional en este campo de estudio. A esa versión se le han introducido las adaptaciones oportunas para que pueda ser utilizado de manera más general por investigadores y estudiantes de ciencias sociales que necesiten una guía básica de diseño y ejecución de proyectos de investigación social en cárceles. El texto tiene una orientación didáctica, es una propues...

Questo volume nasce da una ricerca collettiva finalizzata a elaborare strumenti analitici e operativi per la prevenzione e il contrasto dei processi di istituzionalizzazione che coinvolgono le persone con disabilità in Italia, soprattutto con l’incedere dell’età. L’Italia, infatti, nonostante si sia contraddistinta in epoca repubblicana per la critica pragmatica delle logiche di apartheid e relegazione (con l’abolizione delle classi differenziali, la soppressione del manicomio civile e la dismissione dell’ospedale psichiatrico-giudiziario), presenta ancora solidi grumi di resistenza nel superare definitivamente la cultura della segregazione. Ciò in controtendenza con la cultura giuridica che, a inizio del XXI secolo, si è cristallizzata nella Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sui diritti delle persone con disabilità, resa possibile dalle teorie e dalle pratiche critiche elaborate negli anni dal Disability Rights Movement. Cardini di questi nuovi codici culturali e di questo nuovo ordine normativo sono il principio per cui in nessun caso la condizione di disabilità può giustificare la privazione della libertà personale e il correlato riconoscimento del diritto di vivere nella società con libertà di scelta, inclusa la possibilità di scegliere, su base di uguaglianza con gli altri, il proprio luogo di residenza e dove e con chi vivere, senza l’obbligo di vivere in una sistemazione particolare.
In un momento di fermento legislativo, questa ricerca, che è stata condotta da studiosi e professionisti provenienti da diversi campi del sapere – sociologia, social work, diritto, psichiatria, pedagogia, filosofia, antropologia –, propone allora un quadro dei modi di persistenza dei dispositivi di incapacitazione delle persone con disabilità e dello
strumentario disponibile per la loro emancipazione.

This paper aims to reflect on the potential of two sociological-historical approaches in the analysis of women's confinement. Beginning with a comparison of the perspective of revisionist history and the process-oriented approach of Elias/Spierenburg in relation to the birth of the prison, the contribution will focus on the applicability of these approaches to the analyses of the institutions of confinement for women that arose in the European context from the early modern period onward. In this regard, special attention will be paid to studies that have adopted a gender perspective. In addition, the potential of such theoretical approaches in investigating the complexity of the nineteenth and twentieth-century Italian prison context will be explored, with a focus on the archipelago of confinement institutions for women active in the same period.

The history of monastic communities is often described  through  a  narrative  that  highlights  the constant  failure  of  monasteries  and  monks  be-
cause of the tensions between their earthly and spiritual  existences.  In  medieval  monasteries, contact with the outside world was accompanied
by an accumulation of earthly resources, which presented constant challenges to this form of religious life. Within this narrative, the phenomenon of 'Monastic Reform' is of particular signifance, yet there is no clear definition. In fact, the meaning of ‘reform’ has long been a subject of research. The  following  article  questions  the  narrative model that regards tangible resources and contact with the outside world as a course. Instead, it
highlights that the Rule of St. Benedict attributes fundamental importance to the quality of the abbatial leadership in balancing the tension between
the cloister and the world. Using the case study of the Abbey of St. Gall, the paper examines contemporary notions regarding the use of material resources in periods of monastic upheaval from the 11th  to the 13th  cent. AD.

This chapter specifically examines the gender and sexuality formation inside the Catholic seminary as a total institution and its consequences to the social control of priests against clerical sexual abuse. As a total institution that pursues the mandatory clerical celibacy and patterned most of its aspects after monastic and religious life, the current seminary organization is primarily designed to cultivate the academic, spiritual, and pastoral formation of seminarians but unintendedly neglects realistic training in sexuality development in society. It trains seminarians in a highly regulated environment where open discussion on sexuality is prohibited and its gender socialization follows the Catholic Church's official traditional teachings that view gender as immutable, ahistorical, and ontological. The perfect celibate masculinity that teaches seminarians to be spiritual priests and sexless human beings can result in the formation of sexually immature diocesan priests who will be vulnerable to clerical sexual abuse once ordained and assigned in the parish.

