Syntax Analysis

Source code analysis has many different but related and connected perspectives. As per the requirement of each perspective, the program code has been analyzed by specific technique. No single technique is able to achieve the purpose and covers all aspects of analysis. It addresses issues that are coupled together to entail development concerns, that will directly or indirectly affect the functionality of the program. They are categorized with reference to their application in the program analysis process. This paper describes all those analysis techniques organized in three levels analytical model which are applied to analyze and enquire the source code and its different aspects.

The growing complexity of the software systems being developed and the use of different methodologies indicate the need for more computer support for automating software development process and evolution activity. Currently, Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE), which is a set of software systems aimed to support set of software process activities, does this automation. While CASE tools prove its importance to develop high quality software, unfortunately CASE tools doesn't cover all software development activities. This is because some activities need intellectual human skills, which are not currently available as computer software. To solve this shortcoming, Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches are the ones that can be used to develop software tools imitating these intellectual skills. This paper presents the definition of Intelligent Computer Aided Software Engineering (I-CASE). The definition encompasses two steps. The first step is a clear decomposition of each basic software development activity to sub activities, and classify each one of them whether it is an intellectual or procedural job. The second step is the addressing of each intellectual (un-automated) one to proper AI-based approach. These tools may be integrated into a package as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or could be used individually. The discussion and the next implementation step are reported.

In this paper we propose a dimension reduced weighted fuzzy clustering algorithm (sWFCM-HD). The algorithm can be used for high dimensional datasets having streaming behavior. Such datasets can be found in the area of sensor networks, data originated from web click stream and data collected by internet traffic flow etc. These data's have two special properties which separate them from other datasets: a) They have streaming behavior and b) They have higher dimensions. Optimized fuzzy clustering algorithm has already been proposed for datasets having streaming behavior or higher dimensions. But as per our information, nobody has proposed any optimized fuzzy clustering algorithm for data sets having both the properties, i.e., data sets with higher dimension and also continuously arriving streaming behavior. Experimental analysis shows that our proposed algorithm (sWFCM-HD) improves performance in terms of memory consumption as well as execution time

In this paper we propose a dimension reduced weighted fuzzy clustering algorithm (sWFCM-HD). The algorithm can be used for high dimensional datasets having streaming behavior. Such datasets can be found in the area of sensor networks, data originated from web click stream and data collected by internet traffic flow etc. These data's have two special properties which separate them from other datasets: a) They have streaming behavior and b) They have higher dimensions. Optimized fuzzy clustering algorithm has already been proposed for datasets having streaming behavior or higher dimensions. But as per our information, nobody has proposed any optimized fuzzy clustering algorithm for data sets having both the properties, i.e., data sets with higher dimension and also continuously arriving streaming behavior. Experimental analysis shows that our proposed algorithm (sWFCM-HD) improves performance in terms of memory consumption as well as execution time

Functional quality of the student residence halls has a great deal of importance due to their collective nature and the fact that they are considered as housing units, identifying and defining the role of intermediary spaces on the spatial organization and and spatial consociation of student residence halls which is a compound system of masses and spatial borderlines can bring order to its system. This structure is defined through a hierarchy of transition spaces, between numerous external and internal factors and the interaction between the arenas and explains the thresholds in multiple orders, in the macro, meso and micro scales. With an emphasis on the factors of spatial threshold in the student residence halls, the following study aims to refer to the impact of their presence on defining the subjective and physical borderlines in order to define local territories. In order to do so and in order to evaluate this concept with a qualitative method, after explaining the concepts of ...

Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) are an appealing visual formalism mainly used in the early stages of system design to capture the system requirements. However, if we move towards an implementation, an executable specifications related in some fashion to the MSC-based requirements must be obtained. The MSCs can be used effectively to specify the bus protocol in the way where high-level transition systems is used to capture the control flow of the system components of the protocol and MSCs to describe the non-atomic component interactions. This system of specification is amenable to formal verification. In this paper, we present the way how we can specify the bus protocols using MSCs and how these specifications can be translated into program of verification tool (we have used Symbolic Model Verifier (SMV)) for the use of formal verification. We have contributed to the following tasks in this respect. Firstly, the way to specify the protocol using MSC has been presented. Secondly, a translator that translates the specifications (described in a textual input file) into SMV programs has been constructed. Finally, we have presented the verification result of the AMBA bus protocol using the SMV program found through the translation process. The SMV program found through the translation process can be used in order to automatically verify various properties of any bus protocol specified.

