Thermal Power Plants

ABSTRAK Boiler merupakan  suatu  pembangkit  uap  yaitu  yang  terdiri  dari  kombinasi komplek berupa economizer, ketel, pemanas lanjut, pemanas ulang, dan pemanas udara awal.   Sebagai tambahan sistem ini, khususnya yang dengan bahan bakar batubara, mempunyai berbagai perlengkapan seperti ruang bakar,  pulverizer , pembakar,  fan , perlengkapan pengendali emisi, cerobong, dan peralatan penanganan abu. Ketel uap   dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan beberapa jenis yaitu : Ketel tangki ( shell type boiler ) Ketel Pipa Api, Ketel pipa air.   Bahan bakar padat yang terdapat di bumi kita ini berasal dari zat-zat organik.  Fibre dan cangkang merupakan salah satu contoh bahan boiler padat. setiap bahan bakar boiler memiliki nilai LHV yang berbeda-beda.  Nilai Low Heating Value tertinggi dimiliki oleh bahan bakar boiler jenis cangkang murni dengan nilai 44184,391Kcal/Kg sedangkan untuk nilai LHV bahan bakar boiler yang terkecil dimiliki oleh bahan bakar boiler jenis fibre murni dengan nila...

**Abstract:** The Sugandha River in Babuganj, Barishal, is vital for both the environment and local communities. It supports diverse aquatic and terrestrial species and contributes to water quality and habitat stability. The river also plays a key role in fishing, agriculture, transportation, and livelihoods. This study, based on field observations and local interviews, emphasizes the importance of sustainable management to preserve the river’s ecological health while supporting the socio-economic well-being of nearby communities.

2023-2024 iii DECLARATION We declare that this report reflects our thoughts about the subject in our own words. We have sufficiently cited and referenced the original sources, referred or considered in this work. We have not plagiarized or submitted the same work for the award of any other degree. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute.

Erosion by coal particles, fly ash impingement seriously affects the availability of utility boilers. Erosion is predominant in economizer and low temperature superheaters (LTSH) in boiler tube banks. Three tube specimens were collected from NTPC Korba from first row of economizer top bank from 500 MW steam generator. Maximum depth of erosion anywhere on tube surface can be estimated by the erosion model proposed by Chinese Boiler Thermal Association. Erosion rates on tube surface can be estimated from impact velocity and impingement angle of ash particles in flue gas in the erosion model proposed by Hameed (1992). The maximum depth of erosion wear and erosion profile of tube specimens were compared with the values evaluated from both the models. Erosion coefficients of fly ash in gas, thus achieved have good agreement with value proposed in the literature. The predicted erosion rates have resemblance, though not coherently with the erosion profile of tube specimens. Collision effic...

Early signs of an organizational commitment to safety policies are manifested in the safety culture in that organization. Improving the safety culture of contractors can reduce occupational accidents in construction industry projects. Many scholars tend to research on this concept in order to achieve an approach to reducing occupational accidents. Numerous studies have attempted to identify the components affecting the safety culture using various methods and tools for measuring and assessing the safety culture; nevertheless, none of these studies measured the impact level of each of the evaluated factors on the safety culture. Hence, this study, assess the influence of each of these factors on the safe culture of contractors working in the construction industry. This study used a structural equation modeling approach to examine the safety culture assessment factors. Accordingly, ten factors affecting the safety culture were scrutinized to provide a conceptual model with ten predictable paths for evaluating the relationships between the variables. The data collected from thermal power plant construction projects were applied to test the hypothesized model experimentally using SEM-PLS method. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the factors of management commitment, appraisal of work hazards, supportive environment and communication among the factors influencing the safety culture of contractors in the studied projects had respectively the most impact on the safety culture of contractors operating in the thermal power industry, as well as the work pressure had the least impact on the safety culture..

The electric power generation capacity of almost all types of power plants is reduced by increase of the mean ambient temperature. This is more serious for the conventional power plants, i.e. thermal steam, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. This is obviously occurring phenomena because of decreasing of heat transfer rate, which is in compliance with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Usually, the constructor of the power plant defines guaranty figures, including the net electric power output of the power plant based on the ISO ambient conditions, i.e. an ambient temperature of 15ºC, 60% relative humidity, and sea level pressure (i.e. 101.325 kPa absolute pressure). The constructor also provides a series of correction corves for some agreed selected ambient conditions, according the customer's need, which enables the power plant utilization & management team to estimate the net electric output power of the power plant at his interested ambient conditions. The de-rating of conventional power plants of Iran is usually occurred within mid of April to end of September time window. This review result indicates at the present time, the net ambient temperature rise-based electric power de-rating of conventional power plants of Iran is expected to be about 2584 MW (i.e. 3.4%). Although this may seem a reasonable value, it causes a significant power shortage for Iran's electric power generation grid which already suffers from power shortage. In this paper, the temperature-based power de-rating of Iran's conventional power plants and its approximate value is discussed briefly.

The electric power generation capacity of almost all types of power plants is reduced by increase of the mean ambient temperature. This is more serious for the conventional power plants, i.e. thermal steam, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. This is obviously occurring phenomena because of decreasing of heat transfer rate, which is in compliance with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Usually, the constructor of the power plant defines guaranty figures, including the net electric power output of the power plant based on the ISO ambient conditions, i.e. an ambient temperature of 15ºC, 60% relative humidity, and sea level pressure (i.e. 101.325 kPa absolute pressure). The constructor also provides a series of correction corves for some agreed selected ambient conditions, according the customer's need, which enables the power plant utilization & management team to estimate the net electric output power of the power plant at his interested ambient conditions. The de-rating of conventional power plants of Iran is usually occurred within mid of April to end of September time window. This review result indicates at the present time, the net ambient temperature rise-based electric power de-rating of conventional power plants of Iran is expected to be about 2584 MW (i.e. 3.4%). Although this may seem a reasonable value, it causes a significant power shortage for Iran's electric power generation grid which already suffers from power shortage. In this paper, the temperature-based power de-rating of Iran's conventional power plants and its approximate value is discussed briefly.