This chapter explores the sociological connections between the persistence of child clerical sexual abuse (cCSA) by Catholic clergy and celibate seminary training as a total institution in the Catholic Church. It argues that child sexual abuse constitutes only the smallest percentage of all clergy sexual misconduct in the Catholic Church, and yet provides the greatest negative impact on the Church and hierarchy's moral credibility. The seminary formation, which is an appropriate time to weed out and prevent predator priests in the RCC, has apparent structural flaws such as inadequate screening methods, lack of in-house experts, and absence of effective interventions to detect, treat, or remove undesirables, thus making it a sort of incubation period that prepares repressed pedophiles to commit child abuse if given the right deviant opportunity in the ministry. It recommends the strengthening of the screening and monitoring systems in seminary formation to eliminate pedophiles before they commit cCSA in the Church after ordination.

La educación popular, a través de sus diferentes trayectorias y experiencias, ha generado, resignificado y recreado un rico acervo metodológico para el trabajo educativo y organizativo con comunidades, organizaciones y sujetos colectivos. Metodologías y técnicas de diverso origen disciplinario y experiencial, que conforman un fecundo cuerpo instrumental para los procesos educativos, la planificación participativa, la sistematización de experiencias, la evaluación y el monitoreo, entre otras acciones. Concebidas junto a las perspectivas teóricas y políticas que le dan sentido, la formación y reflexión sobre las metodologías de educación popular guardan una importancia fundamental para la posibilidad de una praxis transformadora. Si, en cambio, se las disocia de la reflexión teórica y la orientación estratégica, las metodologías se confunden con las técnicas y éstas pasan a ser un fin en sí mismo, en una suerte de tacticismo sin pertinencia estratégica y sin potencial transformador. Sucede con el término "taller" que en ocasiones se lo utiliza de muy variados modos, en diversos contextos, y para nominar cosas muy diferentes entre sí. También al interior de la educación popular se suele llamar "taller" a reuniones de características muy diferentes entre sí. En el presente trabajo se aborda la definición, componentes, momentos y modos de realización de la metodología de taller en los procesos de educación popular, partiendo de ubicar el tema en el marco de una reflexión metodológica general en sus dimensiones teóricas, políticas y éticas.

This chapter examines the sociological connection between the homosexual clerical sexual abuse and the celibate seminary formation for Catholic priests. Specifically, it aims to clarify whether homosexual priests are the main offenders of clerical sexual abuses in the Catholic Church, or they are just used as a scapegoat for the Catholic hierarchy's inability to address the sexual abuse crisis effectively. It contends that the current celibate seminary formation, which is primarily intended for heterosexual religious and monastic priests, is inadequate for homosexual diocesan clerics who will be assigned in the autonomous structure of the parish. The current clerical training is based on the celibate model of the priesthood which does not consider heterosexual married priesthood nor same-sex homosexual married priesthood. To allow homosexuals to genuinely participate the Catholic priesthood without discrimination requires diversity in clerical formation that recognizes the different psychosexual needs of homosexual and heterosexual priests.

Institutional work includes all kinds of psychosocial assistance that offers, to people that need them, living environments and immediate environments adapted to their age, problems, disorders, and state. The diversity and dilemmas of institutional work represent the central theoretical discourse that the authors are researching in the explanations of the total institution, the exact answers regarding the help the youth that involuntarily find themselves in such institutions receive. The continued development of the discourse logically proceeds into deinstitutionalisation. Semi-structured interviews of adults that have spent their youth in such institutions represent the empirical part of the research. Extreme psychosocial pressures make the youth deviate away from goal orientation and the purpose of the institutions’ operations. So, additionally, the authors have gathered a collection of good and bad experiences to bring attention to the many imperfections that should not be self-e...

Applying the sociological perspective, this chapter explores how the exclusive celibate seminary training that offers the traditional Catholic teaching on sexuality and gender socialization has unintendedly contributed to the immaturity of male heterosexual Catholic priests and their vulnerability to clerical sexual abuse. It argues that the disruption of the normal socialization in society, lack of adequate socialization with women, repression of sexuality, spiritualized gender socialization in the tightly monitored social structure of the seminary, and lack of option for married priesthood have greatly contributed to the psychosexual immaturity of male heterosexual priests who are prone to commit sexual abuse in the parish. Contrary to the projection of the media and some ecclesial writings, this chapter contends that heterosexual priests, especially diocesan clerics, who are improperly trained in human and sexual development in the exclusive all-male seminary training, are largely responsible for most of the clerical sexual abuses in the Catholic Church.