Message Sequence Charts (MSCs) are an appealing visual formalism mainly used in the early stages of system design to capture the system requirements. However, if we move towards an implementation, an executable specifications related in some fashion to the MSC-based requirements must be obtained. The MSCs can be used effectively to specify the bus protocol in the way where high-level transition systems is used to capture the control flow of the system components of the protocol and MSCs to describe the non-atomic component interactions. This system of specification is amenable to formal verification. In this paper, we present the way how we can specify the bus protocols using MSCs and how these specifications can be translated into program of verification tool (we have used Symbolic Model Verifier (SMV)) for the use of formal verification. We have contributed to the following tasks in this respect. Firstly, the way to specify the protocol using MSC has been presented. Secondly, a translator that translates the specifications (described in a textual input file) into SMV programs has been constructed. Finally, we have presented the verification result of the AMBA bus protocol using the SMV program found through the translation process. The SMV program found through the translation process can be used in order to automatically verify various properties of any bus protocol specified.

U ovom radu detaljno je opisana obrada prirodnog jezika na računalima. Poseban naglasak se stavio na sekvencijalne faze kojima se najčešće obavlja prirodna obrada jezika. Ulazni podatak računalne obrade jest nekakav tekst u prirodnom jeziku. Potom kreću redom faze: tokenizacija, leksička analiza, sintaktička analiza i semantička analiza. Svaka od tih faza je detaljnije opisana s različitim alatima i procesima koji se koriste unutar nje.This thesis describes in detail the processing of the natural language on computers. Special emphasis has been placed on sequential stages that are the most common in language processing. The input data of the computer processing is some kind of text in the natural language. Then proceed in sequence: tokenization, lexical analysis, syntax analysis and semantic analysis. Each of these phases is described in more detail with the di erent tools and processes used within it

The growing complexity of the software systems being developed and the use of different methodologies indicate the need for more computer support for automating software development process and evolution activity. Currently, Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE), which is a set of software systems aimed to support set of software process activities, does this automation. While CASE tools prove its importance to develop high quality software, unfortunately CASE tools doesn't cover all software development activities. This is because some activities need intellectual human skills, which are not currently available as computer software. To solve this shortcoming, Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches are the ones that can be used to develop software tools imitating these intellectual skills. This paper presents the definition of Intelligent Computer Aided Software Engineering (I-CASE). The definition encompasses two steps. The first step is a clear decomposition of each basic software development activity to sub activities, and classify each one of them whether it is an intellectual or procedural job. The second step is the addressing of each intellectual (un-automated) one to proper AI-based approach. These tools may be integrated into a package as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or could be used individually. The discussion and the next implementation step are reported.

Our lifestyle has its effects on the design and layout of house which also in turn affects the housing market. The function of the space is one important factor affecting interactions. In the last few decades, an important change has occurred in the layout of houses in terms of designation of spaces for specific functions as seen, in Pakistan. This study analyzed 15 different cases of house layouts from three major cities of Pakistan. Space syntax was used to quantify the layouts of these houses using DepthmapX software. The measure of integration, space-link ratios and difference factors were calculated for each case in the sample. The average integration and difference factor of the sample range from 0.62-1.02 and 0.52-0.81 with average value of 0.88 and 0.73 respectively. The results showed that underneath the apparent different layouts, there resides a consistent spatial pattern in the order of spatial arrangements of different layouts. The spatial pattern showed Living room as the most integrated space of the layout this found in 14 out 16 cases. The second most integrated space was kitchen reported in 9 out of 15 cases. The third integrated place was bedroom 9 out of 15cases. The results of this study may provide insights into the future development of housing layouts based on the existing pattern of use.

Functional quality of the student residence halls has a great deal of importance due to their collective nature and the fact that they are considered as housing units, identifying and defining the role of intermediary spaces on the spatial organization and and spatial consociation of student residence halls which is a compound system of masses and spatial borderlines can bring order to its system. This structure is defined through a hierarchy of transition spaces, between numerous external and internal factors and the interaction between the arenas and explains the thresholds in multiple orders, in the macro, meso and micro scales. With an emphasis on the factors of spatial threshold in the student residence halls, the following study aims to refer to the impact of their presence on defining the subjective and physical borderlines in order to define local territories. In order to do so and in order to evaluate this concept with a qualitative method, after explaining the concepts of ...

The goal of this thesis is to discuss translation grammars and their use in syntax-driven translation. It provides an example of the use of translation grammars in predictive top-down translation and provides formal devices for language accepting and translation output generation. It examines the descriptional complexity of tranlation grammars as language generating devices. An implementation of a translation framework using these devices is described and a simple compiler is designed and implemented using this framework. This compiler translates a new language REON designed in this paper to Python 3