Global indicators have warned of freshwater scarcity in Asia. However, the utilization of freshwater resources has skyrocketed for commercial and industrial purposes without any strategy for recycling and reuse. The power plant's wastewater/reject mainly consisted of cooling tower blowdown water and reverse osmosis (RO) plant reject water. Due to the high turbid nature of reject water, pretreatment was carried out to achieve SDI15 <3 by employing multimedia filters (MMF), activated carbon filters (ACF) and ultrafiltration (UF). Operational parameters of RO membranes were optimized (11.5 bar, 29 °C) to achieve maximum water recovery along with higher rejection rates of critical scale forming species such as 81% total dissolved solids (TDS), 73% calcium hardness and 72% silica (Si). After accounting for backwash water and other concentrate rejections, the membrane treatment plant has achieved an appreciable recovery rate of more than 44%. The RO membrane-treated water was then ...

The condition assessment of condensers in thermal power plants presents significant challenges, primarily due to the lack of comprehensive data, particularly in the context of non-destructive testing (NDT), which is often not collected consistently or systematically. This paper addresses these challenges by thoroughly reviewing available nondestructive test reports and microstructure analysis data to evaluate the health of the condenser in a 300MW thermal power plant. Key operational and performance parameters, such as back pressure, terminal temperature difference (TTD), temperature rise (TR), and chlorine content of colling water, have been analyzed to assess the condition of the condenser. Additionally, a degradation growth model is developed to predict tube failure, and a retubing strategy is proposed to mitigate the risk of failure and optimize performance.

Using a descriptive method with a triangulation approach including observation, document analysis, and interviews this study ensures data reliability. Daily monitoring is conducted on wastewater flow and pH levels, while monthly laboratory analysis covers eight key parameters: Total Suspended Solids (TSS), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), total chromium (Cr), phosphate (PO³), oil and grease, and pH to evaluate the perfomance of the treatment system. The treatment process begins with the inflow of 960 m³ of wastewater per day into the storage pond, where aeration is applied to ensure homogenization before being transferred to the neutralization unit. pH adjustment is carried out by adding NaOH or HCl before the wastewater undergoes coagulation and flocculation stages. The study's findings indicate that the WWTP meets the environmental quality standards established in accordance with the Decree of the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia (2020), Number SK.214/1/KLHK/2020 concerning the Permit for Wastewater Disposal into the Sea on Behalf of PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali Unit Pembangkitan Gresik. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic monitoring and treatment in wastewater management.

In this work, 112 cc single cylinder four stroke gasoline engine motorcycle is converted to LPG fuelled motorcycle. Three model gas converter kits are developed and tested on LPG motorcycle. The models of gas converter kit are tested over a wide range of engine speed. LPG fuelled motorcycle performances in terms of torque and power as well as fuel efficiency are measured and the results are compared with gasoline fuelled motorcycle. The results show that converter kit model II has better performance than converter kit model I and III. Model II can produce higher torque and brake horse power. Engine torque and brake horse power of LPG fuelled motorcycle is lower than gasoline fuelled motorcycle. However, LPG fuelled motorcycle offers a solution for alternative energy utilization due to economically benefit.

Around the world, but particularly in developing Member States, there are disused nuclear facilities or those approaching the end of their useful lives, for which appropriate decommissioning steps have not been taken, primarily due to limited technical and financial resources or competing priorities. In line with its mission to encourage safe and peaceful applications of nuclear energy, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) systematically covers the technical, regulatory, radiation protection, planning, management, and economic aspects related to the decommissioning of nuclear installations. The IAEA’s overall objective of the decommissioning programme is to assist its Member States in developing the required expertise, equipment, and programmes so that they can decommission their nuclear facilities in a safe, timely, and cost-effective manner. Technical Co-operation (TC) with Member States having limited resources is commonly provided in the form of workshops, expert missio...

Domestic heat pumps have been identified as a key-technology to decrease the energy consumption of the domestic sector, which represents 29% of the world final energy consumption. Space & water heating represent more than two third of the domestic sector energy consumption in many countries. Next generation domestic heat pumps powered by oil-free high-speed radial compressors are expected to (a) be more efficient at rating operating points and in partial loads, (b) to match better the energy demand characteristics, (c) to be more compact and lighter, (d) more silent, and (e) to need lower refrigerant charges. As a first step towards the development of such advanced heat pumps, an oil-free twin-stage Air/Water domestic heat pump prototype powered by an oil-free high-speed twin-stage radial compressor has been developed and tested. The heat pump layout corresponds to a two-stage heat pump cycle with an open economizer. The two main functions of the economizer are (a) to separate the l...

Today improving agriculture techniques is highly challenging job focusing on modern engineering and science technology. Recent situation is very difficult for farmer who is incapable to arrange manpower as well as production and maintenance .So this seminar paper not only giving the man power but reducing source and also looking for better economical growth. So an innovative idea to bring production and profit on same platform using automation techniques development for agriculture is necessary.