Neste artigo, estamos procurando recuperar alguns estudos de Goffman, lidos a partir das discussões atuais da análise institucional, das contribuições de Michel Foucault relativas à microfísica do poder e das investigações de alguns pesquisadores quanto à produção de subjetividade nas instituições de Saúde Coletiva. Goffman, apesar de não estar munido dos recursos teóricos de tais pesquisadores, já era capaz de explicitar em suas análises muito mais do que provavelmente imaginava articular. Acreditamos que Goffman já produz acuradas cartografias do dispositivo manicomial, descrevendo toda uma geografia do poder na instituição total, atento aos detalhes da rotina cotidiana. Suas investigações da dimensão intra-institucional desses dispositivos continuam atuais e eficazes para a compreensão da produção da subjetividade no contexto institucional. Também encontramos muitas ressonâncias notáveis entre Goffman e Foucault.

This article presents a summary of the current status, of health Albanian system. The developing health care system of undergraduate, postgraduate and continuous medical education in Albania and suggests opportunities for development and partnerships that would help the country's medical education reform. Albania is a small south-eastern European country still recovering from almost half a century of a fierce communist regime. While major reform and support have focused on healthcare and higher education (HE) in the past decade, there have not been major attempts to improve medical education. The time is now ready for medical education improvements created by increasing internal and external pressures as Albania aims to align its HE with the European Union standards and adapts the Bologna system. One of the main concerns of health insurance scheme in Albania has continuously been the care for patients suffering from cancer disease. Some cancer patients in the terminal stages don...

El libro que reseñamos se encuentra basado en testimonios y experiencias personales sobre cómo funciona en realidad el sistema de contratación en origen producido por el sindicato agrícola catalán Unió de Paguesos, en Lleida. La autora, que trabajaba para dicho sindicato como encargada del alojamiento de los trabajadores, lejos de afianzar la imagen recurrentemente mostrada como institución modélica frente a la inmigración irregular desde las instancias oficiales, prensa y opinión pública, en el 2004 decidió incidir sobre el tema en su tesis doctoral, con el fin de mostrar un verdadero sistema de almacenamiento y control

The article aims to examine how fitness centres fall in line with the reflexive project of the self and active policy of choice. Such a perspective makes the gym a contradictory category involved in a number of individual and social processes connected with freedom and discipline, control and pleasure or work and leisure. Drawing on qualitative research I wanted to see how the interviewees used the term fitness, how it related to their everyday life, what sort of commitments and responsibility it elicited and the implications arising thereof, and to explore the ambivalence based on a complex interplay of tension and release in fitness. Through the empirical discussion, I show that the reflective attitude is rarely a matter of choice, but rather a result of pressure or social-cultural obligations. Self-discipline as an element of fitness gives the illusion of being causative in the sense that it is strongly entangled with expert knowledge systems.

Erving Goffman's, examining institutions regarding individual-society relationship where individual is controlled, audited and his/her individualism is restricted thrpugh his Total Institutions analysis, provide many imferences, regarding many historical and modern institutions. Kibbutz, established at 1910s and still continue to exist, and analysis of the collective work and the collective life at Kibbutz, through these institutions with instrumental ends designed to achieve some work-like purpose army barracks, ships, boarding schools, concentration camps as total institutions, constitute main focus of this study. Analysis of the control and regulation mechanism dominant at Kibbutz, that is relevant with Goffman's total institutions' characteristics also contitute other intention of the study. Therefore, although Kibbutz have faced significant structural transformations, commitments of the Kibbutzniks reproduced by educational process and the fact that they are audited, regulated and controlled, although hundred years have passed, still overlap with main features of total institutions.

