Theraputic Research

Peloids are natural therapeutic muds or clays used in balneotherapy and other health treatments. The aim of this study is to prepare and qualify three artificial peloids by maturation for 360 days of some Tunisian smectitic clays with a naturally chlorinated sodic mineral water from a spring in Korbous, Tunisia. This was done to improve our understanding of the behaviour of these clays and the physicochemical changes that affect the clays during maturation, with the purpose of providing suitable raw materials as a solid phase for peloid preparation. The results showed that parameters such as mineralogy, geochemistry, granulometry, cation-exchange capacity, consistency parameters (Atterberg limits and plasticity index), specific surface area, cooling kinetics and pH are all affected by the geochemistry of the thermal water used during maturation. Mineralogical modifications mostly concern the clay minerals’ contents, particularly smectite, and subordinately the dissolution of gypsum and the neoformation of halite. The observed improvements to the plasticity index and cooling kinetics can be explained by the ability of water molecules, and especially cations, to diffuse into the clay particles. The main exchangeable cations are Na+ and Ca2+, along with Mg2+ and K+, which promote swelling and increase water retention and consequently retention of heat in thermal spa treatments. The chemical composition of the major elements is closely linked to the mineralogical compositions of the clays, and also to the chemical composition of the thermal water used in their maturation. The safety profiles of the peloids obtained at different maturation times were evaluated, particularly regarding their content of potentially toxic elements such as arsenic.

Respiratory diseases are associated with high mortality worldwide. Respiratory infections can lead to the emergence of chronic respiratory diseases. Scientists are constantly striving to identify new therapies with reduced side effects. The rise of antibiotic resistance and the scarcity of effective treatments further necessitate the development of novel therapeutics specific to respiratory diseases. Extensive research has been conducted on natural products that could be effective against respiratory diseases. Mangiferin, a polyphenol with a C-glycosyl xanthone structure, is a bioactive phytochemical that has potential applications in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. Mangiferin could be a therapeutic option against respiratory diseases because of its ability to target a variety of pharmacological pathways implicated in the development of these infections. It has been shown to limit infections, lower inflammation, control immune responses, and enhance host defense mechanisms. This review provides comprehensive insight into mangiferin's potential against various respiratory disorders, focusing on its pharmacological activity and therapeutic prospects. Despite the potential of mangiferin against respiratory problems-related pathobiology, additional scientific validation through clinical trials is required before the clinical application of mangiferin in the management of respiratory diseases.

Background: Bovine mastitis is a multifactorial and is one of the most challenging disease. It can be caused by many different bacterial species, the most common of which are Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species. The prevalence of different species varies temporally, geographically and also due to control measures adopted in herds. The present study is on the biofilm forming Streptococcus uberis causing mastitis and the effect of antibiofilm agents on the antimicrobial resistance of the microorganisms. Methods: The isolates were identified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two antibiofilm agents, resveratrol and ursolic acid (UA) each at two concentrations (30 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml) were used for the study. Biofilm formation and rate of biofilm inhibition was detected using quantitative microtiter plate (MTP) assay and biofilm gene (lux S) was detected using PCR. The isolates treated with antibiofilm agents were subjected to standard disc diffusion test with 7 antibiotics a...

1. There are significant differences between the scales of nutritional assessment, visceral proteins, biochemical and inflammation parameters, body composition and hand grip strech between the groups studied. 2. Albumin as a marker of nutrition modulated by inflammation and CRP as inflammation parameter appear as mortality markers alone or in combination in patients with CKD.

Modern drug discovery still relies heavily on the development of novel hybrid molecules with multi-target pharmacological activity. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and evaluate a new series of pyrazole–benzimidazole derivatives (A1–A5) for potential therapeutic use in inflammatory, oncologic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological conditions. A two-step synthetic approach was used, where pyrazoline was formed by hydrazine-mediated condensation, and then benzimidazole-linked hybrids were obtained by condensation with o-phenylenediamine. FTIR, ^1H NMR, LC-MS, MS, and CHNS analysis were used to confirm the structure. Further analyses included an in vitro albumin denaturation assay, acetic acid-induced writhing test, MTT-based cytotoxicity screening of HeLa, MCF-7, and HL-60 cell lines, and CNS activity assessment by means of open field, rotarod models in mice. In silico pharmacokinetic profiling was performed by using SwissADME and pkCSM. A2 and A5 consistently performed better than the synthesized compounds. Anti-inflammatory inhibition of A2 was 72.1%, potent analgesic activity (writhes: 19 ± 1.9), and low IC₅₀ values (11.1–14.9 µM) in cancer cell lines. Motor coordination was markedly enhanced, and spontaneous activity was diminished in CNS studies. These findings were supported in silico by high gastrointestinal absorption, BBB permeability, and favorable safety margins. A2 has been identified as a promising lead compound with multi-target efficacy and strong pharmacokinetic potential. These findings provide a foundation for further development of this technology in preclinical drug research for inflammation, cancer, and CNS disorders.