Heat exchanger transfer function optimization for temperature compensation is crucial for enhancing heat transfer efficiency and temperature control in various industrial applications. This study explores different approaches and considerations for optimizing heat exchanger performance, including the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), phase change materials (PCMs), and topology optimization techniques. ANN-based control systems have shown promising results in simulating and controlling the dynamic behavior of heat exchangers, demonstrating less oscillatory behavior and better steadystate performance than standard PI and PID controllers in certain operating regions. For PCM-based heat exchangers, optimizing the thermal power and heat transfer coefficients is essential, and studies have shown that embedding PCM in a graphite matrix can significantly enhance heat transfer, achieving values an order of magnitude higher than those of other configurations. Topology optimization techniques ha ve have also been employed to improve the thermal and flow characteristics of heat exchangers for lithium-ion batteries, resulting in improvements in the heat transfer coefficients and reduced pressure drop. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges faced in temperature compensator design for heat exchangers, including thermal expansion and contraction, dynamic loading and thermal fatigue, vibration and noise, fouling and corrosion, system integration, and cost and maintenance. The use of sophisticated simulation methods, computational fluid dynamics, and intelligent sensors for real-time monitoring can greatly improve the design process and operational efficiency of temperature compensation systems in heat exchangers.

This work gains technical learning from the operation of a combined cycle gas power project aimed at achieving high energy efficiency from naphtha. This formed a bridge between theoretical and practical knowledge. In the olden days, the Power Stations were constructed to run either on coal or with water (that is getting collected in the catchment area), which are called thermal or hydropower stations, respectively. The power stations are operated on gas either in open cycle or in combined cycle mode. As the operation in open cycle is costly, the power producers prefer running the gas power station only in combined cycle mode rather than in simple cycle mode because of the cost consideration. These power stations have become much more popular because of the many considerations described in this paper, along with process optimization in leaning industry towards fuel efficiency and integration of renewable energy systems. Working principle of protection schemes and operations become further explored topics under this research paper. All types of major power system protection schemes, as applied in this paper, entail future scopes.

This study examines different filter topologies to improve the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) performance of an industrial control device containing a flyback switch mode power supply (SMPS) operating at 110 kHz. In the initial design phase, an LC-type filter was preferred over the commonly used π-type due to space and cost constraints. As the device operates with AC input, an X2-class film capacitor was required, and its value was limited to 220 nF due to size restrictions. This necessitated a higher inductance to achieve the desired cutoff frequency. However, high inductance values can cause issues such as low self-resonant frequency and core saturation. Therefore, the filter design process was supported by theoretical analysis and simulation. According to the widely accepted "1/5 rule" in EMC design, the filter cutoff frequency was set between 20-30 kHz. Calculations showed that this required a total differential mode (DM) inductance of 130-220 µH. However, such high values were problematic due to previously mentioned limitations. To address this, considering that DM noise flows from phase to neutral, 68 µH inductors were placed on both lines to provide symmetrical attenuation and increase total inductance. This configuration resulted in 136 µH inductance and 220 nF capacitance, yielding a cutoff frequency of 29.1 kHz. For a 110 kHz switching frequency, this corresponds to ⁄ ≈ 3.78. With an LC filter slope of-40 dB/decade, theoretical attenuation at 110 kHz was calculated to be about 23.12 dB. The filter model was analyzed through simulation to validate the theoretical calculations, and PCB parasitic elements were also included to assess their impact on overall performance. Based on real test results, emission levels exceeded the limits by 1.5-6.2 dB at certain points within the 500 kHz to 5 MHz frequency range. This issue was attributed to the asymmetrical capacitive filtering in the initial topology, where the capacitor was placed only on one side. To provide symmetrical, double-sided attenuation, an additional 220 nF capacitor was added, and the filter was redesigned as a π-type structure. This configuration had a theoretical attenuation slope of-60 dB/decade and calculated 35.83 dB attenuation at 110 kHz according to theoretical and simulation results. In actual tests, an extra 3-7.3 dB reduction was achieved in the problematic frequency range, lowering emissions below the limits and allowing the test to pass. However, the maximum attenuation predicted by simulation was not fully achieved. This was attributed to common-mode noise currents caused by parasitic capacitance between the transformer and chassis due to high dv/dt transitions in the flyback topology, as well as the influence of switching harmonics.

In this research study, a thorough field survey was conducted to ascertain the actual outlook of Owerri Municipality. The road-map of the city in question, which served as an aid towards preparing the survey, was obtained from the Works Department of the Owerri Municipal Council Headquarters. The survey was carried out using the Google cloud-based survey software. The outcome of the field work was holistically analyzed and evaluated using the Google cloud-based Spreadsheet. The required engineering design for installation of a Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) system in the area was eventually realized.

Concrete is the second largest consumed material for construction due to encouraged growth of infrastructure worldwide. The preparation of concrete requires large amount of concrete making materials like cement, sand and coarse aggregate. Sand and Coarse aggregate are naturally available, but cement production involves heating of limestone and other materials to high temperatures leading to release of CO 2 which in terns responsible for emission of greenhouse gases. Also, the utilization of natural resources leads to scarcity. This results in the creation of vast interest in the research area to utilize waste materials which could satisfy the criteria of strength and performance. Pond ash, a waste produced from thermal power plant, is one such material that can be used as a replacement of cement as well as fine aggregate partially or fully. To promote sustainable construction, study of physical and chemical properties of such waste material as a constituent in concrete is essential which ultimately addresses the issues related to disposal, environmental and ecological problems. Pond ash is potentially usable, but its properties depend on various factors like source of coal, type of boilers, type of coal grinding process adapted at power plant etc. This research focuses on the physical and chemical properties of pond ash like particle size distribution, specific gravity, bulk density, loss on ignition etc. to know its suitability for utilization in concrete.

