Streptococcus sobrinus

Our previous study has already clarified that partially decomposed alginate (Alg53) by Vibrio alginolyticus SUN53 has a competitive inhibitory effect on sucrase. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of Alg53 on the production of glucan from sucrose by glucosyltransferase and acid from glucose by Streptococcus sobrinus 6715. Glucosyltransferase was prepared from cultural medium of S. sobrinus using ultrafiltration and hydroxyapatite chromatography. In order to examine the inhibitory effect of Alg53 for production of glucan by GTase, partially purified GTase, sucrose and Alg53 solution were incubated at 37°C. The influence of Alg53 on the production of acid from glucose was evaluated by a degree of pH decline during the incubation for 60 min. The original Alg53 solution markedly inhibited to 21% of the synthesis of water-insoluble glucan from sucrose and that of 10-fold diluted of Alg53 solution was 23%. However, the production of watersoluble glucan from sucrose by GTase was hardly affected by Alg53. Furthermore, Alg53 suppressed dose-dependently pH decline by organic acid converted from glucose. These results suggest that Alg53 is expected as a functional food material which prevents or reduces dental caries.

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. Our recent study shows potent antibacterial effects of nanoparticleencapsulated chlorhexidine (Nano-CHX). Herein, we explored the synergistic effects of the nanoparticle-encapsulated SB (Nano-SB) and Nano-CHX on oral bacterial biofilms. Loading efficiency of Nano-SB was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and its releasing profile was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatographyusing baicalin (a flavonoid compound of SB) as the marker. The mucosal diffusion assay on Nano-SB was undertaken in a porcine model. The antibacterial effects of the mixed nanoparticles (Nano-MIX) of Nano-SB and Nano-CHX at 9:1 (w/w) ratio were analyzed in both planktonic and biofilm modes of representative oral bacteria. The Nano-MIX was effective on the mono-species biofilms of Streptococcus (S.) mutans, S. sobrinus, Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter (A.) actinomycetemcomitans (MIC 50 µg/mL) at 24 h, and exhibited an enhanced effect against the multi-species biofilms such as S. mutans, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis (MIC 12.5 µg/mL) at 24 h that was supported by the findings of both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM). This study shows enhanced synergistic antibacterial effects of the Nano-MIX on common oral bacterial biofilms, which could be potentially developed as a novel antimicrobial agent for clinical oral/periodontal care.

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases. Our recent study shows potent antibacterial effects of nanoparticleencapsulated chlorhexidine (Nano-CHX). Herein, we explored the synergistic effects of the nanoparticle-encapsulated SB (Nano-SB) and Nano-CHX on oral bacterial biofilms. Loading efficiency of Nano-SB was determined by thermogravimetric analysis, and its releasing profile was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatographyusing baicalin (a flavonoid compound of SB) as the marker. The mucosal diffusion assay on Nano-SB was undertaken in a porcine model. The antibacterial effects of the mixed nanoparticles (Nano-MIX) of Nano-SB and Nano-CHX at 9:1 (w/w) ratio were analyzed in both planktonic and biofilm modes of representative oral bacteria. The Nano-MIX was effective on the mono-species biofilms of Streptococcus (S.) mutans, S. sobrinus, Fusobacterium (F.) nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter (A.) actinomycetemcomitans (MIC 50 µg/mL) at 24 h, and exhibited an enhanced effect against the multi-species biofilms such as S. mutans, F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis (MIC 12.5 µg/mL) at 24 h that was supported by the findings of both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CLSM). This study shows enhanced synergistic antibacterial effects of the Nano-MIX on common oral bacterial biofilms, which could be potentially developed as a novel antimicrobial agent for clinical oral/periodontal care.

Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengembangkan metoda diagnosa infeksi cacing pita 1pada ayam melalui pemeriksaan antigen cacing pita dalam tinja (koproantigen) dengan menggunakan metoda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigen dari cairan eskretori ...