Background: Depression and HIV/AIDS are common mental health problems in people living in refugee camps under stressful conditions. When both conditions occur together in an already vulnerable population living in a deprived situation, they lead to severe health outcomes and complicate patient care. However, there is a shortage of data on the magnitude of depression and related factors among displaced populations living with HIV/AIDS in refugee camps. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression among HIV/AIDS patients living in the Okugu Refugee Camp, Ethiopia. Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a sample of 382 adults living with HIV/AIDS who were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at the Okugu Refugee Camp. Data were collected using a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and medical chart review based on a standard checklist. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression. Data were coded and entered into EpiData version 4.6.0.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics and bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were performed. Variables with a p-value less than 0.05 in the final model were considered statistically significantly associated with depression. Results: A total of 380 study participants took part in the study, with a response rate of 99.4%. More than half of the study participants (58.2%) were female, and the mean age of respondents was 32.71 (SD=7.42). The prevalence of depression among the displaced South Sudanese population living with HIV/AIDS in the

Metabolic disorders, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions globally, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. The gut-brain axis, particularly gut hormones, plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, offering promising targets for intervention. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on gut hormone-based therapies for metabolic disorders, focusing on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Gut hormones, including GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, and oxyntomodulin, orchestrate complex physiological responses to nutrient intake, influencing insulin secretion, appetite, and energy expenditure. Recent advancements in incretin-based therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, have shown remarkable efficacy in improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss. These therapies exploit the synergistic actions of multiple gut hormones, offering a more comprehensive approach to metabolic regulation. Emerging research on PYY analogs and ghrelin antagonists further expands the therapeutic landscape. However, challenges remain in optimizing delivery methods, ensuring long-term efficacy, and mitigating potential side effects. Gut hormone-based therapies represent a paradigm shift in the management of metabolic disorders. By harnessing the intricate signaling networks of the gut-brain axis, these innovative approaches offer the potential for more effective and targeted interventions in obesity and type 2 diabetes, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies in metabolic medicine.

This article explores the intricate relationship between trauma and Dark Psychology, specifically examining how traumatic experiences can foster manipulative, controlling, and power-abusive behaviors. Drawing on interdisciplinary research from psychology, neuroscience, and trauma studies, the article investigates the psychological mechanisms underlying these maladaptive behaviors, emphasizing their roots in survival strategies and learned helplessness. Through a review of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, the study highlights the critical role of trauma-informed care in addressing these complex psychological phenomena. The article presents an in-depth analysis of therapeutic interventions, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), psychodynamic approaches, and group therapy, showcasing their efficacy in breaking cycles of manipulation and control. Case studies illustrate practical applications and outcomes, while ethical considerations and challenges in treatment are critically discussed. By bridging the gap between trauma research and Dark Psychology, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological underpinnings of manipulative behaviors and offers evidence-based recommendations for mental health professionals. The findings underscore the importance of integrating trauma-informed practices into therapeutic settings to promote healing and prevent the perpetuation of harmful behaviors. This research has significant implications for clinical practice, policy development, and future studies aimed at addressing the intersection of trauma and Dark Psychology.

In Egypt, pseudomonas infection is one of the most important problems facing poultry production. Pseudomonas spp. is recognized as a major food spoiler and environmental contaminant. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa has an important role in the bacterial pathogenesis as well as persistence in the environment. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of AgNPs and NaOCL were evaluated against P. aeruginosa isolated from chicken farms. MIC and MBC of AgNPs against planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa were 15 and 20µg/ml, respectively. While those of NaOCL were 2200 and 2600 µg/ml, respectively. The highest inhibition percentages of biofilm formation (97.9%) was observed when P. aeruginosa treated with AgNPs (25µg/ml). While, 87.5% biofilm removal percentage was achieved after treating the established biofilm with 25 µg/ml AgNPs for 2.5 h. Moreover, NaOCL (2800 µg/ml) was able to cause 96.6% inhibition of biofilm formation and 90.3% biofilm removal after 1.5 h contact. The current st...

Biofilm formation by Aeromonas hydrophila in the food industry poses significant challenges to food safety and quality. Therefore, this comprehensive review aimed to provide insights into the mechanisms and key factors influencing A. hydrophila biofilm formation. It explores the molecular processes involved in initial attachment, microcolony formation, and biofilm maturation; moreover, it concurrently examines the impact of intrinsic factors, including quorum sensing, cyclic-di-GMP, the efflux pump, and antibiotic resistance, as well as environmental conditions, such as temperature, nutrient availability, and osmotic pressure, on biofilm architecture and resilience. Furthermore, the article highlights the potential of bibliometric analysis as a promising method for conceptualizing the research landscape of and identifying knowledge gaps in A. hydrophila biofilm research. The findings underscore the requirement for focused interventions that prevent biofilm development and raise food sector safety. The consolidation of current information and incorporation of bibliometric analysis enhances existing understanding of A. hydrophila biofilm formation and offers insights for future research and control strategies within a food industry context.

Depression is the most frequently detected and preventable mental illness among people with human immunodeficiency syndrome, with rates two to four times higher than in the general population. Currently, depression is estimated to affect 350 million people worldwide. To assess the prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Central Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 01 to September 30, 2021, at Adama Hospital Medical College, Adama, Ethiopia. A total of 420 individuals were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. After informed consent was obtained from each study participant, data were collected through face-to-face interviews, observations, and document reviews. Subsequently, the data were entered into EPI-Info Version 7 and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. Variables with p-values less than 0.25 in the univariable logistic regression analysis were subsequently included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to account for potential confounding factors. The association was measured using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and variables with p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The prevalence of depression was 52.4% (95% CI 47.6-57.1). Factors significantly associated with depression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy included employment status [AOR = 0.22(95% CI 0.13-0.36)], the patient's most CD4 count [AOR = 6.99 (95% CI 2.81-17.38)], duration of months on antiretroviral therapy [AOR = 5.05 (95% CI 2.38-10.74)] and presence of chronic non-communicable diseases [AOR = 7.90 (95% CI 4.21-14.85)]. The highest proportion of HIV-positive patients taking antiretroviral drugs exhibited depression. Employment was identified as a preventive factor, whereas having a low CD4 count, recently initiating antiretroviral therapy, and having chronic noncommunicable diseases were associated with increased odds of depression among HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy. There need to strengthen mental health screening and treat depression among HIV-positive patients, particularly by targeting identified factors. Abbreviations AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ART Antiretroviral therapy BMI Body Mass Index BSC Balanced score card CD4 Cluster of differentiation HIV Human immune virus

