Total Antioxidant Capacity

Cynara scolymus L., called artichoke or globe artichoke, is a perennial herbaceous plant cultivated worldwide. This plant is a common component of the Mediterranean diet and has been used as a remedy for health conditions since antiquity. The aim of this review is to find the health-promoting properties of artichoke, conducting a literature search in PubMed. The results show that 119 studies describe these effects, and 17 health benefits of artichoke are reported in the scientific literature. Antioxidant activity and effects on the liver and lipid profile are the main health-promoting properties of this plant. We found that artichoke also improves cardiovascular and gastrointestinal health and exerts anticancer, antimetabolic and antiobesity, prebiotic and probiotic, renoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Only one or two research articles reported the positive effects of this plant on the immune system, arthritis, photoaging, the reproductive system, the nervous system, fungal infections and periodontal diseases. The health benefits are mainly exerted by phenolics. In conclusion, this review shows the health-promoting properties of artichoke. The main beneficial effects are antioxidant activity and effects on lipid profile and the liver, which are mainly mediated by phenolics. The results of the scientific articles described in this review and the molecular mechanisms related to the health benefits of artichoke should be confirmed by future experimental studies. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) has many health benefits, and the main properties are antioxidant activity and effects on the liver and lipid profile.

Many antioxidants and therapeutic properties of Rheum ribes L., a rich medicinal plant in Türkiye, have been studied. However, little attention has been given to the compounds present in the flowers of Rheum ribes L.. The aim of this research was to comprehensively assess the antioxidant activity, secondary metabolites, and volatile compounds present in the flowers of Rheum ribes L.. The total phenolic content, total flavonols, total flavonoids, DPPH and ABTS values of the Rheum ribes L. flowers were 19.94 mg GAE/g, 1.09 mg QE/g, 7.31 mg QE/g, 15.89 mM TEAC/g and 5.05 mM TEAC/g, respectively. Very high amounts of rutin and gallic acid were found as secondary metabolites. High levels of heptacosane (31.81%), 17-pentatriacontene (15.05%), octatriacontyl pentafluoropropionate (8.33%), and oleic acid (7.75%) were idetified as volatile components. Briefly, this study investigated the identification of key secondary metabolites, such as rutin and gallic acid, as well as volatile components, highlighting the potential for discovering new bioactive compounds that could contribute to the development of natural herbal medicines.

Acorn, a traditional component of the human diet, is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially polyphenols and tannins, which possess antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. These compounds have extensive applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, their yield and purity depend highly on extraction conditions, including solvent type and polarity, temperature, extraction time, particle size, and solid-to-solvent ratio. Solvent extraction is the most widely used among various extraction techniques due to its simplicity and efficiency. Given the limited data on tannins from native acorns in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, this study aims to evaluate the effect of solvents with varying polarity and pH on tannin extraction. The purity of extracted tannins was also determined using HPLC. The findings of this research could serve as a basis for optimizing the extraction of valuable compounds from acorn and facilitating the industrial utilization of these native resources.

Quince (Cydonia oblonga) is an important fruit for the juice industry because of its nutritional properties that support health. In this study, the aim was to optimize the bioactive components (total phenolic content, ascorbic acid and total antioxidant capacity) and color values (L *, a * and b *) using thermosonication treatment, which is a mild ultrasound treatment, on quince juice. Sensory evaluation was also performed with optimization parameters. For this purpose, thermosonication treatment was completed at different temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 °C), different amplitudes (40%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 60%) and at different times (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 min). At the end of the thermosonication treatment, the optimization values for quince juice were 38.7 °C, 5.6 minutes and 50.9 amplitude. Total phenolic content was 591.15 mg GAE/L, ascorbic acid 3.78 mg/100 mL, DPPH 0.214 mg TEAC/mL and CUPRAC 0.149 mg TEAC/mL. Total phenolic and total antioxidant levels were higher in quince juice...

Background and Objectives: Herbs and spices have been used to enhance flavors of food, as well as for their medicinal purposes. Herbs usually contain antioxidant properties. The present study was focused on the importance of the antioxidants present in Piper nigrum and Piper longum widely used by the people of India in their food. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of the leaves and fruits of both Piper nigrum and Piper longum were prepared using soxhlet extraction method. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the plant samples were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of the plant was determined. The inhibitory effect of the plant against oxidation by peroxides was evaluated by ferric thiocyanate assay. Results: The highest concentration of phenol was obtained from Piper nigrum leaves. The highest flavonoid content was observed in the Piper nigrum leaves (0.15 mg). The higher reducing potency of the antioxidants was present in the leaves and fruit of Piper nigrum and Piper longum exhibiting their antioxidant properties. The ability of the plant extracts of Piper nigrum and Piper longum against lipid peroxidation was revealed through the efficiency of inhibiting the radicals at a percentage of 58.33, 77.77, 66.66 and 22.22, respectively. Conclusion: From the study it was concluded that leaves and fruits of Piper nigrum and Piper longum have shown high antioxidant properties. So, they are considered to be rich sources of natural antioxidants for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Although it is well known that physical training ameliorates brain oxidative function after injuries by enhancing the levels of neurotrophic factors and oxidative status, there is little evidence addressing the influence of exercise training itself on brain oxidative damage and data is conflicting. This study investigated the effect of well-established swimming training protocol on lipid peroxidation and components of antioxidant system in the rat brain. Male Wistar rats were randomized into trained (5 days/ week, 8 weeks, 30 min; n=8) and non-trained (n=7) groups. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, animals were euthanized and the brain was collected for oxidative stress analysis. Swimming training decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels (Po0.05) and increased the activity of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) (Po0.05) with no effect on brain non-enzymatic total antioxidant capacity, estimated by FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power) assay (P40.05). Moreover, the swimming training promoted metabolic adaptations, such as increased maximal workload capacity (Po0.05) and maintenance of body weight. In this context, the reduced TBARS content and increased SOD antioxidant activity induced by 8 weeks of swimming training are key factors in promoting brain resistance. In conclusion, swimming training attenuated oxidative damage and increased enzymatic antioxidant but not non-enzymatic status in the rat brain.

