Technologies of Government and of the Self

Drawing on one year of ethnographic fieldwork with state officials implementing a development programme for Indigenous farmers in southern Chile, I show how anxieties are generated in a context of increased accountability and labour precarity and how the materiality of bureaucracy plays a role in this process. By showing how state officials hired under flexible fixed-term contracts deal with documents and signatures, I challenge the notion of the indifferent bureaucrat. Rather than portraying state officials as disinterested or indifferent, I illustrate how those in unstable job positions depend on generating an official paper trail to secure ongoing employment. Ethnographically, the article highlights the affective dimensions of bureaucratic practices, emphasising how the pressure to meet deadlines and ensure the timely validation of documents produces anxiety, and shapes the everyday experiences and futures of these officials.

1. It is an historical fact that prostitution has been considered a profession in stratified societies. Both men and women are involved in this profession but most of the discussion is women-focused. Women who get money in exchange for sexual favours for men are prostitutes. Numerous literature reviews have found that religious ethics, poverty, family disorders and some traditional practices have been responsible factors in leading women into prostitution. As illustrations, religious practices of Devadasi, and social practices of city brides and courtesans can be mentioned.

How does the actualization of government technologies in territories considered to be on the margin of the State work? Which theoretical and methodological clues can we follow from the marks left by State agents on the bodies of those regarded as peripheral? What are the political connections between territorial boundaries and the delimitations of the physical bodies that inhabit them? These questions inform the present article in which we analyze three homicides by pursuing two complementary lines of investigation: one guided by the reflection on the territorialization of certain State actions, in the sense proposed by Barros (2016); the other anchored in the discussion on the mechanisms central to the governmental management of the deaths of favela residents, as outlined by Farias (2014).

A lo largo de este capítulo, hemos presentado una revisión del concepto foucaultiano de aleturgia. Nuestro esfuerzo no ha sido realizar una exégesis de dicha noción o del trabajo del filósofo francés, sino explorar cómo el concepto de aleturgia permite introducir a nuestros análisis el problema del sujeto y la verdad. Nuestra propuesta ha consistido en sostener que operar con la noción de aleturgia implica acompañar a Foucault en un trayecto productivo para problematizar ciertos lugares comunes que se han vuelto demasiado cómodos a la hora de analizar la subjetividad y los procesos de subjetivación en el marco de las gubernamentalidades neoliberales o liberales avanzadas. La idea no es ir contra los convincentes y sugerentes análisis elaborados al respecto por los estudios de gubernamentalidad, sino resistir cierta tendencia que dicha empresa crítica ha mostrado al analizar las subjetivaciones neoliberales de un modo homogeneizante, donde el protagonismo está más del lado de los dictámenes de la articulación entre saberes y el ejercicio del poder de las artes de gobierno, que de las prácticas o esfuerzos concretos de los individuos que los experimentan.

Since March 2020, a huge quantity of data, rankings, charts and tables has been informing the ways we speak and act in the pandemic. This article focusses on the centrality of numbers in a major national controversy: the quantification of avoidable deaths by COVID-19. Launched by scientists who first addressed the omissions of Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro in the management of the pandemic, estimations of avoidable deaths rapidly transitioned into the political arena with the installation of a parliamentary enquiry committee on the coronavirus crisis. The article examines the emergence and development of these estimates, as well as the role they have played and continue to play in constructing the pandemic as passed as they vie for a place in the memory of the COVID-19 crisis in the present.

Resumen
En el presente análisis nos ocuparemos de describir brevemente el modo en que se introdujo en el derecho argentino procedimientos administrativos y judiciales definidos en términos de una tutela pública, que venían a reglamentar y limitar las formas de ejercicio del poder de policía. Como nos ocuparemos de señalar, la tutela ficticia de corporaciones privadas y de la cosa pública se remonta al derecho romano clásico, fue retomada al menos hasta la temprana edad moderna. Entre el siglo XIX y el siglo XX, sin embargo, las formas de protección del bien jurídico hasta entonces conocidas modificaron su estatuto con la introducción de reglamentaciones y normas especiales que concernían a procesos sociales, económicos y médicos que excedían al derecho administrativo de los períodos precedentes.
Abstract
In the present analysis we will describe the way in which the Argentinian law proceedings on justice and administration were defined as a public guardianship that was consigned to the regulation and limitation of the exercise of police power. As we will describe the fictional use of tutelage on private corporations and public entities became from ancient Roman law, which was reformulated by early modern period. But between XIX and XX century, the form of protection of the juridical thing will be modified by the introduction of a new type of norms that were concerned to social, economic and medical processes, and whose way of being applied was different from the preceding institutions of administrative law.