Background The healthcare sector faces a growing threat from the rise of highly resistant microorganisms, particularly Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR P. aeruginosa). Facing the challenge of antibiotic resistance, nanoparticles have surfaced as promising substitutes for antimicrobial therapy. Recent studies showcase the effectiveness of various fungi species in nanoparticle synthesis. Mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using Aspergillus carneus MAK 259 has been investigated and demonstrate antibacterial, antibiofilm and synergistic activities against (MRSA) and (MDR P. aeruginosa). In the current research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were produced extracellularly using A. carneus MAK 259 culture supernatants. Colour change, an initial evaluation of the production of AgNPs and SeNPs. Then, UV absorption peaks at 410 nm and 260 nm confirmed the production of AgNPs and SeNPs, respectively. AgNPs and SeNPs were dispersed consistently between 5-26 nm and 20-77 nm in size, respectively using TEM. FT-IR analysis was used for assessing proteins bound to the produced nanoparticles. The crystallinity and stability of AgNPs and SeNPs was confirmed using X-ray diffraction analysis and zeta potential measurements, respectively. Antibacterial, antibiofilm and synergistic effects of both (NPs) with antibiotics against MRSA and MDR P. aeruginosa were tested by Agar well diffusion, tissue culture plate and disc diffusion method respectively. Both (NPs) inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa more than S. aureus. But, SeNPs was stronger. AgNPs had stronger antibiofilm effect especially on biofilms producing S. aureus. as regard synergestic effects, Both (NPs) had higher synergestic effects in combination with cell wall inhibiting antibiotics against P. aeuroginosa While, on S. aureus with antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis and affect metabolic pathways. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that the mycosynthesized SeNPs had remarkable antibacterial effect while, mycosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a considerable antibiofilm effect. Both NPs exhibited higher synergistic effect with antibiotics with different modes of action. This approach could potentially enhance the efficacy of existing

Phase One of a Multi-Phase Study: The New School for Social Research

Extended reality (XR) technologies have the potential to revolutionize therapeutic practices by providing immersive and interactive environments tailored to individual needs. This study examines the effects of haptic feedback in a VR setting, specifically investigating its impact on focus and engagement among individuals with ADHD compared to neurotypical participants. Participants completed building block tasks in two conditions: with and without haptic feedback. The study aimed to determine whether individuals with ADHD benefit from the addition of vibrational feedback, hypothesizing that it may enhance focus by providing structured multi-sensory input. Conversely, it was hypothesized that neurotypical participants might experience increased cognitive load under the same conditions. Results from this pilot study inform the design of XR therapeutic interventions, offering insights into how vibrational feedback influences sensory processing and task performance across neurodiverse populations. These findings lay the groundwork for future research exploring broader neurodivergent profiles and the real-world application of XR environments in therapeutic contexts.

Renatus Nova, a poly-herbal formulation, has garnered significant attention due to its purported health benefits, particularly its anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. This study embarks on a comprehensive investigation into Renatus Nova's therapeutic potential using scientific methodologies. The antiinflammatory activity was assessed using the egg albumin denaturation method, while its anti-arthritic potential was evaluated through human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assays. Renatus Nova's antioxidant properties were determined via various assays, including DPPH and ABTS, and its antimicrobial activity was tested against several bacterial and fungal pathogens. The results demonstrated Renatus Nova's efficacy across all these areas, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.

This study aims to extract the rights and obligations that result from a commercial agent concluding a contract with a consumer under Islamic and Saudi legislation in order to identify legal gaps and offer workable solutions to fill them in a way that protects the interests of the contracting parties. Several findings emerged from this study, the most notable of which are: The two main legal responsibilities of commercial agents to consumers are as follows: first, concluding a contract with the consumer in a good faith by providing the consumer with the information needed to make an informed decision, as well as conclude and implement the contract with honesty and integrity. Moreover, the consumer must be provided with the necessary guarantees, which can be summarised as follows: a guarantee of defects, a guarantee of safety, and a guarantee of maintenance and replacement parts. Furthermore, the three primary consumer rights concerning the agent are the right of withdrawal, the right to a refund, and the right of remedies. The study concludes with certain significant recommendations, one of which is that commercial agency contract provisions be consolidated into a single document containing adequate provisions to cover commercial agency contract aspects that, therefore, contracting parties can easily refer to them and be aware of their rights and obligations. It also emphasises the significance of defining and unifying consumer rights and the obligations of the commercial agents through regulatory intervention, regardless of the nature of the commercial agent contract.

ABSTRACT: Obesity and diabetes mellitus are prevalent metabolic disorders that have a detrimental impact on overall health. In this regard, there is now a clear link between these metabolic disorders and compromised bone health. Interestingly, both obesity and diabetes lead to elevated risk of bone fracture which is independent of effects on bone mineral density (BMD). In this regard, gastrointestinal (GIT)-derived peptide hormones and their related long-acting analogues, some of which are already clinically approved for diabetes and/or obesity, also seem to possess positive effects on bone remodelling and microarchitecture to reduce bone fracture risk. Specifically, the incretin peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), exert key direct and/or indirect benefits on bone metabolism. This review aims to provide an initial appraisal of the relationship between obesity, diabetes and bone, with a focus on the positive impact of these GIT-derived peptide hormones for bone health in obesity/diabetes. Brief discussion of related peptides such as parathyroid hormone, leptin, calcitonin and growth hormone is also included. Taken together, drugs engineered to promote GIP,  GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor signalling may have potential to offer therapeutic promise for improving bone health in obesity and diabetes