The aim of this paper was to assess the total antioxidant capacity of some commercial fruit juices (namely citrus), spectrophotometrically and by the biamperometric method, using the redox couple DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)/DPPH (2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine). Trolox ® was chosen as a standard antioxidant. In the case of the spectrophometric method, the absorbance decrease of the DPPH• solution was followed. For the biamperometric method, the influence of some parameters like the potential diference, ΔE, DPPH• concentration, and Trolox ® concentration was investigated. The calibration graph obtained for Trolox ® presents linearity between 5 and 30 µM, (y = 0.059 x + 0.0564, where y represents the value of current intensity, expressed as μA and x the value of Trolox ® concentration, expressed as μM; r 2 = 0.9944). The R.S.D. value for the biamperometric method was 1.29% (n = 10, c = 15 μM Trolox ® ). In the case of the spectrophotometric method, the calibration graph obtained for Trolox ® presents linearity between 0.01 and 0.125 mM (y = -9.5789 x+1.4533, where y represents the value of absorbance and x, the value of Trolox ® concentration, expressed as mM; r 2 = 0.9963). The R.S.D. value for the spectrophotometric method was 2.05%. Both methods were applied to total antioxidant activity determination in real samples (natural juices and soft drinks) and the results were in good agreement.

Background: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is the most common pathogen in dairy cattle herds. Objectives: This study aims to examine the impact of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) BVDV biotypes on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of bovine oocytes in vitro. Methods: Oocytes were obtained from slaughtered bovine ovaries, washed, and matured in a maturation medium. Oocytes were divided into five groups, each consisting of at least 60. The control group was not exposed to BVDV biotypes. Oocytes were challenged with CP and NCP, BVDV at two concentrations of 10 4 and 10 5 tissue culture infectious doses (TCID) 50 / mL. To determine the antioxidant capacity of oocytes, a TAC assay was conducted after two hours of incubation. Graph Pad Prism software, version 8.4.3 was utilized to analyze the data. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed, and a post-hoc Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test was accompanied. Results: The results indicated that only the CP biotype of BVDV significantly decreased the TAC of infected oocytes compared to the control group, whereas the NCP biotype did not significantly alter the TAC of the infected groups. Conclusion: Our study showed that only CP BVDV in 10 4 and 10 5 TCID 50 /mL doses affected the infected oocytes and significantly decreased the oocyte's TAC. At the same time, the NCP biotype did not significantly alter the infected oocyte's TAC.

The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf extract fractions on islets of Langerhans, total antioxidant activity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Two sets of experiments were conducted. First experiment was designed to test the hypoglycemic properties of different isolated fractions. Five fractions were screened for hypoglycemic property. Fractions F3, F4 and F5 showed hypoglycemic in NOD mice. Second set of experiment was conducted to assess the effects of above fractions on the diameter of islets of Langerhans and on the â-cells number and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). All the fractions had a significant effect in the enhancement of diameter of islets of Langerhans and the â-cell number and antioxidant active (total antioxidant capacity) compared with control NOD mice.

Background The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Echium amoenum (EA) on the severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in comparison with placebo. Methods The present study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. A checklist questionnaire was completed by 120, 18 to 35-year-old, college students. And then, 84 eligible women (20 to 35 years old) were enrolled in the trial; they were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (EA) and control (placebo), with 42 participants in each group. Participants in the intervention group received 450 mg capsules of EA per day (three times a day) from the 21st day of their menstrual cycle until the 3rd day of their next cycle for two consecutive cycles. The severity of PMS was measured and ranked using the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST). The generalized estimating equation was used to compare the total score of the severity of PMS between the two groups. Results Sixty-nine women with regular menstrual c...

Saif-ur-Rehman, Zia Farooq Khan, and Tahir Maqbool. 2008. Physical and spectroscopic characterization of Pakistani honey. Cien. Inv. Agr. 35(2):199-204. Honey is a naturally sweet and viscous fl uid produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera) from the nectar of r fl owers that, by defi nition, does not include any other substances. The objectives of this work were to characterize Pakistani honey, physically and chemically in relation to international standards, and to study the effects of adulteration with sugar syrup on the physical properties of honey. For this purpose, 200 honey samples obtained from 15 different locations in Pakistan, ranging from desert to hilly areas, were collected in 2005-2006. Samples were prepared by the acid digestion method. Physical properties, conductance, surface tension, and pH were determined using digital instruments. The most abundant minerals found in Pakistani honey samples were K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni and Co, with K accounting for almost 83% of the total mineral composition. Most Pakistani honey samples met international standards. However, some samples showed altered parameters, refl ecting possible adulteration. A considerable change in viscosity was observed only in adulterated honey samples containing more than 50% of a saturated sugar solution.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a promising crop for improving the nutritional quality of foods, because of the presence of broad natural variability for the content of carotenoids. One hundred Italian and nine public lines were screened by PCR to identify the alleles of Hydroxylase3 (HYD3) and Lycopene epsilon cyclase (LCYE) genes, codifying for key enzymes of the carotenoid pathway and associated with high or low bcarotene contents. Nineteen selected genotypes carrying different alleles were grown in 2011 and/or 2012, and used to obtain F1 seeds. HPLC analysis highlighted the richness in zeaxanthin and b-cryptoxanthin of Italian germplasm (mean values 12.63 and 2.88 mg/kg d.m., respectively). The percentage of positive and significant mid parent heterosis (MPH) and best parent heterosis (BPH) values (51% and 29%) indicated the presence of a high heterotic response for carotenoids. The compounds on the same branch of the pathway were found to be positively correlated; on the contrary, no consistent correlation was observed between the different HYD3 alleles and b-carotene content. Finally, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was also measured. These lines resulted therefore as interesting raw materials for the market of maize-based foods.