This paper explains a review works on thermoelectric generator using different viable solar technologies. For clean sources, thermoelectric (TE) energy converters are of increasing interest because these solid-state devices can transform heat given off from sources such as motor vehicles, power plants, computers, factories or even human bodies into electric power using the Seebeck effect in single stage. This review contains previous researches on thermoelectric based plants and also current advances on it.

This report details a project worked on by a group of KNUST aerospace engineering undergraduate students in the 2023/2024 academic year.
Increased industrialisation, machinery and automobile vehicles result in the production of lots of waste lubricating oils, as lubrication is an integral part of these machines.

Automobile engine oils changed in Ghana are mostly disposed of along roads and workshop grounds. This project was therefore conducted to illuminate the benefits associated with developing sustainable and renewable solutions for handling these waste engine oils.

A waste engine oil burner was designed, fabricated and analysed. The main aim of this project was to burn waste engine oil with less emissions for cooking. Four burner concepts were proposed, evaluated, and the best concept was selected and developed.

Using computer-aided design, 3-D design of each part of the stove was modelled and assembled together to test design parameters and leave room for further adjustments during fabrication.

The selected concept, after modifications was fabricated. An oil atomiser and a 12-volt DC blower played a vital role in the smooth burning of the oil. The temperatures obtained during testing were about 270 degrees Celsius, indicating the practicality of the designed burner for cooking. It was also observed that excess air introduced into the combustion process reduced the emissions produced. The concluding section of the report provides suggestions for future work in improving the burner design.

This project indicates that the burner designed can be used by homes, restaurants, roadside food vendors, and/ or campers to prepare meals of their choice.

U savremenim javnim finansijama, fiskalni savjeti predstavljaju nezavisna tijela čija je osnovna uloga da prate, analiziraju i ocjenjuju fiskalnu politiku jedne države. Njihov značaj posebno dolazi do izražaja u zemljama koje se suočavaju s izazovima fiskalne održivosti, prekomjernim trošenjem i slabom kontrolom javne potrošnje — izazovima koji su, nažalost, prisutni i u Crnoj Gori. Upravo zato, pitanje osnivanja fiskalnog savjeta nije samo tehničko, već suštinsko pitanje javne odgovornosti i dobrog upravljanja.

Pekerjaan untuk perekondisian terhadap fisis rumah dan inti stator bekas dan perekonstruksian sejumlah koil dapat dilakukan untuk keterbentukan struktur belitan stator alternator fase-tunggal. Pekerjaan tersebut telah dilakukan guna pencapaian dua sasaran penelitian, yaitu (i) merekondisi fisis rumah dan inti stator bekas dan (ii) merekronstruksi sejumlah koil pada inti stator. Metode penelitian untuk pemenuhan tahapan rekondisi, meliputi pembersihan rumah dan inti stator bekas, penetapan alur-alur, penghitungan dan pembuatan untuk ketersediaan koil disesuaikan ke jumlah kutub dan tipe penggulungan koil, pemasangan struktur belitan stator, dan proses perhitungan dalam pembuatan koil. Pemenuhan tahapan rekonstruksi koil pada inti stator, meliputi pemasangan isolasi, pembuatan sejumlah koil sesuai penetapan jumlah kutub, pemasangan, penyambungan, dan pengikatan koil-koil, dan perhitungan nilai teoritis tegangan dan daya keluaran. Hasil rekondisi berupa tiga puluh enam alur dengan luas penampang masingmasing sebesar seratus mm 2 untuk dua ratus enameled wire berbentuk round terbuat dari tembaga, terbentuk delapan belas koil, sehingga terdapat 3.600 konduktor, panjang konduktor per koil dua puluh satu mm, sehingga diperlukan round enameled copper wire sepanjang 75.600 mm atau 75,6 meter, dan pembentukan tiga grup koil sebagai pedoman untuk rentang lebar magnet permanen. Hasil rekonstruksi berupa sebuah belitan stator berbentuk jerat (buhul, lap winding) terdiri atas enam grup koil, masing-masing grup terdiri atas tiga koil tersusun secara seri. Nilai tegangan keluaran alternator hasil perhitungan teoritis sebesar 170,2296 volt dan penetapan nilai frekuensi operasi sebesar 50 hertz, sedangkan nilai arus maksimum yang dapat dialirkan sebesar 0,477 ampere, maka diperoleh nilai daya maksimum sebesar 81,1995 volt-amper. Secara keseluruhan dapat disimpulkan, bahwa hasil rekondisi dan rekonstruksi telah dihasilkan sebuah alternator fase-tunggal dengan tperkiraan daya sebesar 81 volt-ampere.

Bu calismada, gaz turbinli kojenerasyon cevrimlerinin gelistirilmesinde kullanilan bazi yontemler basit bir kojenerasyon cevrimi uzerinde uygulanmistir. Bu yontemler havanin on isitilmasi, hava ve yakitin on isitilmasi ve giris havasinin evaporatif ve absorpsiyonlu sogutma ile sogutulmasidir. Bu kojenerasyon sistemleri enerji verimi (enerji kullanim faktoru), ekserji verimi, elektrik ve isi gucu, elektrik isi enerjisi orani, yapay termal verim ve yakit enerjisi kazanim orani yonunden degerlendirilmis ve birbirleri ile karsilastirilmislardir. Bu analizlerde basinc orani, hava-yakit kutleleri orani ve cevrimlerin kompresor giris sicakliklari gibi termodinamik parametreler kullanilmistir. Bu parametrelerin en cok etkili olanindan en az etkili olanina gore, hava-yakit kutleleri orani, basinc orani ve kompresor giris sicakliklari seklinde siralandigi anlasilmistir. Ayrica daha cok elektrik ve daha az isil guc yonunden en verimli cevrimin hava-yakit on isitmali cevrim ve daha cok isil guc...