Objective: Identifying specific ligands for polymerase and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins in CGSP14 Strain of streptococcus pneumonia using virtual screening approach along with the validation of ADMET descriptors. Methods: The target sequences were retrieved from UniProt database,The homology modeling was performed by using Modeller 9v7 which is followed by verification using Ramachandran plot, ligands and their analogs were obtained from Pubchem database,docking with polymerase and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins and its respective analogs was performed by using Discovery studio. Results: The docking results show that 6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetyl]amino]-3-[(2-methyl-6-oxido-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl methyl ]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate and (4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6R,12aR)-4(dimethylamino)-1,5,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-3,12-dioxo-4a,5,5a,6-tetrahydro-4H-tetracene-2-carboxamide were the two analogs with maximum dock score when it binds with polymerase and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins respectively. Conclusion: Our Insilco analysis illustrate that polymerase and capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins have a greater potential to become drug target in CGSP14 Strain of streptococcus pneumonia and the above mentioned ligands having higher dock score may be considered as the potential lead molecules for drug discovery.

Purpose-Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) at outside of neuron cells and also due to tau aggregation inside the cell. Corosolic acid is aimed to be selected as a main active constituent of Lagerstroemia speciosa for the study. Design/methodology/approach-In the present study, molecular docking of corosolic acid and tau protein was examined using PyRx-v.0.8 software. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) properties were described and a molecular dynamics study of the bound complex was performed using Desmond. Findings-The docking score and interactions suggested that the corosolic acid (CID:6918774) could bind to tau protein to prevent the fibrillar network, to prevent AD. During simulation corosolic acid-bound protein root mean square deviation (RMSD) values showed more stability when compared to the Apo form of protein. Molecular dynamics study of tau protein and corosolic acid complex gave the insights to develop a drug-like candidate against AD. Originality/value-The use of corosolic acid of Lagerstroemia speciosa to prevent AD is supported by preliminary analysis on a computational basis. This compound should explore in terms of experimental strategies for the further drug development process. However, in vitro and in vivo evaluation studies are required to suggest the use of corosolic acid against AD.

Depression in people living with HIV (PLHIV) has become an urgent issue. The HIV/AIDS pandemic cannot end without addressing the mental health of PLHIV through integrated approaches; besides, depression in PLHIV might be unrecognized and undertreated, whereas some manifestations of HIV and depression are mirrored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess depressive symptoms and associated factors in PLHIV in Eastern Ethiopia to further interventions. Methods A total of 420 PLHIV participated in this cross-sectional study and completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Medical record reviews and pretested, structured face-to-face interviews were used to collect the data. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to examine the odds ratios for the existence of depressive symptoms, including sociodemographic information, and comorbidities as relevant variables. Statistically signi cant variables were determined using P values of 0.05. Results we found over all prevalence of depressive symptoms in PLHIV was 52.4% (95% CI = 47.6-57.1). Employment status [AOR = 0.22 (95% CI = 0.13-0.36)], recent CD4 count [AOR = 6.99 (95% CI = 2.81-17.38)], duration on ART [AOR = 5.05 (95% CI = 2.38-10.74)], and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [AOR = 7.90 (95% CI = 4.21-14.85)] were signi cantly associated with depressive symptoms among PLHIV on treatment. Conclusion In this study, almost half of adult PLHIV receiving ART drugs had depressive symptoms. Employment was found to be preventive, while low CD 4 counts, starting ART drugs recently, and the presence of chronic NCDs increased the risk of developing depression. Mental health screening and NCD intervention packages should be integrated into and offered at HIV care clinics.

Enterococcus faecium has become an important drug-resistant nosocomial pathogen because of widespread antibiotic abuse. We developed short and chemically simple antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a selective amino acid composition, fixed charge, and hydrophobicity ratio based on the core antimicrobial motif of bovine lactoferrin (LfcinB6). Among these peptides, 5L and 6L (both 12 residues long) demonstrated a narrow spectrum and high antibacterial activity against drug-resistant E. faecium isolates with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) that ranged from 4–16 µg/mL. At 32 µg/mL, peptides 5L and 6L inhibited E. faecium strain C68 biofilm formation by 90% and disrupted established biofilms by 75%. At 40 µg/mL, 5L reduced 1 × 107E. faecium persister cells by 3 logs within 120 min of exposure, whereas 6L eliminated all persister cells within 60 min. At 0.5× MIC, 5L and 6L significantly downregulated the expression of a crucial biofilm gene ace by 8 folds (p = 0.02) and 4 folds (p ...

In recent years, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) to eliminate pathogenic bacteria is increasing. The development of biological and nontoxic methods for synthesizing NPs is an important topic in nanotechnology to allow the use of these NPs for health and medical purposes. This study aimed to synthesize silver NPs (AgNPs) using bacterial culture medium and then evaluated the antibacterial activity of these NPs against Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of biocompatible AgNPs was performed by brain heart infusion culture medium. Synthesized NPs were observed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted to examine the morphology of AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to measure the antibacterial effect of AgNPs. Finally, antibiofilm activities of the synthesized AgNPs were assessed. Results: Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed that the highest absorption of the synthesized NPs was at 420 nm. Results of SEM and TEM revealed that the morphology of particles was spherical and irregular, and their mean diameter was 26 nm. In addition, FTIR results confirmed that the reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents of NPs were proteins. Minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNPs ranged from 1.56 to 12.5 µg/ml, and at 2 MIC concentration, the biofilm formation inhibitory activity of NPS increased. Conclusion: Brain heart infusion medium was successfully applied for synthesizing stable AgNPs, and these NPs showed good antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against A. baumannii.