The method was approved by the Expert Review Panel on Strategic Food Analytical Methods as First Action. The AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Strategic Food Analytical Methods invites method users to provide feedback on the First Action methods. Feedback from method users will help verify that the methods are fit for purpose and are critical to gaining global recognition and acceptance of the methods.

Kepok banana peel extract is known to have a bioactive content that can accelerate wound healing. The present study sought to evaluate the effects of Kepok banana peel extract on the macroscopic and histopathological features of excision wound healing in mouse skin. A total of 24 BALB/c mice were divided into four treatment groups, with each group consisting of six mice. The mice were further divided into three subgroups based on observation days, including days 3, 6, and 9. Each mouse received two excision wounds. The four treatment groups included K1 (control), K2 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 5%), K3 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 10%), and K4 (topical therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment 15%). The Kepok banana peel extract was obtained using the maceration method, and the ointment Kepok was prepared as a cream with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, using bio cream as the base. Wound healing activity was evaluated across three phases, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. The parameters observed in the current study included macroscopic and histopathological characteristics of the wound. Macroscopic observations involved wound size, while histopathological analysis included quantification of inflammatory cells, fibrocytes, collagen density, and interleukin-6 expression. Therapy using Kepok banana peel extract ointment was administered for 9 days in the treatment groups. Macroscopic features of the wounds were observed daily, and skin samples from each group were collected on days 3, 6, and 9. The results demonstrated that the 5%, 10%, and 15% concentrations of Kepok banana peel extract formed wound healing areas on mouse skin on days 3, 6, and 9, and were able to reduce the number of inflammatory cells on days 3, 6 and 9 able to reduce IL-6 expression on days 3, 6 and 9, unable to increase fibrocytes on day 3, 6, and 9 and able to increased collagen density on days 6 and 9. The 15% concentration of Kepok banana peel extract applied for 9 days showed the greatest potential to accelerate wound-healing.

Blackberry and mulberry are main berry crops grown in Black Sea region mostly in humid shade forest areas and its important for loca l people’s diet and also important for the maintenance of their health and prevention of disea se. Present study aimed to determine the content of vitamin C, organic acids (citric acid, t artaric acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid), sugars (glucose and fructose) and phenolic compounds (catechin, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, o-coumar ic cid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, and gallic acid), as well as a ntioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, TEAC assay) in the wild grown blackb erry and mulberry fruit. Among phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid was the predominant for all wild grown blackberries, white and black mulberries. The presence of oxalic acid was only de tect d in the wild blackberry genotype. As a result, the phytochemical recognition of the wild g rown...

Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), as an index of total antioxidant capacity of plasma was found to be enhanced significantly ( p < 0.05) in suckling rats pretreated either with vitamin K1 (28, 56 or 84 mg/kg/3 days) or menadione (vitamin K3) at a dose of 15 mg/kg b.w./3 days. The effect of vitamin K1 on FRAP was dose-dependent and it was inversely related to the formation of lipid peroxidation products in plasma as judged by thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS). Lack of influence of the drugs on FRAP in adults was corroborated with elevation in the levels of plasma TBARS. Possible role of FRAP on the rate of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) on erythrocyte membrane was also investigated following isolation of erythrocyte ghost from control and treated rats. Vitamin K1 as well as menadione failed to change the levels of protein carbonyls in erythrocyte ghost obtained from both the age groups. Analysis of major erythrocyte membrane proteins, using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) substantiated these results. In spite of higher antioxidant capacity of plasma and erythrocytes obtained from young rats, the rate of lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte ghost preparation was also high in this age group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the drug-related induction in FRAP occurs only in immature animals as a part of protective mechanism against lipid peroxidation products generated in plasma. (Mol Cell Biochem 267: 195-201, 2004)

Beside climate changes, drought stress has become a serious limitated factor for plant production and seedling growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis has proposed to improve the growth and water efficiency under limited-water condition. For this purpose, Caucasian Hackberry (Celtis Caucasica L.) seedlings inoculate with mycorrhizal fungi Rhizophagus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae under well-watered and water deficient conditions. The mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedlings were treated under 75 % FC (as control), 50 and 25 % FC for 90-days. The data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA (SAS 9.2). In order to determine the significance of means, Duncan’s multiple-range test (DMRT) was performed using SAS 9.2 software at P ≤ 0.05. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess the distribution of water and AMF treatments across a biplot figure by Past software. As well as, cluster analysis was performed using d3heatmap, dendextend, and gplots pack...