Background: Periodontal disease is caused by the accumulation of bacteria from biofilms in the periodontal tissues. Streptococcus sanguinis is one of bacteria lives in biofilm. One of the herbal ingredients that can be used as an antibacterial is the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.), especially the rind of the mangosteen fruit. The main compound in the mangosteen rind is known as alfa-mangostin, the compound alfa-mangostin has anti-bacterial benefits. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness usage of alpha mangostin toward Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm thickness growth. Method: Experimental research design, with post-test only control group design with a sample size of 27. The treatment group consisted of alpha mangostin 3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 g/ml and the control group were distilled water. Measurement of Streptococcus sanguinis biofilm thickness was carried out by ELISA-reader. The statistical test was carried out using the One Way Anova test. Resul...

In this study, women who had recently given birth were very likely to have dental problems. In girls, 28.1% had dental caries and 27.3% had gingivitis. The number of APOs was also high: LWB was 22.5 percent, PTB was 21.7 percent, and preeclampsia was 11.6%. After giving birth, women with oral problems, poor oral hygiene, or APOs were more likely to have high levels of S. mutans (p0.0001) and S. sobrinus colonisation. Even though S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the most common bacteria that cause cavities, S. mutans was found in only a small number of samples (BK1=0.004%, BK2 and BKC2=0.001%, and BKC1=0.004%) when tested without a culture. Instead, Streptococcus, Yersinia, Haemophilus, Prevotella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Prevotella, Aggregatibacter, Rothia, Veillonella, Granulicatella, and Actinomyces were found to be most common in females with dental caries and gingivitis. This suggests that these isolates may play a role in causing dental caries. Using the culture-based m...

Several mouth diseases are common health issues, including dental caries and periodontal disease. In the absence of prevention, these conditions result in periodontal pockets. It has been proven that periodontal diseases are associated with supra-gingival plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus sanguinis. To avoid antibiotic side effects and bacteria becoming increasingly resistant, an alternative to antibacterial agents must be developed to ensure no side effects or increased resistance. As a consequence, natural herbs and Ayurveda drugs have become increasingly important. This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria. An evaluation of the anti-microbial effects of different concentrations of Eucalyptus Globules oil on Streptococcus sanguinis bacteria was conducted using a well-plate approach was also utilized to compare the effects of Eucalyptus Globules oil on bacterial growth in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. It was found that Eucalyptus Globules essential oil was highly antibacterial against Streptococcus sanguinis as the concentration of extract increased, with a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) between all concentrations and chlorhexidine. Thus, this antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus Globules essential oil against Streptococcus sanguinis suggests that it could be used as a natural antibacterial component in treating oral infections.

Aim: Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque has been implicated as one of the etiologic factor for development of white spot lesions in orthodontic subjects. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and anti-biofilm activity of Cucurbita Maxima leaf extract on S.mutans isolated from dental plaque of subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methodology: Dental plaque samples were collected from out-patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. From the collected plaque samples, Biochemical Characterization of S. mutans was performed. The Medicinal Plants were sourced, and the solvent was extracted. The stock solution was then prepared from the extracted solvent. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum Analysis (GCMS) was carried out. The MIC was identified to be 1.25mg/ml. The biofilm inhibition assay showed that the extract did not inhibit the formation of the biofilm. The GCMS analysis identified twenty-five constituent compounds from the crude extract. The C. maxima leaf extract showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was identified at 1.25mg/ml. The extract did not inhibit the formation of biofilm.

Caries is a disease of human dentition characterized by the loss of mineralized surfaces of the toot di non-specific removal of plaque by mechanical means such as brushing, although it is difficu this method. Caries is also a widespread infection in children. Streptococcus mutans and S. gents of caries heres to the en ria.