Nutrition is an essential part of the HIV care package. Improved nutrition is not enough in itself to keep people permanently healthy. Nevertheless, good nutrition may help prolong the period of time between HIV infection and the onset of opportunistic infections. In some communities affordable food supplementation may be feasible and it can have a positive impact on body composition and weight. Nutrition plays an important role in regard to the provision of antiretroviral treatment [1].

This literature review explores the utilization of artificial scaffolds and biofilms in advancing antibiotic research. It highlights the critical role these innovative models play in mimicking the complex environments of natural biofilms, crucial in bacterial survival, antibiotic resistance, and infection persistence. By offering insights into bacterial behavior, interaction, and resistance development under conditions closely resembling their natural habitats, artificial scaffolds and biofilms enable more effective study and development of strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. The paper underscores the necessity for continued innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration to refine these models, enhancing their clinical relevance and broadening their application to various bacterial species and infection contexts. I.

The present work presents translational research with application of AgNPs targeting the global drug resistance problem. In vivo fieldwork was carried out with 400 breeding farm cows sick with a serous mastitis. Ex vivo results revealed that after cow treatment with LactobayTM (a mixture of antibiotic drugs) the susceptibility to 31 antibiotics of S. aureus isolates from cow breast secretion decreased by 25%, while after treatment with Argovit–CTM silver nanoparticles S. aureus susceptibility increased by 11%. The portion of isolates with an efflux effect leading to elimination of antibiotics from S. aureus after Lactobay-treatment resulted in a 15% increase, while Argovit-C-treatment led to a 17.5% decrease. The obtained results showed that mastitis treatments with Argovit-CTM AgNPs can partially restore the activity of antibiotics towards S. aureus and shorten the duration of mastitis treatment by 33%.

Biofilms, are vastly structured surface-associated communities of microorganisms, enclosed within a self-produced extracellular matrix. Microorganisms, especially bacteria are able to form complex structures known as biofilms. The presence of biofilms especially in health care settings increases resistance to antimicrobial agents which poses a major health problem. This is because biofilm-associated persistent infections are difficult to treat due to the presence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This chapter will give an idea about documented agents including isolated compounds, crude extracts, decoctions, fractions, etc. obtained from natural sources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, sponge and algae with antibiofilm activities. Furthermore, we have done phylogenetic analysis to identify plant families most prolific in producing plant species and compounds with good antibiofilm properties so as to aid in prioritizing plant species to investigate in future studies. The data in ...

Background Psychological distress as measured by mental disorders like depression and anxiety is more prevalent in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than in the general population. However, the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is complex and bidirectional. Improved understanding of the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is important for designing interventions for this group. This paper explores the interrelationships of psychological distress with HIV and associated socio-demographic and health-related factors. Methods This secondary data analysis used the 2012 South African population-based household survey on HIV collected using a cross-sectional multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Generalized structural equation modelling (G-SEM) path analysis was used to explore the direct and indirect relationships of socio-demographic, health and HIV-related factors with psychological distress as measured by Kessler 10 scale using HIV status as a moderator var...

Background: Mental disorders like depression and anxiety are more prevalent in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than in the general population. Improved understanding of the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is important for designing interventions for this group. However, the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is complex and bidirectional. This paper explores the interrelationships between the psychological distress as measured by depression and anxiety symptoms, HIV status and other exogenous variables such as demographic, HIV and health-related variables using structural equation modelling. Methods: This secondary data analysis used the 2012 South African population-based household survey on HIV collected using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Generalized structural equation modelling (G-SEM) path analysis was used to explore the direct and indirect relationships of socio-demographic, health and HIV-related factors with psychological distress...

Biofilms are aggregates of microorganisms that coexist in socially coordinated micro-niche in a self-produced polymeric matrix on pre-conditioned surfaces. The biofilm matrix reduces the efficacy of antibiofilm strategies. DNase degrades the extracellular DNA (e-DNA) present in the matrix, rendering the matrix weak and susceptible to antimicrobials. In the current study, the effect of DNase I was evaluated during biofilm formation (pre-treatment), on preformed biofilms (post-treatment) and both (dual treatment). The DNase I pre-treatment was optimized for PAO1 (model biofilm organism) at 10 µg/mL and post-treatment at 10 µg/mL with 15 min of contact duration. Inclusion of Mg alongside DNase I post-treatment resulted in 90% reduction in biofilm within only 5 min of contact time (irrespective of age of biofilm). On extension of these findings, DNase I was found to be less effective against mixed species biofilm than individual biofilms. DNase I can be used as potent antibiofilm agent ...

A biofilm is an aggregation of surface-associated microbial cells that is confined in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Infections caused by microbes that form biofilms are linked to a variety of animals, including insects and humans. Antibiotics and other antimicrobials can be used to remove or eradicate biofilms in order to treat infections. However, due to biofilm resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobials, clinical observations and experimental research clearly demonstrates that antibiotic and antimicrobial therapies alone are frequently insufficient to completely eradicate biofilm infections. Therefore, it becomes crucial and urgent for clinicians to properly treat biofilm infections with currently available antimicrobials and analyze the results. Numerous biofilm-fighting strategies have been developed as a result of advancements in nanoparticle synthesis with an emphasis on metal oxide np. This review focuses on several therapeutic strategies that are curre...