There are chemicals, such as metals, that act as disruptors in the ovarian follicle. This study examines the impact of microelement, macroelement and heavy metals, in Follicular Fluid (FF) on female sex hormones in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatments in the Canary Islands. The research aims to better understand the relationship between metals and female reproductive function, focusing on how these elements impact hormone levels. The content of twenty metals (Al,

The healing effects of plants are known to stem from the components in their contents. In today's science, the studies on plant contents and biological activities as well as the discovery or development of new therapeutic agents are very popular. In this study, the biological activities of Lallementia canescens (L. canescens) and Lallementia peltata (L. peltata) were investigated to provide valuable data for the literature in the treatment of various diseases and new active substance design. The corresponding plants, which benefits and contents have not been completely elucidated yet, were collected from Bitlis province in Turkey and converted into herbarium material. Ethanol (EtOH) extracts were prepared from the aerial parts (leafs) of the plants using the soxhlet extraction method. The concentrations of 17 phenolic compounds (antioxidants) were determined in these extracts by HPLC. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of such extracts were compared with the standard antioxidants: Butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Alpha tocopherol (α-Toc). Hollow agar and agarose gel electrophoresis methods were used to investigate the antimicrobial effects on various microorganisms and protective effects on pBR322 plasmid DNA, respectively. The results showed that some phenolics such as kaempferol, gallic acid, and salicylic acid could not be identified in EtOH extracts, while the extracts showed strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, particularly on the yeasts. On the other hand, DNA protective activities of the extracts were found to be very limited. It can be concluded that the plants are generally rich resources of phenolic compounds. The plants have potential to exhibit strong antioxidant antifungal activities as similar to the standards.

Musa paradisiaca Linn. is a popular Indian medicinal plant belonging to the Musaceae family. This plant commonly known as plantain or banana is highly eating nutritious fruit over the world. A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from this plant. It has long been used in traditional Ayurvedic Indian medicine for various diseases. This plant is pharmacologically studied for analgesic activity, antidepressant activity, adaptogenic activity, anticonvulsant activity, CNS depressant activity, antidiarrhoeal activity, antiurolithiatic activity, antiulcerative activity, antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic activity, antioxidant activity, antilipidemic activity, antihypertensive activity, antiatherosclerotic activity, cytotoxic activity, Thrombolytic activity, Antimalarial activity, Antisnakevenom activity, Mutagenic activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Hair growth promoting activity, Wound healing activity, Bioabsorptive activity and Tablet disintegrant activity and ...

Cryptorchidism and oligozoospermia are clinical conditions closely associated with impaired fertility. Oxidative stress and related sperm DNA damage have been identified as significant causes of male infertility. To determine the extent of sperm nuclear DNA damage in patients affected with idiopathic oligozoospermia or undescended testes and to examine its relationship with oxidative stress. We studied 20 patients with idiopathic oligozoospermia and 18 with undescended testes (who previously underwent orchiopexy) and 25 normozoospermic healthy controls. All subjects underwent semen analysis. Sperm DNA damage was evaluated by the sperm chromatin structure assay/flow cytometry (SCSA-FCM) and by the dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed by a chemiluminescence assay. DFI (percentage of sperm with denatured DNA) values and percentage of TUNEL positive cells were significantly greater in pati...

Background: Milk is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fats and high quality proteins. Milk proteins such as casein, lactoferrin and amino acids in milk like tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan, lysine, etc. have antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant level of milk of crossbred Holstein Friesian (CBHF) and Vechur cattle during different stages of lactation. Methods: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was estimated by using ferric reducing antioxidant assay. Milk samples from six animals each of CBHF and Vechur cattle were collected separately at early lactation, mid lactation and late lactation period. Results: Milk samples from CBHF and Vechur cattle during the early stages of lactation had significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than milk samples from later stages of lactation. This could be because of the high fat content in the early phases. The total antioxidant content of Vechur milk was higher than that of CBHF milk throughout lactation. The milk of the Vechur cow contains higher beta casein A2 than A1. No significant difference in the TAC values noticed between milk of mid and late lactation in both CBHF and Vechur cattle. The high antioxidant capacity of milk from Vechur cattle suggests that it has a great therapeutic potential. Different animal milk and milk products with antioxidant defense systems can be considered to have health-beneficial effects against free radical damage.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, orta yükseklikteki bir rakımda (2200m) yapılan 7 günlük dağctlık eğitim kampına katılan amatör dağcıların serbest radikal düzeylerinde ve dinamik akciğer fonksiyonlarındaki değişiklikleri değerlendirmekli. Çalışmaya yaşları 19-58 arasında değişen 33 erkek ve yaşları 19 -28 arasında değişen 18 bayan toplam 51 denek katıldı. Bu deneklerden tamamı spimmetrik ölçüm testlerine katılırken 9'u bayan toplam 34 denek serbest radikal analizleri için kan örneği vermeye gönüııü oldular. Pony spirometre (Cosmed, italya) ile zorlu vital kapasite (FVC), 1 saniyedeki ekspirasyon hacmi (FEV i), ekspirasyon tepe akımı (PEF), FEVlIFVC % ve FVC'nin farklı dilimlerinde oluşan ortaLama zorlu ekspirasyon hava akımları [(Max25-75), Max-25, Max-50, Max-75)] ölçüldü. Serbest radikal analizleri için aLınan kan ömeklerinde Superoksid dismutaz (SOD), Nitrik oksit (NO) ve malondialdeh (MDA) analizLeri yapıldı. Tüm ölçümler kampın l.ve 7. günü gerçekleştirildi. Sonuçlar erkek ve bayanlarda ayrı ayrı ve birlikte değerlendirildi. istatistiksel analiz için Paired-samples T testi kuııanıldı. Erkeklerin ve bayanların solunum fonksiyon testleri ayn ayrı değerlendirildiğinde elde edilen değişikliklerin tümii istatistiksel bakımdan anlamsızdı. Her iki gurup birlikte değerlendirildiğinde FEV'deki artış istatistiki bakımdan anJamlıydl (P<0,05). Yapılan kan analizLeri sonucunda sadece maJondialdeh'daki (MDA) artış ayrı ayrı ve tüm gurupta istatisiki olarak anlamlıydı (P<0,05). Sonuç oLarak herhangi bir sebeple düşük rakımdan oıta dereceli yüksekliğe çıkan insanLarın serbest radikal üretimine bağlı zararlardan etkilenme riski artar.