Background: The prevalence of dental caries is high worldwide and specifically in Indonesia, especially in children. Cariogenic bacteria are the major cause of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is one of the bacteria often associated with caries, due to its ability in producing acid and forming the biofilm for bacterial colonisation on the surface of oral cavities. In addition to S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) bacteria are also thought to play an important role in the process of caries. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the distribution of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in children with seriously high dental caries levels. Methods: This study was an observational analytical study. Bacterial isolation was conducted in carious lesions of 50 paediatric patients 6-12 years old with superficial dental caries. Samples of caries lesions were put directly into a tube containing the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI-B) and incubated at 37o C for 24 hours. The sample...

Psidium cattleianum (PC) has been displaying inhibitory effect against a variety of microorganisms, but this effect has not yet been tested against endodontic pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and biocompatibility of the aqueous (PCAE) and hydroethanolic (PCHE) extracts from Psidium cattleianum (PC) leaves. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) were determined using the microdilution broth method in order to analyze the antimicrobial effect against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces israelii and Candida albicans in planktonic conditions. Biofilm assays were conducted only with the extracts that were able to determine the MLC for microorganisms in planktonic conditions. Immediate and late tissue reactions against PC extracts were evaluated using edemogenic test and histological analysis of subcutaneous implants in Wistar rats. The results showed that the MIC and MLC values ranged between 0.25 and 4 mg/mL. The MLC obtained for PCHE inhibited 100% growth of all the tested strains, except for C. albicans. PCAE had the same effect for E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa. Both PC extracts were able to eliminate E. faecalis biofilms and only the PCHE eliminated P. aeruginosa biofilms. The positive controls inhibited the growth of all tested strains in MIC and MLC essays, but no CHX tested concentrations were able to eliminate A. israelii biofilm. PCAE caused a discrete increase in the edema over time, while PCHE caused a higher initial edema, which decreased progressively. Both PCAE and PCHE extracts were biocompatible, but PCHE showed better results with slight levels of inflammation at 28 days. In conclusion, PCHE was biocompatible and presented better antimicrobial effect against important pathogens associated with persistent endodontic infections

Serum antirabies ( S A R ) yang diproduksi pada kuda, disebut antibodi 1 (Abl) digunakan sebagai antgigen untuk mengimunisasi ayam. Imunoglobulin ayam (IgY) yang bereaksi sccara khas dengan Abl. merupakan antibodi anti-idiotipe dan selanjutnya disebut sebagai Ab2. Ab2 dipanen dari darah ayam setiap nlinggu selama 10 minggu. Titer Ab2 tertingp diperoleh pada minggu ketiga dan keempat pasca vaksinasi. Pemurnian IgY (Ab2) dilakukan melalui pengendapan dengan amonium sulfat jenuh konsentrasi 60% dan 50%, dilanjutkan dengan dialisis meng~wnakan PBS pH 8 , O selama 24 jam pada suhu 2 -8 "C. Pemurnian tahap berikutnya dilakukan dengan kolom krornatografi afinitas spesifik terhadap IgY, menghasilkan protein dengan berat molckul185.000,95.000 dan 49.000 dalton. Sebanyak 3 ekor kelinci New Zealand White diimunisasi dengar1 Ab2 dan 3 ekor kelinci lainnya sebagai kelompok kontrol. Antibodi anti-Ab2 dalam serum kelinci, selanjutnya disebut Ab3, diperiksa dengan teknik Agar Grl Presipitntio~z Test (AGIyr) dan uji AGPT menunjukkan bahwa Ah3 mengenali secara homolog Ab2 dan virus rabies. Uapat disimpulkan, bahwa antiboch anti-idiotipe (AWL) dapat menginduksi respon imun Ab3 gang mengenali antigen virus, sehingga terdapat kemungkinan antibodi anti-idiotipc (Ab2) digunakan sebagai antigen pengganti untuk in~unisasi anti-rabies.