This paper describes the development of a kit for converting a spark-ignition engine installed on small-size generators in order to allow their functioning with multiple fuels, with particular reference to lowboiling-point fuels. The kit can be easily added to technological systems which have been on the market for a long time. In addition, depending on the local conditions of use, operation in cogeneration is also possible, which increases the total efficiency of such generators. The solution developed is technically simple, robust, reliable and versatile, since it can be fed with different fuels, and it can be used both for grid-connected and off-grid applications, with particular reference to the developing Countries. The results of the first phase of technical development of the system and the experimental tests carried out with LPG and bioethanol are hereby presented. They attest the feasibility of using the conversion kit in a commercial power unit and they demonstrate that the actual performances are broadly consistent with the calculated results. The overall efficiency (electric and thermal) of the prototype system reaches a value close to 40% in conditions of rated load, almost doubling the generation efficiency of the system before its conversion. Any further developments of the research will be dedicated to better investigate also the environmental and economic aspects of the kit in different operating contexts, as well as to test other suitable fuels.

Power transmission reliability and system integrity are essential requirements in high voltage transmission and distribution networks. Outdoor insulation has a critical role, since the majority of these installations incorporate open air systems and there are many factors able to trigger deterioration mechanisms, which may finally conclude to a system failure. It is important to notice, that although the initial investment for the insulation systems is low in comparison to other types of equipment, an insulation failure may result in considerable costs for the utility. A strategy that is followed by more and more utilities nowadays is the incorporation of composite insulators, in transmission and distribution systems, where the influence of pollution is considerable. In Crete, this action started 37 years ago, experienced intense action; 15 years ago and today the majority of outdoor insulators are composite. This large scale application is presented in this paper, especially with reference to the problems experienced and the testing and maintenance procedures applied.

The main objective of this study is to make thermodynamics analysis of different components of solar rice husk hybrid power plant with its modification of structure by implementing a Rice Husk Dryer between the Condensate Pre-heater and Air Pre Heater in order to feed dry rice husk to furnace and performance evaluation of power plant with respect to reduction of moisture content of rice husk using MATLAB, R2016a. The flue gas is passed to the Rice Husk Dryer, where the heat of flue gas is used to dry the rice husk before feeding to the furnace. Solar energy is limited to a 50% share in the daytime. In this research solar parabolic collector and Rice, husk feed is arranged in a parallel to produce steam. Feeding with dry rice husk in the furnace was found to reduce the heat loss due to heating moisture present in rice husk up to furnace temperature and also heat loss due to excess air supplied to the furnace for evaporating and superheating the moisture present in the rice husk. The increase in furnace efficiency, fuel efficiency, thermal efficiency and plant efficiency, reduction in specific rice husk consumption, reduction in excess air supply and decrease in rice husk consumption, etc. with respect to reduction in the moisture content of rice husk for the power plant are evaluated. The result showed that with the reduction of moisture from 10% to 90%, the power plant efficiency is to be increased by 6.97% to 64.86% for boiler pressure of 50 bar.

The technique of Data Envelopment Analysis originated with the publication of a seminal paper Measurement of efficiency of decision making units (Charnes et al, 1978). Since then several models and methods are devised over the years and the technique has been used in varied fields and different applications both in the private and the public sectors. This paper surveys the various literature published in the field in the areas of a) various models and methods and b) various application procedures in applying the technique in various fields.The paper demonstrates the use of the method with a practical example of service delivery of Veterinary Districts of Odisha using CCR Output oriented model. The results produced include average efficiencies and projections for achieving efficiency.

There is a silent revolution throughout the world in energy sector. There is a trend towards decentralized and distributed generation of renewable energy. The steam power plants are highly capital intensive and suitable for generation of electricity. The work of establishing the steam power plant is really revolutionary and it will create history of total change of transforming highly centralized capitalist tool beneficial to the entire world. Steam power plant consists of Boiler, Turbine and generator which can be used for electrification of village and community. Steam power can be used directly exhaust steam of the steam turbine can be used for heating in the process. So steam power plants give double benefits. The steam power plant is using steam as working fluid. Steam is produced in a boiler using LPG as fuel and is used to drive the prime motor, namely, the steam turbine. In the steam turbine, heat energy is converted into mechanical energy which is used for generating electr...

With the continuous growth of global demand for renewable energy, tidal wind power is gradually emerging as a key sector in the energy transition as a form of clean energy. This paper aims to conduct a comprehensive study and analysis of China's tidal wind power industry, exploring its development process, status, and future trends. The paper first reviews the developmental trajectory of China's sea wind power industry, outlining its evolution from initial stages to rapid expansion and subsequent adjustment and upgrade. This narrative highlights the industry's progression in terms of policies, technology, and market dynamics. Subsequently, through an in-depth analysis of the industry's status, the paper reveals both the positive aspects and challenges faced by China's sea wind power sector. In summary, the Chinese sea wind power industry has made significant strides in recent years but is not without its challenges. Through thorough research and comprehensive analysis, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and the academic community to facilitate the industry's movement towards a more sustainable and efficient direction.