Banana (Musa acuminata) peel is a rich source of many nutrients and considered high in carbohydrates. It has been traditionaly used to treat diarrhea, anemia and ulcers. Some studies have shown that banana peels possess antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. This study was performed to evaluate the wound healing activity of banan peels extract (BPE ) in rabbit. For inducing full-thickness wound in rabbits, the excisional wound model was used. The animals were randomly divided into six experimental groups. Negative control, standard and vehicle control groups and treatment groups. All the treatment were apllied topically twice daily. Healing was assessed by wound contraction and re-epithelialization rate and the tensile strength of wound tissue sample . Histopathological examination was also done.The BPE promoted wound healing activity in full-thickness wound model. High rate of wound contraction (P&lt;0.05), significant decrease in epthelialization period (P&lt;0.05) and high ...

Background Despite frequent warnings of irreversible side effects of smoking in public media, the consumption of cigarette is increasing dramatically in both developed and developing countries. Cigarette smoke contains different kinds of chemicals, which all capable of inducing free radical production. There are studies supporting the idea that these free radicals have adverse effects in body and causing oxidative stress. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) is considered as the total effect of all antioxidants and total oxidant status (TOS) shows the total effect of all oxidants existing in body fluids. Therefore, this research focused on the measurement and comparison of these markers in the serum of university students. Methods This study designed to determine the total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status and oxidative stress index levels in the serum of active smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers in university students. A total of 150 participants were included in the study. The study population consisted of 50 smokers, 50 passive smokers and 50 nonsmokers. In serum samples, the levels of TAC and TOS were measured by spectrophotometric method using Rel Assay Diagnostics kit. Oxidative stress index was calculated through the TOS/TAC formula in three groups. Results The mean value TAC levels in serum samples of the three groups of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers were 1.096, 1.220 and 1.844 mmol Trolox equivalent/L, respectively, which were significantly greater in nonsmokers than smokers and passive smokers. The mean value TOS levels in serum samples of the three groups of smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers were 13.747, 11.099 and 7.6510 µmol H2O2 equivalent/L, respectively, which were significantly lower in nonsmokers than two other groups. OSI values in smokers and passive smokers were significantly higher than the control group. Conclusions According to our findings, the antioxidant capacity in all smokers (active and inactive) was less than the control group (non-smokers). The results of this study showed that smoking reduces the activity of the antioxidant defense system and activates the oxidative stress system in the body. Based on these findings, it can be clearly concluded that the decrease in antioxidant capacity in smokers is associated with increased production of oxidants and free radicals.

Antioxidants are released during the extraction of soils with NaOH, which also releases phenolic compounds from plant and soil material. This raises the possibility that phenolics are important contributors to the antioxidant capacity (AOC) of soils. Both the AOCs and the concentrations of 12 phenolic compounds were measured in NaOH extracts of a range of UK soils. Samples of surface and subsurface horizons were taken from 24 sites representing the major soil types (brown soils, gleys, podzols, peats and lithomorphic soils). The internal standards method was used to quantify the phenolics, which were detected by gas chromatography. The AOC of the extracts was measured using the ABTS free radical method. There were differences in the phenolic distributions extracted from soils with different land uses/plant inputs, as well as differences between surface and subsurface samples. A linear relationship was found between the AOCs of the extracts and the sum of the phenolic compounds. The AOCs of the individual phenolic compounds were also measured. The calculated contribution of the individual phenolics to the AOC of the extracts was small and less than 10% of the total AOC in all cases. Thus the measured phenolic compounds were not important contributors to the AOCs, and other unidentified antioxidant compounds were probably present.

Objective: We examined the effect of breast milk on plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total peroxide (TP), and oxidative stress index (OSI), which are biomarkers of oxidative status. Methods: Fifty-four healthy term infants 3 to 6 mo of age were fed breast milk or a cow's milk modified formula. Plasma TAC, vitamin C, albumin, bilirubin, and uric acid levels were measured as indexes of antioxidative markers. Plasma TP levels were measured as an oxidative stress marker. The OSI was calculated to assess oxidative status. Results: No significant differences were observed between groups with respect to growth or anthropometric measurements. Plasma uric acid, total protein, and albumin concentrations were slightly higher in the breast-fed group than in the formula-fed group. There was a positive correlation between infant's age and serum albumin levels; between TAC and plasma uric acid, albumin, and total bilirubin; and between plasma iron and TP levels in both groups (r Ͼ 0.256, P Ͻ 0.05). In addition, there was a negative correlation between plasma iron and TAC (r ϭ Ϫ0.267, P ϭ 0.01). Plasma TAC and vitamin C levels were significantly higher in the breast-fed group than in the formula-fed group (P Ͻ 0.05). Plasma TP levels and the OSI were higher in the formula-fed group than those in the breast-fed group (P Ͻ 0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that breast milk provides better antioxidant power than does formula.