Objetivo: Estudiar la distribución de estreptococos cariogénicos, niveles de infección y su asociación con la incidencia de caries. Metodología: Sesenta escolares (8 y 10 años), seguidos durante 18 meses. Se registró caries, niveles bacterianos de estreptococos en muestras de placa; por medio de análisis bioquímico se hizo la tipificación bacteriana, se calculó la incidencia de caries en el molar muestreado. Resultados: El 80% de los estreptococos correspondieron al grupo mutans (40% S. sobrinus, 32% S. mutans, 5% S. rattus y 3% S. cricetus). El 20% restante correspondió a otros estreptococos (S. salivarius, S. mitis y S. sanguis). El 55% de los niños presentó conteos ≥ 10 5 ufc/mL en placa y el 30% desarrolló caries en el molar estudiado. Un modelo de regresión logística múltiple de pasos sucesivos mostró asociación entre la bacteria predominante y los niveles de infección (P < 0.01). No se demostró asociación entre bacteria predominante e incidencia de caries (P > 0.05). Sin embargo con el mismo modelo ponderado según los niveles de infección, mostró una asociación significativa (P < 0.0018). Conclusión: La asociación de cepas de estreptococos con la incidencia de caries en niños es dependiente del nivel de infección.

The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for the Streptococcus sobrinus MFe28 gtfI gene, which encodes a glucosyltransferase that produces an insoluble glucan product. A single open reading frame encodes a mature glucosyltransferase protein of 1,559 amino acids (Mr, 172,983) and a signal peptide of 38 amino acids. In the C-terminal one-third of the protein there are six repeating units containing 35 amino acids of partial homology and two repeating units containing 48 amino acids of complete homology. The functional role of these repeating units remains to be determined, although truncated forms of glucosyltransferase containing only the first two repeating units of partial homology maintained glucosyltransferase activity and the ability to bind glucan. Regions of homology with alpha-amylase and glycogen phosphorylase were identified in the glucosyltransferase protein and may represent regions involved in functionally similar domains.

The g t f S gene, coding for a glucosyltransferase which synthesizes water-soluble glucan and previously cloned from Streptococcus downei strain MFe28 (mutans serotype A) into a bacteriophage vector, was subcloned into a plasmid vector. The g t f S gene products expressed in Escherichia coli were compared to the primer-independent, oligoisomaltosaccharide synthase in Sfreptococcus sobrinus strain AHT (mutans serotype g) and shown to resemble it closely in molecular mass, isoelectric point, immunological properties, optimum pH and K , values. The glucans produced from sucrose by the g t f S gene products are a-1,6-linked linear oligo-isomaltosaccharides without any branching sites. A similar g t f S gene was also detected on chromosomal DNA from S. sobrinus strain AHT.

The gene encoding a glucosyltransferase which synthesized water-insoluble glucan, g t f l , previously cloned from Streptococcus sobrinus strain MFe28 (mutans serotype h) into a bacteriophage 2 vector, was subcloned into the plasmid pBR322. The recombinant plasmid was stable in Escherichia coli and gtjlr was efficiently expressed. The GTF-I expressed in E. coli was compared to the corresponding enzymes in S. sobrinus strains MFe28 (serotype h), B13 (serotype d ) and 6715.(serotype g ) and shown to resemble them closely in molecular mass and isoelectric point. The insoluble glucan produced by GTF-I from recombinant E. coli consisted of 1,3-Cr-Dglycosyl residues (-90%). An internal fragment of the g t f l gene was used as a probe in hybridization experiments to demonstrate the presence of homologous sequences in chromosomal DNA of other streptococci of the mutans group. The glucosyltransferases (GTFs) of the mutans group of oral streptococci are extracellular enzymes responsible for the synthesis of complex mixtures of water-soluble and insoluble glucans. These glucans are believed to be important in the formation and metabolism of dental plaque . It was first shown by Guggenheim & Newbrun (1969) that a single strain could produce a number of electrophoretically distinct GTFs. Ciardi et al. (1976Ciardi et al. ( , 1977) ) showed that some of these enzymes synthesized soluble, and others insoluble, polymers but progress towards understanding the reason for the multiplicity of enzymes has been considerably hampered by technical problems, including the fact that GFTs exist in highmolecular-mass aggregates and have a strong tendency to bind to separation matrices commonly used in column chromatography (