This research analyzes the performance of a water tube boiler used in a palm oil processing plant with a capacity of 20 tons/hour. The boiler utilizes biomass fuels consisting of palm kernel shells and palm fibers, which are waste products from the processing operation. The primary objective of the research was to analyze the efficiency of the boiler through direct observation methods. The findings revealed that the boiler demonstrated an average efficiency of 54.9361%, with a peak efficiency of 55.7737%. The fuel composition comprised 25% palm kernel shell and 75% palm fiber. The elemental chemical composition of the fuel was characterized by carbon (C) at 44.55%, hydrogen (H2) at 5.35%, oxygen (O2) at 32.625%, sulfur (S) at 44.55%, and nitrogen (N2) at 0.0425%. The fuel's heating value was measured at 16,975.22 kJ/kg for Higher Heating Value (HHV) and 16,661.22 kJ/kg for Lower Heating Value (LHV). The fuel consumption was calculated at 1.58333 kg of fuel per second, with a combustion product mass flow rate of 17.55811 kg of gas per second. The research concludes by recommending continuous optimization of combustion processes and routine maintenance to sustain and potentially improve the boiler's performance at an optimal level.

In this study, pollutant gas emissions and combustion efficiency of LPG fuel burning in a steam boiler were investigated experimentally and compared with the diesel fuel-based results. Designed and manufactured of a new tangential swirl burner, and used for gaseous fuel combustion (LPG) in the boiler that was already designed to be operated with liquid fuel (diesel). The study involves conducting experiments using a broad range of equivalence ratios (Φ) and with three different diameter ratios (dr = 1/10, 1/15, and 1/20) (diameter ratios = The variable diameter of the burner is compared against the fixed diameter of the boiler). The volumetric ratios of CO 2 , CO as well as the HC content in the exhausted gases are measured and the boiler efficiency is predicted. The obtained results revealed that the replacement of the liquid fuel burner with the tangential swirl gas (LPG) burner is simple, inexpensive, and had no negative effect on the other parts of the boiler. In addition, the lowest pollutant gas concentrations detected in the exhausted gases and the highest boiler efficiency are obtained with a diameter ratio of 1/10. In comparison with diesel fuel combustion, the LPG fuel offered the cleanest combustion at Φ approaching 1 and above, required less O 2 for complete combustion, and had the least HC content in the exhaust gases at the lean mixing area. Finally, the boiler efficiency operating with LPG fuel was higher than that obtained with diesel fuel for all equivalence ratios.

Bu calismada dalga enerjisi donusturuculerinde yaygin olarak kullanilan guc donusum sistemleri incelenmistir. Dalga enerjisi donusturuculeri okyanuslarin serbest sathinda olusan dalgalarin gucunu elektrik enerjisine donusturen sistemlerdir. Cevre dostu ve surdurulebilir kaynaklardan elektrik enerjisi uretmek uzere yapilan arastirmalar Enerji Krizi’nin yasandigi gunlerden beri devam etmektedir. Okyanus dalgalari bu tur enerji kaynaklarindan bir tanesidir. Bugune kadar birbirinden farkli, cok sayida dalga enerjisi donusturucusu dizayn edilmistir. Dalgalarin gucu, dalga enerjisi donusturucusu icinde bulunan bir guc donusum sistemi vasitasiyla elektrik enerjisine donusturulur. Yuksek basincli yag ile calisan hidrolik sistemler, hava turbinleri, su turbinleri ve dogrusal jeneratorler dalga enerjisi donusturuculerinde siklikla guc donusum sistemi olarak kullanilmaktadir. Her sistemin avantajlari ve dezavantajlari bulunmaktadir. Bir dalga enerjisi donusturucusunde hangi tip guc donusturucu...

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling has emerged as a vital tool in optimizing boiler combustion processes within thermal power plants. By simulating and analyzing fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical reactions in combustion chambers, CFD provides insights into flame stability, NOx emissions reduction, and enhanced heat transfer efficiency. This paper explores the role of CFD in improving thermal power plant operations, reviewing recent studies from 2023. Results demonstrate that CFD-based combustion optimization enhances efficiency and sustainability, reducing environmental impact

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi kebutuhan akan alat penarik bertenaga listrik untuk memudahkan handling pesawat dan mengurangi manpower yang diperlukan pada saat pelaksanaan towing pesawat. Penggunaan towing bar manual saat ini memerlukan bantuan beberapa orang untuk mendorong dan menarik pesawat. Untuk mengatasi tantangan ini, diusulkan sebuah alat ETEF-1500(Electric Towing), yang dirancang untuk mengakomodasi spesifikasi pesawat ringan Marchetti SF.260 dan Cessna 402, yang mana spesifikasinya diatur dalam CASR Part 23.509. electric towing yang dipasangankan dengan motor pengerak electric winch dan ditenagai baterai 12Volt/40Ampere. Hasil uji fungsi menunjukkan bahwa system kelistrikan dapat bekerja dengan semestinya. Pada hasil uji fungsi dengan jarak 1 meter pesawat ini dapat bergerak forward dan reverse dengan bobot pesawat Marcheti SF.260 (830kg) dan Cessna 402 (1845kg).