Establishment of institutions of higher learning requires massive amount of different resources which are always in short supply. The delivery of learning material and tests to the students has become very easy with the facility of uploading the same on the web irrespective of the number of students. The assessment part could be a deterrent as far as willingness of learned faculty members to participate in the whole process is concerned. If assessment will become automated then it will be easier for any teachers to evaluate any number of students. This paper presents a proposed architecture of automated assessment of Use-Case Diagram. The essence of this architecture is to assess large number of students very easily in short duration. This proposed work is going to be very useful for the needy students by assisting in evaluation of their performance.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015Mimarlığın çoğunluk bölümünün aslında konut ile ilgisi olmasına rağmen, konut mimarlığı Pakistan’da kentsel toplumun sıkça ihmal edilen bir özelliğidir. Dahası, insanlar zamanlarının çoğunluğu bu konutlarda harcadıklarından ve en temel fiziksel ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlarını karşıladığından konut mimarisi mimarinin en önemli türüdür. Pakistan'da çok çeşitli konut türleri olduğundan, bu tez, belirli bir tip yani avlulu ev analizine odaklanmaktadır ve sözdizimsel analiz yöntemlerini kullanarak ideal bir avlulu evin düzeninin nasıl olacağını karşılaştırmaktadır. Konut binaları hakkında bir çalışma gerçekleştirmek için, Bölüm 2’de güçlü bir teorik temel sağlanmaktadır, sosyal grup teorisi, toplumsal değişim, kültürel ekoloji ve bireysel davranış değişiklikleri, sınırlama ve bunların yanı sıra mekansal organizasyon de...

A collection of documents D 1 of a search result R 1 is a cluster if all the documents in D 1 are similar in a way and dissimilar to another collection say D 2 for a given query Q 1. Implying that, given a new query Q 2 , the search result R 2 may pose an intersection or a union of documents from D 1 and D 2 or more to form D 3. However within these collections say D 1 , D 2 , D 3 etc, one or two pages certainly would be better in relevance to the query that invokes them. Such a page is regarded being 'authoritative' than others. Therefore in a query context, a given search result has pages of authority. The most important measure of a search engine's efficiency is the quality of its search results. This work seeks to cluster search results to ease the matching of searched documents with user's need by attaching a page authority value (pav). We developed a classifier that falls in the margin of supervised and unsupervised learning which would be computationally feasible and producing most authoritative pages. A novel searching and clustering engine was developed using several measure-factors such as anchor text, proximity, page rank, and features of neighbors to rate the pages so searched. Documents or corpora of known measures from the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC), the Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval (INEX) and Reuter's Collection, were fed into our work and evaluated comparatively with existing search engines (Google, VIVISIMO and Wikipedia). We got very impressive results based on our evaluation. Additionally, our system could add a valuepav to every searched and classified page to indicate a page's relevance over the other. A document is a good match to a query if the document model is likely to generate the query, which will in turn happen if the document contains the query words often. This approach thus provides a different realization of some of the basic ideas for document ranking which could be applied through some acceptable rules: number of occurrence, document zone and relevance measures. The biggest problem facing users of web search engines today is the quality of the results they get back. While the results are often amusing and expand users' horizons, they are often frustrating and consume precious time. We have made available a better page ranker that do not depend heavily on the page developer's inflicted weights but considers the actual factors within and without the target page. Though very experimental on research collections, the user can within the collection of the first ten search results listing, extract his or her relevant pages with ease.

Source code analysis has many different but related and connected perspectives. As per the requirement of each perspective, the program code has been analyzed by specific technique. No single technique is able to achieve the purpose and covers all aspects of analysis. It addresses issues that are coupled together to entail development concerns, that will directly or indirectly affect the functionality of the program. They are categorized with reference to their application in the program analysis process. This paper describes all those analysis techniques organized in three levels analytical model which are applied to analyze and enquire the source code and its different aspects.

Clustering is the techniques adopted by data mining tools across a range of application. It provides several algorithms that can assess large data set based on specific parameters & group related points. This paper gives comparative analysis of density based clustering algorithms and mass based clustering algorithms. DBSCAN [15] is a base algorithm for density based clustering techniques. One of the advantages of using these techniques is that method does not require the number of clusters to be given a prior and it can detect the clusters of different shapes and sizes from large amount of data which contains noise and outliers. OPTICS [14] on the other hand does not produce a clustering of a data set explicitly, but instead creates an augmented ordering of the database representing its density based clustering structure. Mass based clustering algorithm mass estimation technique is used (it is alternate of density based clustering) .In Mass based clustering algorithm [22] there are also core regions and noise points are used as a parameter. We analyze the algorithms in terms of the parameters essential for creating meaningful clusters. All the algorithms are tested using numerical data sets for low as well as high dimensional data sets.

The growing complexity of the software systems being developed and the use of different methodologies indicate the need for more computer support for automating software development process and evolution activity. Currently, Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE), which is a set of software systems aimed to support set of software process activities, does this automation. While CASE tools prove its importance to develop high quality software, unfortunately CASE tools doesn't cover all software development activities. This is because some activities need intellectual human skills, which are not currently available as computer software. To solve this shortcoming, Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches are the ones that can be used to develop software tools imitating these intellectual skills. This paper presents the definition of Intelligent Computer Aided Software Engineering (I-CASE). The definition encompasses two steps. The first step is a clear decomposition of each basic software development activity to sub activities, and classify each one of them whether it is an intellectual or procedural job. The second step is the addressing of each intellectual (un-automated) one to proper AI-based approach. These tools may be integrated into a package as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) or could be used individually. The discussion and the next implementation step are reported.