Background and purpose: The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) generated in the glycation process play an outstanding role in the complications of diabetes. Owing to the adverse effects of AGEs on diabetic patients, the search for new anti-AGE agents from plants without side effects has had significant interest from the researchers in the last decades for the development of a therapy that improves diabetic complications. Spinach could reverse the formation of AGEs and RLAR. This study aimed to investigate the ability of 10 known glucopyranosides flavonoids isolated from Spinacia oleracea on the formation of AGEs and RLAR in vitro and in vivo experiments. Materials and methods: Methanol extract of leaves of spinach was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation using to silica gel column chromatographic followed by gel filtration by Sephadex LH-20. BSA glucose system and in vitro bioassays using rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) were employed to evaluated inhibitory activity on the formation of AGEs. The induced diabetes in zebrafish by immersing in a 111 mM glucose solution for 14 days, revealed increased glycation of proteins in the eyes. Measurements of glycated hemoglobin and fructosamine were used to verify the anti-AGEs effect of the isolated flavonoids. Key results: Through bioassay-guided fractionation of methanol extract of leaves spinach, ten known glucopyranoside flavonoids (1-10) have been isolated, and spectroscopic studies established their structures. Among the isolated compounds are: patuletin-3-O-(2"-coumaroylglucosyl)-(1→6)-[apiosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), patuletin 3-O-(2"-feruloyl glucosyl)-(1→6)-[apiosyl-(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), they have shown potent inhibition on AGEs formation, stronger than the positive controls used in the different experiments. Conclusion and implications: The findings indicated that glucopyranoside flavonoids found in Spinacia oleracea might have therapeutic potential for decreasing protein glycation, and might ameliorate AGE-related diabetic complications.

Oxidative stress is the damage at cellular, tissue or organic level produced by reactive oxygen species, that are produced as a result of the exposition to polluting agents, the ingestion through diet, UV radiation or to the oxygen metabolic processes. Chiton granosus is an intertidal organism abundant in Valparaíso, region of Chile. The objective of studying this species, by its abundance, is oriented to its use as biomarkers of oxidative polluting agents and so to evaluate its possible role as a monitoring species of the presence of these polluting agents. To evaluate, gonads, radular and digestive systems were analyzed from Chiton granosus collected from Torpederas, a highly polluted public sector, and Montemar (control area). Two hundreds and fifty nine individuals of Chiton granosus were collected; 133 from Torpederas and 126 from Montemar. The results indicate that no differences due to the sex exists in enzyme activity: catalase in the gonads, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the radular and digestive systems. No influence of the sampling site was observed, nevertheless the lipoperoxidative damage was concordant with a greater oxidation level in females in the more polluted sector. Total antioxidant capacity exhibited significant differences due to sex and oxidative pollution.

Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD, 2008) has defined Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) as "a diseased state which is characterized by airflow limitation that is not found to be fully reversible". COPD is projected to be the third leading cause of deaths globally by 2030. The most common Risk Factor for COPD is tobacco smoking. Poor Socio-economic Status, Occupational Factors, Pollution and Poor Nutrition also contribute to development of COPD. Free Radicals carry one or more unpaired Electrons, capable of independent existence. These are highly reactive species, found implicated in various diseases, known to humans. Normally, they are kept under check by various Enzymatic as well as Non-enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms. Enzymatic Antioxidants include Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase. Lungs are exposed to high levels of Free Radicals. Production of ROS has been found directly linked to oxidation of Proteins, DNA, and Lipids, which may cause direct lung injury, or may induce a variety of Cellular Responses, through the generation of secondary Metabolic Reactive Species. Membrane Lipids are highly susceptible to Free Radical damage which is found to be highly detrimental to the functioning of the Cell. Malondialdehyde is a product of Lipid Peroxidation and an indirect measure of Free Radical activity in body. As free radical injury increases lung functions show decrease. Oxidative Stress is reported to play an important role in the Patho-physiology of COPD. The aim of the present Study is to evaluate the oxidant antioxidant imbalance in healthy non-smoker controls and COPD group. A total of 60 control and 60 COPD patients were studied. The mean age is more in COPD group, as compared to healthy controls, which identifies advancing age as a risk factor for COPD. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI Kg/m 2 ) and weight of COPD group is reduced as compared to control group. GOLD 2008 criteria was used to assess lung functions. Lung functions namely FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC% and FEV1 % PREDICTED showed significant reduction in COPD groups, as compared to healthy non-smoker controls. MDA in Control and COPD group (1.09±0.09 and 1.41±0.23 nmol/ml respectively) showed significant changes (P<0.001). Our Study results also demonstrate significant negative correlations of MDA with FEV1 % PREDICTED (r=-0.828,P sig at <0.001 level), FEV1(r=-0.775, P sig at <0.001 level), FVC (r=-0.625,P sig at <0.001 level), FEV1/FVC % (r=-0.761,P sig at < 0.001). On the basis of our Study, it is concluded that advancing age and male gender are risk factors for COPD, the disease contributes to weight loss and there is inverse correlation between MDA and Lung functions.

Oxidative stress is associated with Alzheimer's (DAT) and vascular (VD) dementias, as well as Type II diabetes mellitus (DIAB) and affected by hypoglycemic therapy. The population (n = 122; males = 60; mean age = 72.57 F 7.06) consisted of controls (CTR), DAT and VD patients, with (DAT + DIAB, VD + DIAB) and without concomitant DIAB, resulting in six groups where the antioxidant profile was determined: copper -zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total antioxidant capacity (TRAP). The results were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA design and Bonferroni statistic. The ANOVAs yielded significant differences between groups for all components of the profile: SOD, p = 0.00000006; TBARS, p = 0.0000012; TRAP, p = 0.0000003. The significance level for comparisons between groups was set at a = 0.05. The comparisons DIAB vs. CTR, DAT + DIAB vs. DAT, and DIAB demented vs.