In the history of linguistic research attempts to uncover the social, psychological and linguistic complexity captured in prison slang have been-by and large-all but numerous. Among those scholars who concentrated on various aspects related-directly or indirectly-to prison slang one finds Clemmer (1940)-the author of The Prison Community, undoubtedly the cornerstone of modern penological studies, Sykes (1958) who-inspired by Clemmer's (1940) groundbreaking work-published The Society of Captives, DeLisi and Conis (2009), who worked out a comprehensive source on classic and cutting-edge contemporary data related to correctional topics, including prison slang, and Cardozo-Freeman and Delorme (1984), who offer a unique, twofold way of

In the history of linguistic research attempts to uncover the social, psychological and linguistic complexity captured in prison slang have been-by and large-all but numerous. Among those scholars who concentrated on various aspects related-directly or indirectly-to prison slang one finds Clemmer (1940)-the author of The Prison Community, undoubtedly the cornerstone of modern penological studies, Sykes (1958) who-inspired by Clemmer's (1940) groundbreaking work-published The Society of Captives, DeLisi and Conis (2009), who worked out a comprehensive source on classic and cutting-edge contemporary data related to correctional topics, including prison slang, and Cardozo-Freeman and Delorme (1984), who offer a unique, twofold way of

Tato bakalařska prace s nazvem Posttraumatický růst v kontextu umrti ditěte se věnuje vlivu umrti ditěte na rodice. Jejim hlavnim cilem je porozumět zkusenosti umrti ditěte a zmapovat zkusenosti rodiců s posttraumatickým rozvojem a možnými formami a metodami, jak traumatickou zkusenost zvladnout a zužitkovat. Prace je zaměřena na tema ztraty ditěte jako traumaticke udalosti, dale na proces truchleni a konkretni projevy zarmutku u pozůstalých rodiců. Stěžejnim tematem je potom adaptace na ztratu a posttraumatický růst, tedy hledani dopadů, zejmena pozitivnich změn, negativni udalosti umrti ditěte. Kvalitativni výzkum byl proveden metodou hloubkových rozhovorů s sesti respondenty. Analýza byla provedena formou otevřeneho a tematickeho kodovani s přihlednutim k teoretickemu modelu amerických badatelů Tedeschiho a Calhouna. Respondenti se vyjadřovali k proživani ztraty, tematům viny a myslenkam na smrt, dale k tomu, co jim pomahalo udalost zvladnout a zda u nich doslo k proměně osobnost...

Have a room of one's own On relation between space and personal identity ABSTRACT A room of one's own or some other "possessed" space provides a contemporary individual with a certain independence that is crucial in order to build his/her own personal world, or to become autonomous. A possibility to use this space for personal actions is more important than actual possessing of the space. Independence and autonomy, the two dimensions in the process of individualization, can be separated. In addition, it is possible to perceive a tension in between the two of them. The following study projects this tension on an example of eleven to thirteen year old children. It focuses on how the children acquire autonomy as well as on the pedagogy exercised by their parents.

Introducao: Em sua maioria as instituicoes totais apresentam a tendencia de depositario de pessoas e de “fechamento” e essa reclusao pode ocorrer tanto em sua forma, com varios muros, barreiras e protecoes (para dificultar o alcance ao mundo externo), quanto de forma metaforica, por outorgar a mortificacao subjetiva dos individuos.  Neste contexto, essas instituicoes caracterizam-se pela delimitacao categorica de papeis e de poder entre os sujeitos a que nelas estao enquadrados. Objetivos: Aqui e objetivado salientar as diferencas de posicao de saber e poder entre os internados e a equipe dirigente e como sao utilizados os mecanismos de controle entre ambas as posicoes. Metodo: Nesta revisao bibliografica qualitativa as discussoes sao embasadas a partir das obras embrionarias da Microfisica do Poder de M. Focault, e de Manicomios Prisoes e Conventos de Goffman. Resultados e discussoes: Por conseguinte, e depreendido que os internados sao o grupo de pessoas controladas pela instituic...

Defence academies like Dehradun Defence College understand that building resilience in cadets is as crucial as honing their physical and tactical skills. The psychological challenges faced during training prepare them for the unpredictable and demanding nature of a military career. By nurturing the mental fortitude of future military leaders, these academies contribute significantly to the strength and effectiveness of their armed forces, ensuring they are prepared to face any challenge that comes their way.

L'obiettivo del presente studio è quello di analizzare in quale misura i diritti fondamentali e la legislazione italiana, europea ed internazionale sull'immigrazione trovino applicazione all'interno del Centro di Identificazione ed Espulsione (CIE) di Torino. Il rapporto nasce in seguito alle gravi preoccupazioni manifestate da istituzioni ed organizzazioni a livello locale, nazionale ed internazionale in merito alle esperienze di detenzione amministrativa dei migranti irregolari in Italia. Le discordanze tra gli scopi espliciti ed impliciti dei centri per il trattenimento degli stranieri possono infatti rappresentare un terreno fertile per abusi, inefficienze e violazioni dei diritti umani. Il progetto di ricerca sul CIE di Torino ha analizzato, in chiave individuale e in una prospettiva di sistema, i problemi affrontati quotidianamente dai trattenuti, dalle loro famiglie e dalle persone che hanno un contatto diretto con il centro, professionisti e volontari. In partico...