Orthodontic treatment by means of either fixed or removable appliances promotes specific changes in the oral cavity, 1 including decrease of pH, increase of dental biofilm accumulation 2 and high salivary levels of microorganisms. Microorganisms from the mutans group, particularly Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are more directly related to dental caries. Studies using microbial culture techniques have investigated contamination by S. mutans, S. sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus on the surface of specific components of fixed j o u r n a l o f d e n t i s t r y 3 9 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 5 1 3 -5 1 7 a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Mutans Streptococci, in particular S. mutans and S. sobrinus, are generally considered to be the prime etiological bacteria of human dental caries. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of mutans streptococci in dental plaque in three groups of caries-free and caries-affected Venezuelan children aged 2-6, 7-12, 13-19 years, and their possible association with dental caries. The frequency of mutans streptococci was determined in samples of pooled dental plaque collected from all detectable sources of 30 (62.5%) caries-affected and 18 (37.5%) caries-free children. The samples were collected from all available tooth sites using a Hollenbak probe and immediately suspended in Ringer&#39;s solution, serially diluted and cultured in Mitis Salivarius (MS) agar for total streptococci determination and Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin (MSB) for isolation of mutans streptococci. The bacterial identification procedure was done using the API Rapid Strep System. The criteria used to det...

The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the frequency of isolation of mutans streptococci, (Streptococcus mutans, Steptococcus sobrinus), lactobacilli and yeasts (caries-associated micro-organisms) in the saliva of 1-year-old infants with and without dental caries; and (2) to determine if socio-economic background influenced the frequency isolation of bacteria and caries status. Methods: 1393 1-year-old consented infants, who comprised 70.3% of children born in Dundee during a 1 year period, had saliva samples taken (tongue-loop method) for microbiological culture and were examined for dental caries (d 1 -threshold: enamel and dentine diagnostic threshold). Thirty-nine infants were diagnosed with caries and the frequencies of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms (and absolute microbial counts) were compared with infants who were caries-free. In addition, associations were sought between the infants' socio-economic background, the frequency of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms and caries status. Results: Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli and yeasts were isolated more frequently from those infants with caries compared to those who were caries-free (S. mutans: 29.7 vs 9.8%, P 0:0008; lactobacilli: 15.4 vs 4.3%, P 0:0073; yeasts: 23.7 vs 10.4%, P 0:0016-Fisher's exact test). There were no significant differences between the isolation frequencies of S. sobrinus (2.7 vs 1.3%, P 0:39 from those with and without caries. Significantly, more infants living in areas of high deprivation had caries compared to those from more affluent areas (DEPCAT 6 and 7 vs 1-5: 3.6 vs 1.9%, P 0:049; but, apart from yeasts, socio-economic background was not significantly associated with the isolation frequencies of any of the caries-associated micro-organisms. Conclusions: In infants as young as 1 year of age, salivary S. mutans, lactobacilli and yeasts but not S. sobrinus were isolated significantly more frequently from those with caries compared to those who were caries-free. Apart from yeasts, socio-economic background did not influence the frequency of isolation of caries-associated micro-organisms. However, infants living in areas of highest deprivation had significantly higher frequencies of caries compared to those from more affluent areas.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries de piezas permanentes y algunos factores de riesgo relacionados en un grupo de escolares de Isla de Pascua. Materiales y Métodos: 116 niños de 6 a 15 años de edad fueron seleccionados al azar. Se efectuó examen clínico individualizado y se registraron los índices COP-D, significante de caries (SIC), de Higiene Oral de Greene y Vermillon (G-V) y se realizó una encuesta de dieta. Para conocer la frecuencia y recuento de Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sobrinus, se tomaron muestras de saliva estimulada a 23 niños Rapa Nui elegidos al azar. Finalmente, se analizaron muestras de agua potable en 3 sitios distintos de la isla para medir la cantidad de flúor disponible. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries en piezas permanentes fue 38%. El COP-D fue 1.19. El valor promedio del G-V fue 1.63. Se aisló e identificó S. mutans y S. sobrinus en el 56.2% y 13.2% respectivamente. El recuento promedio para S. mutans fue de 3.3x105 UFC/ml saliva y para S. sobrinus fue de 7.2x104 UFC/ml. Se observó un promedio de 0.223 ppm/Fluoruro en el agua. Desviación Estándar 0.025 ppm. Según la encuesta de dieta el 30% de los niños presenta bajo riesgo de caries, el 47% presenta mediano riesgo y el 23% presenta alto riesgo.