Rising electricity demand and the need to strike a balance between energy security and environmental sustainability are projected to force significant changes in India's thermal power scenario in the years to come. In order to satisfy the increasing demand, India has revised its objective to add 80 GW of coal-fired power capacity over the next six years. By 2030, the nation wants to generate 500 GW of nonfossil fuel capacity and 10 GW of geothermal power. By 2034-2035, India will need about 1,981,000 MWh of energy storage capacity, with pumped hydro storage (PSH) and battery energy storage systems (BESS) being the vital options. In order to achieve India's target of net-zero carbon emissions, thermal power will continue to play a significant role until 2035, at which point its capacity will be gradually reduced in favour of renewable energy. This study will offer opinions on how to guarantee a steady supply of electricity to sustain India's fast urbanization and economic expansion. Modernize transmission infrastructure, increase energy storage capacity, and diversify the mix of power sources.

Sistem direct evaporative cooling merupakan salah satu metode sangat sederhana yang dipergunakan untuk mendinginkan udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik air cooler dengan membandingkan air cooler yang belum dimodifikasi dengan air cooler yang sudah dimodifikasi. Modifikasi dalam air cooler dengan menambahkan sponge yang diletakkan di depan cooling pad honey comb dengan dimensi p = 30 cm, l = 25 cm, t = 1,5 cm. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan air cooler dengan membandingkan fluida kerja yang digunakan berupa air dan air es serta dengan menggunakan 3 kecepatan udara yang berbeda. Karakteristik air cooler pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan air cooler dengan modifikasi penambahan sponge lebih baik daripada tidak dimodifikasi. Nilai efisiensi selama pengujian menunjukkan pada kecepatan Low dengan kondisi fluida berupa air es pada air cooler dengan modifikasi penambahan sponge memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu  = 97,4%. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kontak udara dengan air pada cooling pad dengan kecepatan Low lebih lama dari pada kecepatan diatasnya yang menyebabkan penyerapan kalor pada udara dapat lebih efisien.

Intent of this article is to deliberate Significance of Thermal Power in India for next couple of decades. Electricity is essential element for holistic growth. India has achieved swift progress in sustainable power generation, but Renewable Energy is not reliable due to limitations. At the same time, population rise, Economic & Industrial growth, lifestyle change etc. have led to enhance power demand. To study this subject, data has been explored from authentic sources, Focus Group Discussion with Subject Matter Experts, Industry Leaders on different aspects. Ample of Government published reports & dashboards, International & National Journals have been examined. Study indicates that Thermal Power is vital contributor & will be backbone for couple of decades. Further study to be explored to review appropriate strategies to operate Thermal Power Station at the maximum capacity & performance within optimum cost to ensure affordable & acceptable energy for all.

India is in the era of Industry 4.0 in which we are focusing in Digitalization, Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, ecommerce, innovation etc. Resilience tactics for Indian Thermal Power Plant (TPP) Endurance is must to be sustainable. Objectives: To ensure affordable & socially acceptable Power for all, one of the critical requirements is to operate Commissioned Power Plants at the best capacity & performance within optimum possible cost. The primary objective of this research is to analyse the Resilience Tactics for Indian Thermal Power Plant Endurance. To review strategies to overcome challenges of TPP. Methods: To explore Operational Strategies for major challenges, primary data has been collected with Subject Matter Experts (SME) & Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used for statistical analysis. Results: Major operational challenges like Cost Optimization, Job Quality and Skill-Knowledge-Experience and their respective strategies like Contract Management, Knowledge Management and Innovation have been reviewed in depth. Conclusions: Contract Management is crucial strategy impacting on major challenges. Effective Contract Management shall be impactful for Cost Optimization, Job Quality and Skill-Experience-Knowledge related challenges.

Large-scale and high throughput approaches increasingly play an essential role in the study of biological systems, which are per se highly complex. Therefore, they need to be examined by these extensive methods to receive information about the large genomic and proteomic networks. In plant biology, this purpose has a strong support through the accessability of the complete genome sequence of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This brief review intends to focus on the basics and the state-of-the-art of these high-throughput technologies and their application to plant proteomics. It describes protein microarrays, the use of antibodies, 2-DE and MS methods and the yeast two hybrid system, which are emerging as the major technologies for plant proteomics.

This article presents the preliminary results on the drying process in a fountain dryer designed and adapted to drying waist sawdust and/or chips of various morphology and moisture content. In terms of drying technology, it is important to reduce the demand for heat and electricity. The phenomena occurring during the drying of sawdust in a fountain dryer were analyzed. Modifications of a typical fountain dryer were proposed in order to dry the chips, to obtain appropriate moisture and quality suitable for the process of their further granulation for the production of pellets. The test stand and the most important properties of the fountain dryer were described and discussed. Such characteristic aims of the device, i.e., efficiency, combustion, air and exhaust gas flow measurements, among others, were presented. The characteristics of the sawdust drying curves as a function of temperature were also determined. Computer simulations of heat exchange, air, and exhaust gas flow velocities were also performed and compared with the results obtained directly from the modified test stand. The maximum combustion of sawdust measured during startup of the furnace was 0.14 m 3 /h, which is 0.46 m 3 of the fuel consumption for the production of 1000 kg. Drying times of wet sawdust is relatively short and takes ~50 s for (weight of wet sawdust 4.75 kg, with moisture of 35%) the relatively low air temperature of 175 • C.

This article focuses on the mining activities of Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI), the major lignite supplier in Turkey. First, we analyzed the lignite production and overburden removal activities of TKI from a historical perspective and then employed the Principle Component Analysis to build a mining efficiency index of TKI and investigated its historical development since the establishment of the company. We found that labor productivity and operational structure have been the most important factors, positively affecting the index. The current article makes two important contributions: (1) by using the most comprehensive data set available on TKI for the first time, and (2) by developing a Mining Efficiency Index (MEI), which can be used to analyze productivity in lignite mining activities in different countries.