Oxidative stress is the damage at cellular, tissue or organic level produced by reactive oxygen species, that are produced as a result of the exposition to polluting agents, the ingestion through diet, UV radiation or to the oxygen metabolic processes. Chiton granosus is an intertidal organism abundant in Valparaíso, region of Chile. The objective of studying this species, by its abundance, is oriented to its use as biomarkers of oxidative polluting agents and so to evaluate its possible role as a monitoring species of the presence of these polluting agents. To evaluate, gonads, radular and digestive systems were analyzed from Chiton granosus collected from Torpederas, a highly polluted public sector, and Montemar (control area). Two hundreds and fifty nine individuals of Chiton granosus were collected; 133 from Torpederas and 126 from Montemar. The results indicate that no differences due to the sex exists in enzyme activity: catalase in the gonads, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the radular and digestive systems. No influence of the sampling site was observed, nevertheless the lipoperoxidative damage was concordant with a greater oxidation level in females in the more polluted sector. Total antioxidant capacity exhibited significant differences due to sex and oxidative pollution.

In the recent years, the pigmented rice varieties are becoming more popular due to their antioxidant properties and phenolic content. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the phenolic profile in white, red and black rice varieties, and evaluated the effect of two cooking methods (i.e. ''risotto'' and boiling) on these compounds. Before the cooking, all the varieties contained several phenolic acids, whereas anthocyanins and flavonols were peculiar of black rice and flavan-3-ols of red rice. Among the rice varieties, the black had the highest TAC value. The content of (poly)phenolic compounds and TAC decreased after cooking in all three varieties, but to a lesser extent after the risotto method. As a consequence, the risotto cooking, which allows a complete absorption of water, would be a good cooking method to retain (poly)phenolic compounds and TAC in pigmented and non-pigmented whole-meal rice.

In the recent years, the pigmented rice varieties are becoming more popular due to their antioxidant properties and phenolic content. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the phenolic profile in white, red and black rice varieties, and evaluated the effect of two cooking methods (i.e. ''risotto'' and boiling) on these compounds. Before the cooking, all the varieties contained several phenolic acids, whereas anthocyanins and flavonols were peculiar of black rice and flavan-3-ols of red rice. Among the rice varieties, the black had the highest TAC value. The content of (poly)phenolic compounds and TAC decreased after cooking in all three varieties, but to a lesser extent after the risotto method. As a consequence, the risotto cooking, which allows a complete absorption of water, would be a good cooking method to retain (poly)phenolic compounds and TAC in pigmented and non-pigmented whole-meal rice.

Objective: To analyze the total antioxidant capacity (TAoC) of saliva in smokers based on type of cigarette, duration and frequency of smoking. Material and Methods: 51 male smokers, aged 20-55 years were enrolled. Information regarding cigarette type and smoking duration and frequency was collected using a questionnaire. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in the morning following fasting for 2 h, and TAoC was measured using a commercial kit. The data were evaluated through the independent t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean TAoC for the consumption of Kretek cigarettes was 0.29 (±0.15) and for that of non-Kretek cigarettes was 0.36 (±0.10). Mean TAoC based on smoking duration was 0.31 (±0.14) for 5-10 years and 0.27 (±0.15) for >10 years. Median TAoC based on smoking frequency was 0.23 (0.11-0.44), 0.31 (0.06-0.64), and 0.27 (0.06-0.68) for 1-5, 6-10, and 11-20 cigarettes/day. Mean TAoC of the saliva from participants who consumed Kretek cigarettes was lower than that of the saliva from those who consumed non-Kretek cigarettes (p=0.3). Mean TAoC for a duration >10 years was lower than that for a duration of 5-10 years, although the difference between these two groups was not significant (p=0.4). Conclusion: There were tendencies of lower total antioxidant capacity on smokers with kretek type cigarettes, smoking duration >10 years and frequency of 1-5 cigarettes/day. This study indicates that the type, duration, and frequency of smoking may affect the salivary total antioxidant capacity.

Objective: To analyze the total antioxidant capacity (TAoC) of saliva in smokers based on type of cigarette, duration and frequency of smoking. Material and Methods: 51 male smokers, aged 20-55 years were enrolled. Information regarding cigarette type and smoking duration and frequency was collected using a questionnaire. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected in the morning following fasting for 2 h, and TAoC was measured using a commercial kit. The data were evaluated through the independent t-test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Mean TAoC for the consumption of Kretek cigarettes was 0.29 (±0.15) and for that of non-Kretek cigarettes was 0.36 (±0.10). Mean TAoC based on smoking duration was 0.31 (±0.14) for 5-10 years and 0.27 (±0.15) for >10 years. Median TAoC based on smoking frequency was 0.23 (0.11-0.44), 0.31 (0.06-0.64), and 0.27 (0.06-0.68) for 1-5, 6-10, and 11-20 cigarettes/day. Mean TAoC of the saliva from participants who consumed Kretek cigarettes was lower than that of the saliva from those who consumed non-Kretek cigarettes (p=0.3). Mean TAoC for a duration >10 years was lower than that for a duration of 5-10 years, although the difference between these two groups was not significant (p=0.4). Conclusion: There were tendencies of lower total antioxidant capacity on smokers with kretek type cigarettes, smoking duration >10 years and frequency of 1-5 cigarettes/day. This study indicates that the type, duration, and frequency of smoking may affect the salivary total antioxidant capacity.