The susceptibilities of 379 clinical mutans streptococcal isolates to chlorhexidine (CHX) were tested by agar dilution according to the standards of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Isolates were obtained from saliva samples of 34 young mothers who had high or moderate salivary levels of mutans streptococci at baseline. Samples were collected on three occasions, before childbirth, when each child was 6 months old, and 1 year later. Of these isolates, 50% were inhibited at 1 microgram of CHX per ml, 90% were inhibited at 2.0 micrograms/ml, and all were inhibited at 4.0 micrograms/ml. The MICs for Streptococcus mutans isolates (serotypes c, e, and f) were lower than those for Streptococcus sobrinus isolates (serotypes d and g). In some subjects, the MICs for isolates of the same serotype were different. This phenomenon was studied by ribotyping isolates (n = 45) from selected subjects (n = 7). It was found that if there were intraindividual differences in the ...

The production of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances, mutacins, by mutans streptococci varies among isolates. To find if the degree of mutacin activity of an isolate was related to its transmission between mother and her child, 19 mothers and their 18-month- to 3-year-old children were sampled for their oral mutans streptococci. In addition, the stability of mutacin activity was studied with isolates from the mothers and with isolates from five unrelated 5-year-old children in 5- to 7-year follow-up studies. A total of 145 oral mutans streptococcal isolates were serotyped by immunodiffusion, ribotyped, and mutacin typed by the stab culture technique. Mutacin was produced by 88% of the strains against more than 1 of the 14 indicator strains, representing mutans streptococci, Streptococcus sanguis , Streptococcus salivarius , Streptococcus oralis , Streptococcus gordonii , and Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus mutans isolates showed more inhibitory activity than did Streptococ...

Background: Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are considered to be important bacterial species in the initiation of human dental caries. Therefore, the establishment of a reliable genotyping method to distinguish S. mutans from S. sobrinus is of central importance. Objective: We assessed the usefulness of repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) using ERIC primer banding patterns in differentiating S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Design: Five S. mutans and two S. sobrinus prototype strains and 50 clinical isolates (38 S. mutans serotype c, 4 S. sobrinus serotype d, and 8 S. sobrinus serotype g) were examined. The banding patterns of amplicons generated were compared among the prototype strains and clinical isolates, to find common bands that distinguish S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Results: Multiple banding patterns were seen with all strains tested. The representative strains of S. mutans tested revealed six unique, strong bands at 2,000 bp,

Aim This was to examine the occurrence of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans in dental plaque and saliva from caries-free and caries-active Greek children. Methods Saliva and dental plaque samples from 46 cariesfree and 51 caries-active 3-to-13-year-old children were examined using selective media for the three microbes. Identification of isolated mutans streptococci (S. mutans and S. sobrinus) was performed with biochemical test and specific DNA probes. The salivary levels of mutans streptococci were additionally determined by a chair-side test (Dentocult Ò SM strips). The isolation frequencies of S. mutans, S. sobrinus and C. albicans were 66, 11 and 18 %, respectively. Caries-active children harboured more frequently and at significantly higher numbers the specific microbes than cariesfree children. A similar pattern was observed with the Dentocult Ò SM strip scores. No correlation was found between the presence of these microbes and the age or gender of the children. Conclusions Caries experience was statistically significantly related to the presence of all three microbes under study, both in dental plaque and saliva.