The energy crisis and increasing fossil fuel prices due to increasing demands, controlled supplies, and global political unrest have adversely affected agricultural productivity and farm profitability across the globe and Pakistan is not an exception. To cope with this issue of energy deficiency in agriculture, the best alternate strategy is to take advantage of biomass and solid waste potential. In low-income countries such as Pakistan, the greenhouse heating system mostly relies on fossil fuels such as diesel, gasoline, and LPG. Farmers are reluctant to adopt greenhouse farming due to the continuously rising prices of the fossil fuels. To reduce reliance on fossil fuel energy, the objective of this study was to utilize biomass from crop residues to develop an efficient and economical biomass furnace that could heat greenhouses to protect the crop from seasonal temperature effects. Modifications made to the biomass furnace, such as the incorporation of insulation around the walls of the furnace, providing turbulators in fire tubes, and a secondary heat exchanger (heat recovery system) in the chimney, have increased the thermal efficiency of the biomass furnace by about 21.7%. A drastic reduction in hazardous elements of flue gases was observed due to the addition of a water scrubber smoke filter in the exit line of the flue. The efficiency of the biomass furnace ranged from 50.42% to 54.18%, whereas the heating efficiency of the diesel-fired heater was 71.19%. On the basis of the equal heating value of the fuels, the unit material and operating costs of the biomass furnace for wood, cotton stalks, corn cobs, and cow dung were USD 2.04, 1.86, 1.78, and 2.00 respectively against USD 4.67/h for the diesel heater. The capital and operating costs of the biomass furnace were about 50% and 43.7% of the diesel heater respectively, resulting in a seasonal saving of about 1573 USD. The produced smoke was tested as environmental friendly under the prescribed limits of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), which shows potential for its large-scale adoption and wider applications.

Proses pengeringan kertas merupakan tahapan paling intensif dalam penggunaan energi di industri pulp dan kertas, menyumbang hingga 78% dari total konsumsi energi termal dalam proses produksi. Meskipun sistem pengering multi-silinder berbasis silinder uap masih menjadi teknologi utama karena keandalan dan kemampuannya dalam produksi massal, sistem ini memiliki efisiensi energi yang terbatas dan kurang fleksibel dalam menghadapi perubahan kondisi operasional. Artikel ini menyajikan tinjauan mendalam mengenai prinsip dasar pengeringan kertas, perkembangan teknologi mutakhir, dan pendekatan optimasi energi berbasis hukum kedua termodinamika. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dari tiga jurnal utama yang membahas aspek teoritis, teknologis, dan termodinamik dari proses pengeringan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa teknologi seperti impingement drying, Condebelt, dan impulse drying memiliki potensi signifikan dalam meningkatkan laju pengeringan dan efisiensi sistem, meskipun implementasinya masih terkendala oleh biaya dan kompleksitas sistem. Di sisi lain, pendekatan optimasi berbasis entropi memungkinkan penyesuaian parameter seperti suhu uap dan kelembaban udara untuk meminimalkan kehilangan energi. Inovasi dalam material silinder, konfigurasi felt, serta integrasi kontrol otomatis dan pemodelan numerik turut mendukung efisiensi sistem secara keseluruhan. Kajian ini menekankan bahwa pengeringan bukan hanya proses akhir produksi, melainkan elemen kunci dalam strategi keberlanjutan industri pulp dan kertas di masa depan.

Proses pengeringan (drying) merupakan tahapan dalam industri kertas yang signifikan mempengaruhi ef isiensi energi dan kualitas produk akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh parameter-parameter utama dalam proses pengeringan terhadap konsumsi energi dan mutu kertas melalui studi literatur dengan pendekatas kualitatif deskriptif. Parameter kunci seperti temperatur pengering, kelembaban awal kertas, serta aliran dan kelembaban udara pengering dianalisis pengaruhnya terhadap efisiensi energi, dimana proses pengeringan dapat mengonsumsi 30-60% total energi termal pabrik. Di sisi kualitas kertas, faktor-faktor seperti temperatur pengering, kelembaban awal kertas serta tegangan lembaran dievaluasi dampaknya terhadap sifat mekanik, deformasi, dan stabilitas dimensional kertas. Pendekatan optimasi yang dibahas meliputi implementasi sistem kontrol pr oses la njut (APC), Eksplorasi teknologi pengeringan inovatif, dan penggunaan pemodelan matematis untuk mencapai keseimbangan optimal. Diharapkan kajian ini dapat memberikan rekomendasi untuk pengaturan parameter yang lebih baik guna untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan menjaga kualitas kertas secara ko nsisten. Kata Kunci : Proses pengeringan, efisiensi energi, kualitas kertas, parameter pengeringan, optimasi, industri kertas Abstracts The drying process is a stage in the paper industry that significantly affects energy efficiency and the quality of the final product. This study aims to examine the effect of key parameters in the drying process on energy consumption and paper quality through a literature study with a qualitative descriptive approach. Key parameters such as dryer temperature, initial paper moisture, and dryer air flow and humidity are analyzed for their effect on energy efficiency, where the drying process can consume 30-60% of the total thermal energy of the factory. On the paper quality side, factors such as dryer temperature, initial paper moisture and sheet tension are evaluated for their impact on the mechanical properties, deformation and dimensional stability of the paper. The optimization approaches discussed include the implementation of advanced process control (APC) systems, exploration of innovative drying technologies, and the use of mathematical modeling to achieve optimal balance. It is hoped that this study can provide recommendations for better parameter settings in order to improve efficiency and maintain consistent paper quality.