RESUMEN: el siguiente trabajo tiene como objeto presentar una breve descripción histórica del desarrollo de los flujos migratorios hacia el Ecuador. En la primera parte del trabajo, se analizan dos cohortes históricas bien diferenciadas. Primero, se analiza la inmigración árabe, española, judía y alemana a principios y mediados del siglo XX. En segundo lugar, consta una descripción de la inmigración colombiana y peruana a finales del siglo XX y comienzos del siglo XXI. Esta parte, contiene un trabajo descriptivo, el aporte del mismo consiste en agrupar los antecedentes, desarrollo y efectos de los distintos flujos migratorios en un solo artículo, dado que los trabajos de investigación existentes son dispersos e incompletos. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analiza la actual legislación y la ciudadanía universal con el fin de reflexionar sobre la política migratoria actual, el ejercicio de Derechos en el marco de la libre movilidad humana.

Memoria polifónica por el Erwin Frank 1 (Julio, 2009) "Solo una cosa no hay. Es el olvido" Jorge Luis Borges Erwin Frank (1950-2008). Erwin Frank había arribado al Ecuador al terciar los años ochenta luego de una fecunda y frenética estadía en la Amazonía peruana entre los uni-cashibo del Ucayali. Llegó casi en silencio, fruto de una decisión que lo había llevado a este país andino para acompañar a su formidable compañera, la antropóloga Carmen Hess, quien se hallaba por ese entonces escudriñando la sabiduría agrícola y lingüística de los quichuas de los páramos de la provincia de Cotopaxi. Segundo Moreno Yánez ya tenía acostumbrados

Systematization and industrialization of all kind of services has created a hurdle that makes it difficult for citizens to claim to reparation and penalization for acts of injustice. Therefore, this same systematization and industrialization of services, propose to commerce the creation of insurance contracts that tend to protect the medical professionals activities, especially the civil responsibility. This investigation includes a systematic study of what it is the medic civil responsibility insurance contract and verifies the real position of the evolution if the law in front of the commerce evolution. Also, this investigation encloses ideas and models of regulations that come from advanced legislations when civil responsibility insurance is about. With this tools it is possible to situate the national law ordering which is slightly poor, in contrast with one of the most advanced legislations in the world around this subject, like Spanish legislations is, which regulates the enti...

Two years into the pandemic, the expressive the numbers leave no room for doubt: COVID-19 has been the most tragic event in recent history. As of March 11, 2022, the Coronavirus Resource Center at John Hopkins University showed over 471 million confirmed cases worldwide and 6.07 million deaths. On the same day, the #PainelConass COVID-19 showed that Brazil had reached 657,000 deaths 1. But it is not just the numbers and their important biomedical and epidemiological repercussions that need highlighting. Pandemics also provoke and deepen structures of inequality and social injustice, with a large number of devastating humanitarian,

Realizamos este artigo partindo de um conjunto de trabalhos que desde a historia, a  filosofia e a sociologia da educacao, assim como dos estudos curriculares, tem evidenciado a interseccao da governamentalidadecom a educacao. Entendendo, sobretudo, que esse corpus envolveumagenealogia da nossaatualidade, a qualpassou por dois registros de epoca e/ou rupturas ao longo do seculo XX. Importa problematizar os modos que essa arte de governar e educar estaoadquirindo, enquanto forma de governo de si como governo do outro. Propomos que o gerenciamentotornou-se a racionalidade da nossa epoca, a qual se apresenta como auto-fazer-se, onde a gestao de si opera como os mecanismos e modos da manifestacao da verdade. Como hipotese sugerimos que as dobras do governo, como montagens e desmontagens, ocorrem de forma tal que o governo dos outros se tornou o governo de si.Um investimento na economia de visibilidade do poder transformou a logica da conduta da conduta de umamaneiraemque o governo dos o...

This article explores recent histories of masculine cultures in India. The discussion proceeds through outlining the most significant sites of the making of masculinity discourses during the colonial, the immediate post-colonial as well as the contemporary period. The immediate present is explored through an investigation of the the media persona of India's current Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. Through constructing a narrative of Indian modernity that draws upon diverse contexts-such as colonial discourses about natives, anti-colonial nationalism, and post-colonial discourses of economic planning, 'liberalization' and consumerism-the article illustrates the multiple locations of masculinity politics. Further, the exploration of relationships between economic, political and social contexts also seeks to blur the boundaries between them, thereby initiating a methodological dialogue regarding the study of masculinities. The article also seeks to point out that while there are continuities between the (colonial) past and the (post-colonial) present, the manner in which the past is utilised for the purposes of the present relates to performances and contexts in the present. Finally, the article suggests there is no linear history of masculinity, rather that the uses of the past in the present allow us to understand the prolix and circular ways in which the present is constituted.