The aim of this randomized in vivo study was to compare antimicrobial chemotherapies in primary carious dentin. Thirty-two participants ages 5 to 7 years underwent partial caries removal from deep carious dentin lesions in primary molars and were subsequently divided into three groups: control [chlorhexidine and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC)], LEDTB [photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) with light-emitting diode associated with toluidine blue solution and RMGIC], and LMB [PACT with laser associated with methylene blue solution and RMGIC]. The participants were submitted to initial clinical and radiographic examinations. Demographic features and biofilm, gingival, and DMFT/DMFS indexes were evaluated, in addition to clinical and radiographic followups at 6 and 12 months after treatments. Carious dentin was collected before and after each treatment, and the number of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Lactobacillus casei, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Atopobium rimae, and total bacteria was established by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. No signs of pain or restoration failure were observed. All therapies were effective in reducing the number of microorganisms, except for S. sobrinus. No statistical differences were observed among the protocols used. All therapies may be considered as effective modern approaches to minimal intervention for the management of deep primary caries treatment.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 138 aqueous extracts of 23 plants from Brazilian savanna on cariogenic cocci. Aqueous extracts were prepared from leaves, stems and barks of the plants. The initial screening of antimicrobial activity was performed by the agar diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations were determined using broth dilution method. Time-kill curve were also determined on cells in suspension. The initial screening of antimicrobial activity evidenced that leaves extracts from M. ilicifolius, P. americana, J. cuspidifolia and bark extracts of P. rotundifolia were active on some strains but not all tested microorganisms. Only leaves, bark and stems extracts of M. urundeuva and P. cattleianum were able to inhibit all tested strains. The inhibitory activities of M. urundeuva and P. cattleianum were similar. In general, MBCs were four up to thirty two times higher than MICs. Time-kill curve of the extract...

A multivalent vaccine consisting of whole cell antigens of seven strains, representing four serotypes (b, c, d and g), of mutans streptococci was used to hyperimmunize a group of cows. Serum samples from these animals contained immunoglobulin Gl (IgGl) antibody activity to seven serotypes (a to g) of mutans streptococci. Whey obtained from the animal with the highest serum antibody activity, which also contained high levels of IgGl antibody, was used in passive caries immunity studies. Gnotobiotic rats monoinfected with Streptococcus mutans MT8148 serotype c or Streptococcus sobrinus OMZ176 (d) or 6715 (g) and provided a caries-promoting diet containing immune whey had lower plaque scores, numbers of streptococci in plaque, and degree of caries activity than similarly infected animals given a diet containing control whey obtained from nonimmunized cows. To establish the nature of the protective component(s) present in the immune whey, an ultrafiltrate fraction of the whey was prepared. This preparation contained higher levels of IgGl anti-S. mutans antibody activity than the immune whey. Rats monoinfected with S. mutans MT8148 and provided with a diet supplemented with 0.1% of this fraction exhibited a degree of caries protection similar to that seen in animals provided a diet containing 100% immune whey. In fact, a diet containing as little as 0.01% of the ultrafiltrate fraction gave some degree of protection against oral S. mutans infection. The active component in the immune whey was the IgGl anti-S. mutans antibody, since rats monoinfected with S. mutans MT8148 and provided a diet supplemented with purified immune whey IgGl had significantly reduced plaque scores, numbers of S. mutans in plaque, and caries activity compared with control animals. Prior adsorption of the IgG fraction with killed S. mutans MT8148 whole ceUs removed antibody activity and abrogated caries protection.