P123 4.3.0.0 Part 3-The M inor Threatening Object 4.3.1.0 (M in o r object g ro u p l) O ther policem en a n d the crim inal ju stic e system: 4.3.2.0 (M in o r object g ro u p 2) A gitators, trouble makers, m iddle class extremists: 4.3.3.0 (M in o r object 3) The m ass media. P I 29 4.4.0.0 Part 4-The Threatening Mechanism 4.4.1.0 (M echanism g ro u p 1) The Threat to D isciplinary Processes a n d institutions: 4.4.2.0 (M echanism g ro u p 2) The ineffectiveness o f punishm ent: 4.4.3.0 (Mechanism g ro u p 3) Loss o f respect, the problem o f territory: a n d the sense o f im potence: 4.4.4.0 (M echanism 4) Alcohol: 4.4.5.0 (M echanism 5) The am bivalence o f class: 4.4.6.0 P o lic in g the explanation o f crime. P I 48 4.5.0.0 Part S-The Ideal Object 4.5.1.0 (Id e a ! object I) The fa m ily a n d the "respectable w a y o f life": 4.5.2.0 (Id e a ! object 2) The victim: 4.5.3.0 (Id e a l object 3) E xtra legal pro tectin g o f the "community ": 4.5.4.0 (Id e a ! object 4) Interpreting the "spirit o f the la w " to serve "society": 4.5.5.0 (Id e a l object 5) Im portant a n d unim portant laws: 4.5.6.0 (Id e a ! object g ro u p 6) M r average, the woman, the child.

4.1. Diseño metodológico……………………………………………………………..40 4.2. Graficación e interpretación de la información…………….……………………..43 4.2.1. Encuesta dirigida a PPLS partícipes del Programa de NA…….………..43 4.2.2.. Entrevista dirigida a compañeros de 5 PPLs partícipes del Programa de NARCÓTICOS ANÓNIMOS……………………………………..72 4.2.3. Entrevista dirigida a familiares de 5 PPLs partícipes del Programa de

En este trabajo realizo una reflexión metodológica acerca de la incorporación de una técnica utilizada en el campo de las etnociencias a un estudio etnográfico sobre las experiencias formativas de niños indígenas y campesinos del noreste argentino. Dado que mi investigación se centra en el aprendizaje acerca de la naturaleza, la técnica del free listing utilizada habitualmente por las etnociencias constituyó un aporte importante a mi trabajo de campo. En este artículo examino de qué forma incorporé dicha técnica y que modificaciones realicé en pos de estudiar los procesos de aprendizaje de los niños desde una perspectiva etnográfica.This article refers to a methodological discussion about the use of a technique used by ethnosciences in an ethnographic study about formative experiences of indigenous and peasant children in northeast of Argentina. Since mi research is about learning of nature, free listing technique commonly used by ethnoscientists has constituted an important resourc...

Resumen. Según las estadísticas, en España hay aproximadamente cuarenta y seis millones de personas. En referencia al turismo que desarrollan, cada una de ellas se identifica con una tipología diferente (cultural, negocios, ocio, sol y playa, entre otros). Pero, y si no hubiese conocimiento suficiente sobre la tipología turística que realizas; y si el propio turista cuando está realizando ese movimiento turístico no supiera en realidad que con esas actividades está realizando turismo. Conocemos la mayoría de las tipologías turísticas estudiadas junto con su demanda y las diferentes variantes turísticas que engloban. Sin embargo, en este trabajo vamos a investigar sobre una clase de turismo en concreto que contiene dos tipologías turísticas y que está en desconocimiento de muchas empresas dedicadas al fenómeno turístico. Palabras clave: turismo de salud; bienestar; industria de reuniones; adicción; recuperación; rehabilitación.