Background: Antioxidant molecules, which scavenge free radical species to prevent or delay oxidative damage of important macromolecules, membrane lipids and lipoproteins, are prevalent in plasma and other biological fluids. Among them, bilirubin, uric acid and protein thiols are the major endogenous antioxidants, while vitamins C and E, as well as a number of food-derived (poly)aromatic substances, belonging to stilbens, flavonoids and phenolic acids, are the main classes of nutritional antioxidants. Assays for total antioxidant capacity in plasma differ in their type of oxidation source, target and measurement used to detect the oxidized product. Methods: In the present work we present an automated assay for the estimation of blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC assay), based on the crocin bleaching (oxidation) method. This method was adapted on a modern autoanalyzer, was linear over a wide range of values (0-3 mmol/L), and performed using an end point measurement. Results: The TAC method presented a linear correlation with another automated commercial Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) test. Detection of the interference of different metabolites revealed a significant participation of TAC from uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, a minor interference from ascorbic acid, and no interference from hemoglobin. TAC was not modified by two freeze/thawing cycles, and was stable in samples stored at room temperature for 4 hours. K-EDTA and heparin were the best anticoagulants, while citrate decreased TAC by 20%. Reference values derived from samples of normal blood donors was 1.175 ± 0.007 mmol/L (mean ± SEM), while a diet rich in antioxidants more than doubled this value. Conclusions: The proposed TAC assay, is fully automated, stable and reliable, and could be of value in the estimation of the AC of plasma. It is further proposed to calculate the antioxidant capacity of plasma after a subtraction of all interference deriving from endogenous and/or exogenous metabolites. The antioxidant capacity of plasma thus calculated can be used as a useful indicator of the antioxidant value of foods and beverages in the daily diet.

Antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging activity, as well as protective effect on lipoperoxidation, glutathione oxidation and DNA damage, were evaluated in grapefruit juice subjected to bitterness removal by naringinase or by physical adsorption with Amberlite Ò IRA-400. The results showed a reduction in naringin content for the naringinase-treated juice (N-PJ) and those processed with the exchange resin (R-PJ), which made both juices acceptable to consumers. Total antioxidant capacity, measured by ABTS and FRAP assays, was lower in R-PJ samples. The highest superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenger activity was observed in N-PJ. With regard to inhibitory effect of juice samples on lipoperoxidation, N-PJ also provided the greatest effectiveness. In addition, R-PJ showed the lowest levels of GSH. The results showed a protective effect on DNA oxidative damage for all juice samples tested. In summary, enzymatic technology was more effective than physical adsorption in preserving the antioxidant and biomolecule protection capacity of fresh grapefruit juice.

The controlled addition of oxygen before malolactic fermentation involves stability of wine colour and an improvement in their organoleptic quality. This study has examined its effect on the ''in vitro" antioxidant profile of a variety of Spanish red-single variety wines of different ages. Total antioxidant capacity scavenger activity and the biomarkers of oxidative stress were all analysed. Neither antioxidant capacity, nor scavenger activity were influenced by the microoxygenation. However, the biomarkers of oxidative stress showed some effect of this technique. The controlled addition of small amounts of oxygen produced an increase in the prevention of DNA-damage and seems to decrease the capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation. The effect on the capacity to protect DNA-damages was statistically significant in the groups of young and one year old wines, where microoxygenated wines showed higher values than their respective control ones. Furthermore, the effect on the prevention of lipid peroxidation was only qualitative, any statistical significant difference was found. A varietal effect was observed in analyzing the results, being Tinta del País wines the most influenced by this technique.

Antioxidant capacity, radical scavenging activity, as well as protective effect on lipoperoxidation, glutathione oxidation and DNA damage, were evaluated in grapefruit juice subjected to bitterness removal by naringinase or by physical adsorption with Amberlite Ò IRA-400. The results showed a reduction in naringin content for the naringinase-treated juice (N-PJ) and those processed with the exchange resin (R-PJ), which made both juices acceptable to consumers. Total antioxidant capacity, measured by ABTS and FRAP assays, was lower in R-PJ samples. The highest superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenger activity was observed in N-PJ. With regard to inhibitory effect of juice samples on lipoperoxidation, N-PJ also provided the greatest effectiveness. In addition, R-PJ showed the lowest levels of GSH. The results showed a protective effect on DNA oxidative damage for all juice samples tested. In summary, enzymatic technology was more effective than physical adsorption in preserving the antioxidant and biomolecule protection capacity of fresh grapefruit juice.

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Introduction: Previous studies on laboratory animals have evaluated the effects of CGA (chlorogenic acids) rather than GCBE (green coffee bean extract), and few studies have been conducted on human models. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of GCBE consumption on serum oxidized LDL-cholesterol (OX-LDL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) on patients with dyslipidemia. In this randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial, 70 male participants (age range 30 to 55 years) were assigned from the outpatient clinic of Arvand Petrochemical Company in Mahshahr, Ahwaz, Iran to use 800 mg/day GCBE supplements or placebo for 8 weeks. Serum TAC and OX-LDL were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the placebo, GCBE intake led to a significant reduction in OX-LDL (-31.18 ng/ml) (P-value= ˂0.001) and a significant increase in TAC (71.73 μmol/l) concentration (P-value= 0.029). In the intervention group, GCBE supplementation resulted in a significant reduction in Oxidized LDL of -16.08±33.30 (ng/ml) (P-value= 0.006), compared to baseline. The current trial showed that the intake of 800 mg per day of GCBE may have favorable effects on TAC, and OX-LDL in patients with dyslipidemia. However, further studies are required to confirm the veracity of these results.