The Principle of Equality

This article aims to present the full text of the Italian translation of the Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümayunu, or the Edict of Tanzimat, through documents in the Turin State Archive and to understand the views of Sardinian diplomats on this edict. The publication of the Edict in Italian can be seen as evidence of the consolidation of diplomatic relations between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire, as well as an indication of the relations that were to be forged between the two states in the early Tanzimat period. As a matter of fact, these diplomatic relations culminated in a military alliance in 1855 when the Kingdom of Sardinia joined the Crimean War on the side of the Ottoman Empire.

Məqalə cinayət prosessual hüququn fundamental prinsiplərindən olan bərabərlik prinsipinə həsr edilmişdir. Məqalədə prosessual mənada bərabərlik prinsipinin (equality of arms) maddi hüquqdakı bərabərlik prinsipindən (equality before law and court) fərqləndirilmiş, bu prinsipin əhəmiyyəti vurğulanmışdır. Azərbaycan nümunəsində bərabərlik prinsipinin problemli cəhətləri tədqiq edilmiş, sovet cinayət prosesinin ideoloji cəhətlərinin tənqidinə yer ayrılmışdır. Avropa İnsan Hüquqları Məhkəməsinin cinayət mühakiməsi barədə qərarları məqalədə əks edil-mişdir. Sonda bərabərlik prinsipinin sadəcə qanun üzərində qalmaması üçün bəzi məsələlərə to-xunulmuşdur.

There remains not a speck of doubt about the Constitutional validity of reservations in employment for certain specified classes of people. However,  there are disparate systems for the promotions of persons selected for the reserved seats, and those selected for the general seats. Those selected for the reserved seats reap the benefits of the affirmative action post-employment as well. It is argued that once part of the workforce, all employed persons have achieved a level-playing field, and that from this point onwards, all promotions should be strictly based on merits. The author has sought to find out the Constitutional validity of this apparently unequal practice.

The principle of non-discrimination lies at the heart of the socio-economic order of the EU, the main parameters of which are sustainable economic growth, price stability, a highly competitive social market economy aiming at full employment and social progress, inclusion and social cohesion, non-discrimination, including equality between women and men and social justice (TEU: art. 3.3). Therefore, the prohibition of discrimination becomes a sine qua non condition for achieving EU treaty goals, strongly correlated with the theory of ordoliberalism. The aim of the article is to analyse the normative way of securing the principle of non-discrimination in EU law in the perspective of ordoliberalism and its implications for Polish law. The authors intend to answer the research question about the extent to which ordoliberal theory had an impact on the development of the principle of non-discrimination, understood as a subjective right to equal treatment, regardless of individual character...

In this article the Author analizes the issue of legal character of trade union activists released from work, covered by employers. The Author underlines the latest extension of subjective rights in this matter by Polish legislator to other than an employee persons who perform gainful work. In her opinion the remuneration for work, paid by employers at abovementioned basis may be qualified as work-related benefits of a social (even public) nature. In her opinion the current regulations in this matter are questionable in the light of the principle of the independence of trade unions and the principle of proportionality.

Po raz pierwszy mieliśmy do czynienia z sytuacją, że ogół zorganizowanych podmiotów powołanych do realizacji zadań
państwa - ministerstwa, placówki dyplomatyczne, spółki skarbu państwa, a także media publiczne - jawnie prowadzą kampanię kandydata partii rządzącej. Czy wobec takiej sytuacji można mówić o rzeczywistych gwarancjach ochrony praw wyborczych i o tym, że odbyły się one na zasadach prawa wyborczego (art. 127 Konst.)?

The principle of non-discrimination lies at the heart of the socio-economic order of the EU, the main parameters of which are sustainable economic growth, price stability, a highly competitive social market economy aiming at full employment and social progress, inclusion and social cohesion, non-discrimination, including equality between women and men and social justice (TEU: art. 3.3). Therefore, the prohibition of discrimination becomes a sine qua non condition for achieving EU treaty goals, strongly correlated with the theory of ordoliberalism. The aim of the article is to analyse the normative way of securing the principle of non-discrimination in EU law in the perspective of ordoliberalism and its implications for Polish law. The authors intend to answer the research question about the extent to which ordoliberal theory had an impact on the development of the principle of non-discrimination, understood as a subjective right to equal treatment, regardless of individual characteristics, other than nationality, through the comparison of relevant provision of EU law and the Polish Labour Code.

This work is an evaluative study of Ottoman administrative reforms
(Tanzimat), which were among the sharpest turning points in the history of Ottomans, in its outline, general characteristics and consequences. In this context, it has been tried to mark out the framework of the Tanzimat reforms that clearly represented total abandonment of the idea of old ways of reforms which used to take reference to the period of Suleiman the Magnificent in favour of taking reference to Western civilisation and its values. The work comprises evaluation and comparison of different images of the records of the proclamation which were obtained, also includes English, French, German and Arabic translations that makes it a truly authentic study.
Bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin reformlar/ıslahat tarihinde en keskin dönüm noktasını oluşturan Tanzimat fermanı, genel özellikleri ve sonuçları itibarıyla, ana hatlarıyla değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çerçevede Kanuni dönemini referans alan kadim reform düşüncesinin bütünüyle terk edilerek Batı yörüngesinde ve onun değer ve medeniyetini referans alan yeni reform anlayışını temsil eden Tanzimat reformlarına geçişin çerçevesi belirlenmeye gayret edilmiştir. Çalışma, ulaşılabilen kayıtların görüntülerinin yanı sıra bunların karşılaştırılması suretiyle tesis edilen Türkçe ilmî metin ve İngilizce, Fransızca, Almanca ve Arapça tercüme örneklerinin ilavesiyle özgün hale getirilmiştir.