The present study draws on Scott’s (2011) notion of the Re-Inventive Institution and explores how gym members make sense and give meaning to their exercise regime. Overall, it is argued that for many participants gym exercise is more than physical training; it is also training for life. Based on a thematic analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews it is argued that gym workout is a means to create better versions of the self on mainly three levels. First, gym participants perceive themselves to be efficient and productive in general. Second, gym training is believed to increase the control they have over their lives. Third, gym members associate their gym workout with amplified emotional resilience, believing that fitness workout makes them not only fitter in a physical sense but also fitter and better equipped in a psychological sense. Surprisingly, a small group of regular gym users displayed more critical sentiments and distanced themselves from the images and values the gym stan...

Addictions are common today in all societies and cultures. Because of the suffering addictions cause, people have created ways to treat and restore the addict back to a healthy lifestyle. In order to help people who are substance abusers, programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) contain a "Twelve Step" plan that can help one to stop abusing a substance. In some evaluations of the program, there have been findings of several factors that offer the addict support for rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to first identify the factors developed by members of the Twelve Steps Program that have been effective in preventing drug use. Second, is to evaluate the effectiveness of these factors in a group of male participants who used to be drug addicts, but now have stopped taking drugs. Interviews were performed with ten participants to assess the impact and effectiveness of eight factors that, according to literature, contribute to abstinence. It was found that the following factors : 1) Spirituality, 2) Self-efficacy, 3) Social Support, 4) Constant practice of the twelve steps 5) Sponsorship , 6) Social involvement 7) Frequency of attendance at NA meetings, and 8) Developing coping strategies, were effective and positively influenced each other throughout each of the participants' process.

Introducao: Em sua maioria as instituicoes totais apresentam a tendencia de depositario de pessoas e de “fechamento” e essa reclusao pode ocorrer tanto em sua forma, com varios muros, barreiras e protecoes (para dificultar o alcance ao mundo externo), quanto de forma metaforica, por outorgar a mortificacao subjetiva dos individuos.  Neste contexto, essas instituicoes caracterizam-se pela delimitacao categorica de papeis e de poder entre os sujeitos a que nelas estao enquadrados. Objetivos: Aqui e objetivado salientar as diferencas de posicao de saber e poder entre os internados e a equipe dirigente e como sao utilizados os mecanismos de controle entre ambas as posicoes. Metodo: Nesta revisao bibliografica qualitativa as discussoes sao embasadas a partir das obras embrionarias da Microfisica do Poder de M. Focault, e de Manicomios Prisoes e Conventos de Goffman. Resultados e discussoes: Por conseguinte, e depreendido que os internados sao o grupo de pessoas controladas pela instituic...

In this paper, we present the classical concept of total institutions in a new light, namely through the prism of modern standards of prison management and prisoners’ rights. In addition, this paper aims to combine two fundamental concepts of prison – I. Hoffman’s concept of total institutions and the concept of prison as a disciplinary mechanism. Therefore, in this paper, the author’s approach is to combine the socio-economic analysis of the prison as a disciplinary project with the sociopsychological analysis of the prison, since an isolated study of only one aspect is insufficient to understand the nature of the prison (especially in the XXI century).

Based on the results of this study, we have formulated the following conclusions.

The conservative (formal) approach to the study of prisons and imprisonment that currently dominates in contemporary legal science should be criticized.

The prison appeared as the most democratic criminal punishment, which gave rise to many reform projects in the XIX – XX centuries. However, today, when prison has turned out to be “the most disgusting but non-alternative solution to the problem” (M. Foucault), which should be used as a last resort, there is no in-depth research on the anatomy of prison. Instead of the anatomy of the prison, we have mostly slogans, declarations, contradictory concepts, etc. born in the XX century, but in modern conditions extremely overloaded with skepticism of both scholars and practitioners, not to mention prisoners themselves.

The problem with the modern anatomical analysis of prison is that it was created in the early XIX century as a machine to transform rebellious and uncontrollable criminals into submissive and disciplined proletarians. However, today, when few people analyze and use this clearly unfashionable definition as ‘proletarians’, an objective question arises about the modern anatomy of the prison and the actual goals of the prison in the XXI century – precisely in the conditions of the new socio-economic formation.