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) report feelings of self-doubt, self-consciousness, and negative interpersonal interactions, and feelings of hopelessness and despair related to their illness. Understanding about the social support available and received by PLWHA is important as it impacts their psychological well being. In-depth interviews were carried out with PLWHA receiving treatment and support from a Charity organisation at Fitchewereda. Fitcheis in Oromia region, Ethiopia. Participant recruitment was terminated when saturation of themes was obtained in qualitative interviews, totaling 12 participants. Acceptance of HIV status was difficult. A majority chose to seclude themselves and not face discrimination and a similar number were thinking others are discriminating them because of their HIV status. So self-stigma was also affecting psychological wellbeing more than experience of stigma. Being a member of the charity organisation and getting support from that organisation as well as interacting with others receiving treatment there were of assistance in their feelings of belongingness, coping among others. Members received assistance to learn new skills to earn a living and this boosted their self-confidence. Support from the charity organisation was an enabling factor. Participants valued this support, though they had felt that family support could have been better. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Psychological Well-being and Perceived Social Support. BACKGROUND In response to the HIV epidemic, the Ethiopian government in collaboration with development partners has developed a five-year national HIV and AIDS strategic plan (2015) that adhere to global directions (Federal HIV/AIDS prevention and control office, 2014). However, impact is slow to pick up in certain areas. The HIV testing coverage remains unchanged between 2011 and 2016. The percentage of respondents who know that using condoms consistently and limiting sexual intercourse to one uninfected partner with no other partners can reduce the risk of HIV has increased from 32% in 2000 to 49% in 2016 among women and from 58% to 69% among men; not a substantial increase where knowledge is concerned (EDHS, 2016). Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV is an area of major concern.The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) found that discriminatory attitudes are higher in women than in men. For instance, 48% of women and 35% of men thought that children living with HIV should not be allowed to attend school with children. 55% of women and 47% of men would not buy fresh vegetables from a shopkeeper who has HIV. Considerable differences in discriminatory attitudes were observed between urban and rural areas: 28% of women and 27% of men from urban areas compared with 73% women and 60% men from rural areas held discriminatory attitudes.People including family members still have negative attitude and discriminatory behavior against PLWHA, at least implicitly (Thanh, Moland&Fylkesnes, 2012).Despite advances in clinical science, those infected with HIV continue to experience high levels of discrimination and stigmatization in the communities where they live (Vanable, Carey, Blair, &Littlewood, 2006), amongst other health-related stressors and challenges (Strine, Chapman, Balluz, &Mokdad, 2008). Stigmatization or the experience of discrimination to the extent that normal social life is disrupted, can have a profound impact on the lives of PLWHA, as the experience can affect their mental health (Wang, Li, Barnett, Zhao& Stanton 2012). The above data is indicative that people go for testing late and are often unaware of the treatment for HIV infection. The fear of HIV/ AIDS can lead to even family members being discriminating in behaviour and not providing the physical and emotional support that the sick person will need very badly. Stigma and discrimination of family, peers, friends and other stake holders will have impact on

Background: Nutrition among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is essential in their care and management as it has implication for their immune function. We examined the nutritional status and associated factors among HIV positive clients accessing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) at a public hospital in Ghana. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 152 clients. Anthropometric measurements for weight and height were carried out in 2019. Data were analysed using SPSS 22.0. Descriptive and analytical statistics comprising frequency, percentage, and binary logistic regression were adopted in presenting the results. Results: Seventy-nine percent and 74% of the clients had good nutrition knowledge and attitude, respectively. Also, 42% were malnourished (underweight = 13.8%, and overweight = 28.3%). Clients with primary (AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.07-1.84), JSS/JHS (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08-0.84), SSS/SHS (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05-1.02) and tertiary (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.08-0.88) were less likely to be malnourished compared with those with no formal education. Those with good nutrition-related knowledge were 56% (AOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.18-1.09) less likely to be malnourished than those with poor knowledge; this was however, not statistically significant. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of malnutrition among the clients which militates against progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets 3.3 and 3.4 of stopping AIDS epidemic and preventing premature deaths from malnutrition. Our findings justify the need for the implementation of innovative interventions by stakeholders in Ghana's health industry to improve the nutritional status of people living with the disease.

Unlike other antimicrobial agents, Ag-based composites are stable and currently widely used as broad spectral additives, fighting microbial biofilms and other biological threats. The goal of the present study is to develop a green, multifunctional, and robust antibiofilm water-insoluble coating, inhibiting histamine-producing Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri biofilms. Herein, laser-ablated Ag NPs (L-Ag NPs) were incorporated into and onto a montmorillonite (MMT) surface layer with a simple wet chemical method, provided that the electrostatic interaction between L-Ag NPs and MMT clay led to the formation of L-Ag/MMT nanoantimicrobials (NAMs). The use of MMT support can facilitate handling Ag NPs in industrial applications. The Ag/MMT composite was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed the entrapment of L-Ag NPs into MMT clay. The surface chemical composition was assessed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ...

Bacterial biofilms are formed by communities, which are encased in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Notably, bacteria in biofilms display a set of ‘emergent properties’ that vary considerably from free-living bacterial cells. Biofilms help bacteria to survive under multiple stressful conditions such as providing immunity against antibiotics. Apart from the provision of multi-layered defense for enabling poor antibiotic absorption and adaptive persistor cells, biofilms utilize their extracellular components, e.g., extracellular DNA (eDNA), chemical-like catalase, various genes and their regulators to combat antibiotics. The response of biofilms depends on the type of antibiotic that comes into contact with biofilms. For example, excessive production of eDNA exerts resistance against cell wall and DNA targeting antibiotics and the release of antagonist chemicals neutralizes cell membrane inhibitors, whereas the induction of protein and folic acid antibiotics insid...