Il presente contributo muove dall'assunzione di uno specifico orientamento filosofico nei confronti di tre dimensioni: ciò che accade nel presente; ciò che è il mondo; ciò che siamo noi. Questa particolare postura consiste in un ἦθος, ethos, che in greco designa un peculiare comportamento caratterizzato da una serie di atteggiamenti; purtroppo, una simile definizione dell'ethos risulta ancora troppo generica, soprattutto in relazione agli oggetti. Per comprendere appieno le caratteristiche di una simile postura, dobbiamo analizzare la formulazione specifica che ne fornisce Michel Foucault, nel momento in cui definisce «l'ontologia dell'attualità»: Cos'è l'attualità? Qual è il campo attuale delle nostre esperienze? Qual è il campo attuale delle esperienze possibili? Non si tratta di un'analitica della verità, ma piuttosto di qualcosa che potremmo definire un'ontologia del presente, un'ontologia della modernità, un'ontologia di noi stessi 1. Il filosofo francese presenta questa formulazione partendo dall'analisi del testo kantiano Was ist Aufklärung?, pubblicato nella Berlinische Monatsschrift nel dicembre del 1784: nel confronto con questo intervento di Kant, Foucault rintraccia il momento sorgivo di un nuovo atteggiamento filosofico che si rivolge al presente come problema specifico del filosofare, dal momento che il filosofo tedesco riflette in tempo reale su che cosa sia il fenomeno dell'Aufklärung. Se la filosofia si assume il compito di comprendere il presente nel mentre del suo darsi, allora i suoi oggetti specifici di riflessione critica diventano un'epoca, un corpo di

The Covid-19 pandemic outbreak engendered an intense circulation of tables, graphics, statistics and rankings that seek to narrate the infection`s behavior and deaths. Such "data" became the object of disputes and negotiations, highlighting the centrality and political effects of numerical narratives. For a long time, researchers have been approaching processes of measuring populations and social phenomena as instruments of power and, more recently, they have advanced in the discussion on the political effects of reducing complex social processes to numbers. In this introduction, we outline issues that populate contemporary debates on quantification processes in the fields of social sciences and science and technology studies (STS). More specifically, we address the role of numbers in government and State narratives and we introduce debates on the role of classifications, on scalar effects, and on the use of numbers on technologies of government.

On the evening of 23 December 2020, when the tragic news of the sudden demise of Professor Vinay Kumar Srivastava spread across social media, the community of scholars from anthropology and allied disciplines found it shocking and unbelievable. He was seen actively delivering fascinating and mesmerising lectures online, a method to which he had comfortably switched during the pandemic not more than a couple of weeks earlier, the last one being in the second half of November 2020.

This article investigates how popular self-help books on work and career
construct problems and solutions related to the subject and its working
life. The investigation draws on Michel Foucault’s concept of
‘problematization’ along with concepts of governmentality and ethical
self-government. The first part of the analysis shows how problems in
self-help are generally articulated as different types of inadequacies,
which must accordingly be amended through constant development
towards a goal of self-realization, which can never be fully achieved.
Accordingly, the subject is offered a subjectivation as an incomplete
project, which is never quite good enough and always in need of
improvement. The second part of the analysis shows how this general
form of problematization plays out in relation to the paradoxical
cultivation of autonomy in self-help books, in which the subject must
follow instructions of an external authority, in the form of a self-help
book, in order to achieve independence.

This article analyses the relation between the formation of a corpus of technologies of government and the establishment of bodies of actors that lay claim to this type of knowledge. In order to investigate this phenomenon, I examine the major milestones in the emergence of think tanks in Chile with the intention of uncovering not only the political aspects of technologies of government but also cultural ones, which come into play through people's beliefs and practices. I approach think tanks in the following three ways, which appear to be different dimensions of the same phenomenon: (a) as global assemblages; (b) through the genealogy of their emergence and (c) within their spheres and 'sites' of activity. Despite their differences in ideas and values, think tanks share the characteristic of being sites where neoliberal governmentality can be reproduced through a migratory technology of governing that interacts with situated sets of elements and historical conjunctures. The effects of this phenomenon are manifested in the establishment of a market for expertise opened up by think tanks, 'freed' from state bureaucracy and underpinned by a logic of competition that is supported by networks that blur the boundaries between public and private institutions.

Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise » Shakespeare, King Lear, Acte I, scène 5 À rebours d'une représentation traditionnelle de la vieillesse qui fait d'elle le temps par excellence de la sagesse, l'éthique stoïcienne de Sénèque semblait peu susceptible d'en offrir une valorisation. Parce qu'elle n'a cessé de poser que la vertu ne dépend d'aucune circonstance, la vieillesse -comprise comme ce temps déterminé de la vie -y constitue un indifférent (adiaphoron). C'est dire, en langage stoïcien, qu'elle ne dispose pas de valeur en elle-même mais que sa valeur dépend de la qualité de l'usage 2 -vertueux, c'est-à-dire conforme à la nature (kata physin) 3 , ou non -que nous en faisons : 1 Je remercie les éditrices du volume Laetitia Monteils-Laeng et Mathilde Cambron-Goulet pour leur relecture et leurs remarques. 2 Sur cet usage des indifférents, voir notamment T. BÉNATOUÏL, Faire usage : la pratique du stoïcisme, Paris, Vrin, 2006, et en particulier p. 222-223 et 238-240. 3 Cicéron, Des fins des biens et des maux III, 13 ; Diogène Laërce, VII, 160. Sur ce point, voir B. INWOOD, Ethics and Human Action, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1985, p. 198, et T. BÉNATOUÏL, op. cit., p. 516. Seul le stoïcien Ariston aurait refusé d'accorder une quelconque valeur aux indifférents. Voir Sextus Empiricus, Contre les professeurs XI, 64-65

Resumo Realizamos este artigo partindo de um conjunto de trabalhos que desde a história, a filosofía e a sociologia da educação, assim como dos estudos curriculares, tem evidenciado a intersecção da governamentalidadecom a educação. Entendendo, sobretudo, que esse corpus envolveumagenealogia da nossaatualidade, a qualpassou por dois registros de época e/ou rupturas ao longo do século XX. Importa problematizar os modos que essa arte de governar e educar estãoadquirindo, enquanto forma de governo de si como governo do outro. Propomos que o gerenciamentotornou-se a racionalidade da nossa época, a qual se apresenta como auto-fazer-se, onde a gestão de si opera como os mecanismos e modos da manifestação da verdade. Como hipótese sugerimos que as dobras do governo, como montagens e desmontagens, ocorrem de forma tal que o governo dos outros se tornou o governo de si.Um investimento na economia de visibilidade do poder transformou a lógica da conduta da conduta de umamaneiraemque o governo dos outrosse acoplou sobre o self. É nesse sentido que nos referimos aogoverno de si recarregado. Palavras-chave: governo de si, educação, gerenciamento, saber e gestão de si. Abstract This articletakes placefrom the setof worksof history, philosophy, sociology of education andcurriculum studiesproduced in the intersection of governmentalityand education..It is understood that this corpus involves a genealogy of our present that at least it has already gone through two epochal records and / or breaks along the XX century.Here are problematized the modes that the art of government and the art of education are acquiring where the government of the self is becoming the government of the others.It is proposed that management logics have become the rationality of our time and, operates as the mechanisms and modes of manifestation of the truth. It is proposedthe hypothesis thatthe folds ofgovernment, the assemblies and disassemblies occur in a mode in which the government of the other became the government of 1 Investigadora CONICET. Profesora titular ordinaria, Sociología de la Educación y directora (CEDESI, EH, UNSAM)

Mohammad Sajjad’s book, however, makes a courageous attempt to go beyond this conventional understanding of Muslim politics. He endeavours to look at those  unexplored areas that have not been given any serious intellectual attention so far. More precisely, the study adopts a threefold research strategy to get rid of the conventional historiography of Muslim politics. Instead of offering a grand narrative of South Asian Islam, the book concentrates on a geopolitical entity called Bihar. This regional focus (in a conceptual as well as geographic sense) turns out to be a productive ‘vantage point’ to revisit some of the given explanations of Muslim political responses especially in colonial India. Second, the book discusses the Muslim resistance to the two-nation theory to produce a complex and diversified picture of Muslim politics in the post-1930s Bihar. In fact, the study makes a serious claim that the Muslim political attitudes in colonial India should not be seen merely in relation to the rather known story of Muslim separatism. Finally, the book attempts to establish an analytically useful relationship between the colonial past and the post colonial realities. In fact, the contemporary Muslim politics is not looked at as a residue of the past; rather the complexities of the contemporary are analysed in its own entirety.