Therefore, the study of the anatomy of the modern prison should be comprehensive and include: 1) the study of the prison as a total institution according to the categorical apparatus shaped by I. Hoffman and other researchers of institutional totality; 2) the study of the prison as an apparatus aimed at spreading discipline in the society and scattering disciplinary networks (O. Kirchheimer, G. Rusche, M. Foucault, D. Melossi, M. Pavarini); 3) the realistic approach formulated by the ECtHR and the CPT to horizontal and vertical relations in modern prisons (issues of human rights standards and their observance, power relations and informal prison hierarchy).

Hoffman’s concept of total institutions reflects the view of prison and imprisonment formed in the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This classical concept is based on the echoes of Philadelphia and Auburn. Nevertheless, the concept of total institutions retains its great relevance today. Moreover, it is today that this concept has acquired special importance and a second life given the reflection of elements of this concept not only in regulations, but also in the practice of the ECtHR and the CPT.

In “S.P. and Others”, the ECtHR made a big step forward in analyzing institutional subculture on the example of prisons. The value of this step lies in the fact that while in its previous judgments the ECtHR only disclosed the specifics of the status of vulnerable persons in penitentiary institutions (homosexuals, police informants, sexual offenders, former law enforcement officers, etc.). In “S.P. and Others”, the ECtHR analyzed power relations in total institutions and emphasized that power relations are, in fact, the main thing that should be considered when studying modern prisons.

In connection with this and other ECtHR judgements concerning power relations in prisons, the issue of an informal hierarchy of prisoners is even more relevant today. The informal hierarchy of prisoners, which occupies a leading place in the concept of total institutions, has now (see  “S.P. and Others”) gained a new perspective as an object of scientific research. It is no longer just a part of a scientific and populist legend; instead, it has become a factual and legal reality.

In addition, in “S.P. and Others”, the ECtHR further emphasized the value and relevance of the concept of total institutions in terms of the conflict between the formally declared goals of total institutions and their real goals.

We should also mention the importance of the CPT reports for the purposes of studying the modern prison. Thus, being a concentrate of practically oriented knowledge generated from systematic practical surveys of European prisons and other total institutions, the CPT reports contain a critical and independent examination of the anatomy of prisons in terms of horizontal and vertical institutional relations.

The aim of the study is to present the results of research aimed at comparing the level of self-regulation of behaviour in children and adolescents in the natural and institutional environment. Institutionalisation occurs over a period of time in children and adolescents living in institutions. We can frequently observe the symptoms of institutionalisation in these groups of children and adolescents, which is a major obstacle to their functional self-regulation of behaviour and to their return to the natural social environment. The research sample was comprised of 2,776 children and adolescents from the natural and institutional environment in the Czech Republic (children and adolescents living in total institutions such as correctional institutions for children and minors and children´s homes). The Self-regulation Questionnaire (SRQ) used in the study contained 12 items aimed at 3 areas of self-regulation of behaviour: Affect, Awareness and Empowerment. The results have shown that the level of selfregulation of behaviour is lower among children in the institutional environment. We recorded the most significant differences between children from the institutional and natural environment in the area of Affect (i.e. the regulation of emotions). It means that children and adolescents from institutional environments have more trouble controlling their emotions than children from a natural environment. We also found that the level of self-regulation of behaviour is dependent on the perceived level of problematic behaviour of children and adolescents. A higher level of problematic behaviour of children and adolescents indicates a lower level of self-regulation of their behaviour. We also found that differences in the level of self-regulation of behaviour, depending on the perceived degree of problematic behaviour, are not significant in either type of environment. It means that the perceived degree of problematic behaviour is reflected in the level of self-regulation of behaviour in a similar way in the natural and institutional environment.

The study deals with self-regulation in children and minors (aged 11 to 19 years) living in so-called "total institutions". It examines the degree of self-regulation of behaviour from the perspective of the children and minors themselves and from the perspective of their key workers. Children and minors and their key workers differ significantly in perception of the wards' self-regulation of behaviour in the short and long-term context. The lowest rate of self-regulation in children and minors in institutional care is reflected in the area of regulation of emotions. The results point to certain specificity of the institutional care environment.

The study deals with self-regulation in children and minors (aged 11 to 19 years) living in so-called "total institutions". It examines the degree of self-regulation of behaviour from the perspective of the children and minors themselves and from the perspective of their key workers. Children and minors and their key workers differ significantly in perception of the wards' self-regulation of behaviour in the short and long-term context. The lowest rate of self-regulation in children and minors in institutional care is reflected in the area of regulation of emotions. The results point to certain specificity of the institutional care environment.