Nanomedicine has been used as a precise treatment for many diseases. The advantage of using nanodrugs is that they have more permeability and less toxicity to cells, which enhances the drug delivery system. Graphene is well known for its potential biological applications in drug, food, and pharma industries. This study aimed to assess the productivity and potentiality of nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) and to evaluate their anticancer, antimicrobial, and biofilm inhibition activity. Nitrogen-doped graphene was synthesized by using a one-pot facile synthesis of NDG, wherein the NDG was prepared by the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent, while ammonium hydroxide was used as a source of nitrogen on the surface of graphene. As-synthesized NDG was characterized by various characterization techniques such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, XPS, TEM, and N2 sorption studies analysis. Antimicrobial, anticancer, and biofilm inhibition assays were perf...

Challenges encountered in relapse of illness caused by resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents (drugs) are due to factors of severe stress initiated by random use of antibiotics and insufficient beneficial approaches. These challenges have resulted to multiple drug resistance (MDR) and, subsequently, biofilm formation. A type of intercellular communication signal called quorum sensing (QS) has been studied to cause the spread of resistance, thereby enabling a formation of stable community for microorganisms. The QS could be inhibited using QS inhibitors (QSIs) called quorum-quenching (QQ). The QQ is an antibiofilm agent. Indole derivatives from plant sources can serve as quorum-quenching eradication approach for biofilm, as well as a promising nontoxic antibiofilm agent. In other words, phytochemicals in plants help to control and prevent biofilm formation. It could be recommended that combination strategies of these indoles’ derivatives with antibiotics would yield enh...

Our paper delves into the intricate dimensions of trauma, exploring its psychological, neurobiological, and therapeutic aspects. We believe our research contributes valuable insights to the field and aligns with
the journal's focus on Psychology. The topic is addressed as "Understanding the Impact of Trauma: A Comprehensive Analysis of Psychological, Neurobiological, and Therapeutic Dimensions". It as also based observation of true case study.

The effect of a natural sesquiterpene ketone, 9,10‐dehydrofukinone (DHF), on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic infectious processes, was the focus of the present study. Lipophilic DHF produced important antibacterial synergistic effects in association with ciprofloxacin (CPX) against two biofilm‐forming strains of S. aureus HT1 (FIC=0.21) and P. aeruginosa HT5 (FIC=0.05). Hence, this mixture constitutes an excellent strategy to combat these biofilm‐producing bacteria that overexpress drug efflux pumps as a resistance mechanism. Additionally, a substantial rise in beneficial Lactobacillus biofilm biomass was determined as a very significant finding of this association. Particularly, a non‐pathogenic biofilm increment of 119 % was quantified when the mixture was added to a probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC SD‐5212 culture. A surface activity enhanced in 71 % with respect to untreated L. acidophilus culture was also generated by the D...

Background: Non-adherence remains an issue of concern in highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). It has been reported to reduce the immunological benefit of this regimen, while increasing morbidities and mortalities associated with HIV/AIDS. Objective: To determine the relationships between non-adherence to HAART and occurrence of opportunistic infections (OIs) among adult HIV clients accessing care in a secondary health facility in Imo state Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a health facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study of 350

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health challenge that can degenerate into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly managed. HIV infection shortens life expectancy to about 5 to 10 years compared to noninfected individuals. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are prone to several health challenges as a result of a deranged immune system culminating in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is a common feature of PLWHA. Depression heightens the emergence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals, accelerates the progression to AIDS, and increased suicidal tendencies, morbidity, and mortality. Food insecurity with its resultant undernutrition contributes to HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Undernourished PLWHA are more prone to opportunistic infections due to poor immunity. Interestingly, proper diet intake can boost immunity, slow the progression of AIDS and opportunistic infections, enhance body weight, and retard depression tendencies. Undernutrition can also be ameliorated by incorporating nutritional counseling and oral nutrient supplementation in routine HIV/AIDS checkups. Therefore, to increase HIV/AIDS management outcomes, the integration of nutrition counseling, dietary supplements, and mental health services should be embraced. Thus, HIV/AIDS care centers should amplify these services. In this article, we isolated relevant studies from various databases, illuminated the interwoven relationship between HIV/AIDS, depression, and undernutrition, and also reemphasized the need for adequate nutritional intervention in the battle against HIV/AIDS. Thus, this study provides a reawakening call to focus on incorporating nutritional guides and mental health care in HIV/AIDS management protocols. Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, CD4 = cluster of differentiation, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS.

The effect of a natural sesquiterpene ketone, 9,10‐dehydrofukinone (DHF), on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from chronic infectious processes, was the focus of the present study. Lipophilic DHF produced important antibacterial synergistic effects in association with ciprofloxacin (CPX) against two biofilm‐forming strains of S. aureus HT1 (FIC=0.21) and P. aeruginosa HT5 (FIC=0.05). Hence, this mixture constitutes an excellent strategy to combat these biofilm‐producing bacteria that overexpress drug efflux pumps as a resistance mechanism. Additionally, a substantial rise in beneficial Lactobacillus biofilm biomass was determined as a very significant finding of this association. Particularly, a non‐pathogenic biofilm increment of 119 % was quantified when the mixture was added to a probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC SD‐5212 culture. A surface activity enhanced in 71 % with respect to untreated L. acidophilus culture was also generated by the D...