Gambling and financial investment have a long shared history, with many convergences and many
moments where each has defined the other as its opposite. In the contemporary Pacific, not least among
evangelical Christians, gambling is often understood as wasteful entertainment and even as an irresponsible
vice. Investment on the other hand is seen as a productive activity for both individuals and
society at large. These moral concerns draw on discourses of proprietorship of the self, of money and of
risk. This paper explores moral attitudes to gambling/investment among middle-class investors in a mass
Ponzi scheme in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and charts new valorizations of risk and investment as
components of the construction of modern ‘financial selves’.
Keywords: gambling, investment, fraud, Christianity, Papua New Guinea.

Dans cet article nous essayons de présenter quelques éléments de ce que l'on pourrait définir comme l'askesis de Leon Battista Alberti, en rattachant la pensée de l'humaniste florentin à la tradition des "exercices spirituels". Nous nous concentrons d'abord sur le "De familia" pour proposer une classification des exercices en trois catégories (exercices du corps, exercices de l'esprit, exercices relatifs à l'usage du temps). Ensuite, nous ébauchons un parcours qui va du "De familia" au "De iciarchia", en passant par le "Theogenius" et les "Profugiorum ab aerumna libri", dans le but de montrer les étapes fondamentales de sa réflexion éthico-politique, qui articule de manière inextricable le problème du gouvernement de soi et celui du gouvernement des autres.

Through analysis of self-development books based on Foucault's notions of "discourse", "governmentality" and "technologies of the self", this study proposes that current personal development discourse serves as a technology of neoliberal governmentality. It is argued that there are implicit assumptions of the books regarding the social world of today which in turn have direct implications for the discursive constitution and practices of personal development. In line with these assumptions, certain types of subjectivities are being promoted in the books and it is the main aim of this study to explore these emerging subjectivities.

En los tres primeros apartados del texto se hace referencia a los conceptos de gobierno y gubernamentalidad, racionalidad política y tecnología de gobierno, introducidos por Michel Foucault desde finales de la década del 70 como complemento o correctivo de su previa noción del poder. Además, se recogen algunas de las principales discusiones presentes en la elaboración y recreación conceptuales sobre la gubernamentalidad, realizadas en especial en el campo anglosajón, desde comienzos de la década de los ‘90. A partir de este debate, se abrió en las ciencias humanas una perspectiva plural a la que se conoce en su conjunto como "governmentality studies". El trabajo tiene por objetivo la presentación de estos debates teóricos en un medio (como el de habla castellana) que en general los desconoce. Se trata de revisar estos enfoques teóricos y considerar la plausibilidad de su utilización en estudios empíricos acotados. Al mismo tiempo, se intenta ofrecer una alternativa conceptual frente a los numerosos planteamientos que hoy proliferan, y que en lugar de tomarse seriamente la pluralidad y la contingencia de un mundo “postsocial”, terminan aplanando las significativas variaciones existentes entre los diferentes fragmentos de la experiencia contemporánea de la vida colectiva. En un cuarto apartado, se presentan algunas reflexiones acerca de lo que se ha dado en llamar “neoliberalismo”, en las que ya pueden verse en su funcionamiento y desplegados los conceptos desarrollados en los apartados anteriores. En un quinto y último apartado, se sugiere - de una forma más bien intuitiva y todavía bastante exploratoria - una noción de esta “postsocialidad” emergente. Los estudios sobre la gubernamentalidad contribuyen a construir conceptualmente este nuevo objeto postsocial como legítima área de incumbencia para las ciencias humanas, y se constituyen a la vez en una fructífera vía de acceso a este nuevo campo de objetos.

Drawing from fieldwork in a shantytown called Dharavi in Bombay, this article considers the effects of communal violence between Hindus and Muslims in December, 1993, and January, 1993. The effects of violence are charted through narrative accounts of residents of Dharavi. The article argues that collective violence brings together the nation, the neighborhood, and bodies of participants. The intersection of these three shows the procedures by which Muslim men are denuded of their masculinity.

Postcolonialism has not only upset some established norms of study but has also opened up possibilities challenging the so called 'authentic' history by 'literature' within the same group of decolonized people. There are instances when the historians shy away from putting in to their 'texts' particular historical occurrences while the litterateur dares not only to include but also explores these or rather 'silences' so much so that public memory renders these events a historicity that is stronger than history itself . Behind this divergence in negotiation of the same subject by the authors of the same group of people with similar colonial experiences, there is an interesting area to study.