Background Psychological distress as measured by mental disorders like depression and anxiety is more prevalent in people living with HIV (PLHIV) than in the general population. However, the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is complex and bidirectional. Improved understanding of the relationship between mental disorders and HIV is important for designing interventions for this group. This paper explores the interrelationships of psychological distress with HIV and associated socio-demographic and health-related factors. Methods This secondary data analysis used the 2012 South African population-based household survey on HIV collected using a cross-sectional multi-stage stratified cluster sampling design. Generalized structural equation modelling (G-SEM) path analysis was used to explore the direct and indirect relationships of socio-demographic, health and HIV-related factors with psychological distress as measured by Kessler 10 scale using HIV status as a moderator var...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health challenge that can degenerate into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly managed. HIV infection shortens life expectancy to about 5 to 10 years compared to noninfected individuals. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are prone to several health challenges as a result of a deranged immune system culminating in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is a common feature of PLWHA. Depression heightens the emergence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals, accelerates the progression to AIDS, and increased suicidal tendencies, morbidity, and mortality. Food insecurity with its resultant undernutrition contributes to HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Undernourished PLWHA are more prone to opportunistic infections due to poor immunity. Interestingly, proper diet intake can boost immunity, slow the progression of AIDS and opportunistic infections, enhance body weight, and retard depression tendencies. Undernutrition can also be ameliorated by incorporating nutritional counseling and oral nutrient supplementation in routine HIV/AIDS checkups. Therefore, to increase HIV/AIDS management outcomes, the integration of nutrition counseling, dietary supplements, and mental health services should be embraced. Thus, HIV/AIDS care centers should amplify these services. In this article, we isolated relevant studies from various databases, illuminated the interwoven relationship between HIV/AIDS, depression, and undernutrition, and also reemphasized the need for adequate nutritional intervention in the battle against HIV/AIDS. Thus, this study provides a reawakening call to focus on incorporating nutritional guides and mental health care in HIV/AIDS management protocols. Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, CD4 = cluster of differentiation, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health challenge that can degenerate into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly managed. HIV infection shortens life expectancy to about 5 to 10 years compared to noninfected individuals. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are prone to several health challenges as a result of a deranged immune system culminating in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is a common feature of PLWHA. Depression heightens the emergence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals, accelerates the progression to AIDS, and increased suicidal tendencies, morbidity, and mortality. Food insecurity with its resultant undernutrition contributes to HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Undernourished PLWHA are more prone to opportunistic infections due to poor immunity. Interestingly, proper diet intake can boost immunity, slow the progression of AIDS and opportunistic infections, enhance body weight, and retard depression tendencies. Undernutrition can also be ameliorated by incorporating nutritional counseling and oral nutrient supplementation in routine HIV/AIDS checkups. Therefore, to increase HIV/AIDS management outcomes, the integration of nutrition counseling, dietary supplements, and mental health services should be embraced. Thus, HIV/AIDS care centers should amplify these services. In this article, we isolated relevant studies from various databases, illuminated the interwoven relationship between HIV/AIDS, depression, and undernutrition, and also reemphasized the need for adequate nutritional intervention in the battle against HIV/AIDS. Thus, this study provides a reawakening call to focus on incorporating nutritional guides and mental health care in HIV/AIDS management protocols. Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, CD4 = cluster of differentiation, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health challenge that can degenerate into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not properly managed. HIV infection shortens life expectancy to about 5 to 10 years compared to noninfected individuals. People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are prone to several health challenges as a result of a deranged immune system culminating in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is a common feature of PLWHA. Depression heightens the emergence of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals, accelerates the progression to AIDS, and increased suicidal tendencies, morbidity, and mortality. Food insecurity with its resultant undernutrition contributes to HIV/AIDS-related deaths. Undernourished PLWHA are more prone to opportunistic infections due to poor immunity. Interestingly, proper diet intake can boost immunity, slow the progression of AIDS and opportunistic infections, enhance body weight, and retard depression tendencies. Undernutrition can also be ameliorated by incorporating nutritional counseling and oral nutrient supplementation in routine HIV/AIDS checkups. Therefore, to increase HIV/AIDS management outcomes, the integration of nutrition counseling, dietary supplements, and mental health services should be embraced. Thus, HIV/AIDS care centers should amplify these services. In this article, we isolated relevant studies from various databases, illuminated the interwoven relationship between HIV/AIDS, depression, and undernutrition, and also reemphasized the need for adequate nutritional intervention in the battle against HIV/AIDS. Thus, this study provides a reawakening call to focus on incorporating nutritional guides and mental health care in HIV/AIDS management protocols. Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, ART = antiretroviral therapy, CD4 = cluster of differentiation, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, PLWHA = people living with HIV/AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and nutrition status of human are linked to HIV infection and poor nutrient intake can speed the disease progress. Both macro-and micronutrient deficiencies could impair host immune functions and promote viral replication and pathogenicity, thus potentially affecting the clinical course of HIV infection. The objective was to assess the immune status and nutrient intake of HIV sero-positive patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 497 People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) attending clinic at Chulaimbo Sub-district hospital in Kenya. CD 4 cell count was used to assess immune status and a 24-hour dietary recall survey to capture the average macronutrient and micronutrient intake of the patients. Nutrient intake was estimated using a diet history in combination with a standardized food frequency questionnaire. The study setting was with the Academic Model for Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS (AMPATH) clinic at Chulaimbo Sub-district hospital, Kisumu West District, Kenya, and comprised of 497 adults aged 18-60 years. After 6 months, it was found that there was a higher proportion of the males in stage three and four 65 (61.9%) compared to the females 173 (44.3%) Majority of the patients were within the normal range for WBC (4000-11000 cell/mm 3) and platelet count (130000-440000 cell/mm 3) but there was a drop below the normal range for CD 4 cell count (600-1200 cell/mm 3) and CD 4 cell percentage (30-60%) were below the normal range. There were more male patients in the third (severe) category compared to the female patients. There was inadequate nutrient intake among the mild, moderate and severe categories with exception of the thiamine intake. The results confirm that majority of the HIV/AIDS patients from this population are malnourished and majority of the male patients had their CD 4 below the normal range. Adequate nutritionist important and nutrient supplementation of HIV/AIDS patients should be considered, as this might lead to improved immune function in these patients.