Oral diseases are major health problems with dental caries and periodontal diseases among the most important preventable global infectious diseases. Oral health influences the general quality of life and poor oral health is linked to chronic conditions and systemic diseases. The association between oral diseases and the oral microbiota is well established. Of the more than 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the oral cavity, a number are implicated in oral diseases. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria (Mutans streptococci, Lactobacilli and Actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium). Given the incidence of oral disease, increased resistance by bacteria to antibiotics, adverse affects of some antibacterial agents currently used in dentistry and financial considerations in developing countries, there is a need for alternative prevention and treatment options that are safe, effective and economical. While several chemical agents are available commercially , these chemicals can alter oral microbiota and have undesirable sideeffects such as vomiting, diarrhea and tooth staining. Hence, the search for alternative yet safe products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used as traditional medicines come as good alternatives. In this review, plant extracts or phytochemicals that inhibit the growth of oral pathogens, reduce the development of biofilms and dental plaque and reduce the symptoms of oral diseases will be discussed further.

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and the association of the two in a random sample (n=614) of the child population of the region of Valencia (Spain). Saliva samples were analyzed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to study the relation of these bacteria to caries prevalence and the DMFT index. The prevalence of S. mutans was 35.4% at age 12 and 22.9% at age 15, that of S. sobrinus 18.9% and 8.4% and that of the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association 18.2% and 6.8% respectively. At both 12 and 15 years of age, the caries prevalence rates were lower in the Streptococcus-free group of children (37.6% and 48.5% respectively) and higher in the S.mutans-only group (67.3% and 74.0%). At the age of 12, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the mutans-only carriers (2.1) than in the Streptococcus-free and S. mutans-S. sobrinus association groups (both 0.9). At the age of 15, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association (3.71) and mutans-only (3.1) carrier groups than in the Streptococcus-free group (1.4). Determination of S. mutans and S. sobrinus by real-time quantitative PCR can provide valuable information for caries risk assessment in epidemiological studies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the effect of two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride/chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm formation, in vitro. Study design: Standard acrylic discs were prepared and divided into groups based on the varnish applied to the disc surface: Fluor Protector, Bifluoride 12, and Fluor Protector + Cervitec (1:1). Untreated discs served as controls. In the study groups, biofilms of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were formed over 24 h, 48 h, and 5 days. The fluoride concentrations in the monospecies biofilms and viable counts of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were investigated. Results: In all study groups, a statistically significant increase in the viable number of S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was observed between 24 h and 5 days. In both monospecies biofilms, the greatest antibacterial efficacy was detected in the Fluor Protector and Fluor Protector + Cervitec groups at 24 h. For all groups, the amount of fluoride released was highest during the first 24 h, followed by a significant decrease over the next 4 days. A negative correlation was detected between fluoride concentration and antibacterial effect in those groups with biofilms containing both species. Despite the release of high levels of fluoride, the greatest number of viable S. mutans and S. sobrinus cells was detected in the Bifluoride 12 group. Statistics: The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism software (ver. 3). Conclusions: The Fluor Protector + Cervitec varnish exerted prolonged antibacterial effects on S. mutans and S. sobrinus biofilms compared to the other varnishes tested.

Background: This study investigated the antibacterial properties of four types of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) extracts against two caries contributing bacteria, namely, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Methods: The extracts of A. dracunculus were prepared using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water solvents. In addition, the diameter of inhibition zones, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined, and finally, MTT (tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay) was used to analyze the cytotoxic effects of the extracts. Results: The well-diffusion method showed the antibacterial property of four tested extracts against bacteria. Methanol and water extracts made the highest inhibition zone diameters (P<0.001). This was true for both tested bacteria. The mIC of the methanol, water, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts were 0.78, 1.5, 3.1, and 1.5 mg/mL, as well as 0.78, 0.78, 1.5, and 1.5 mg/mL against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, respectively. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were 0.78, 0.78, 1.56, and 3.12 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results provided a rational reason for the traditional use of A. dracunculus extracts against anti-caries-related bacteria. The methanolic extract demonstrated better activity, thus methanol can probably extract a wider range of plant compounds with antibacterial effects.

Aims: The conventional caries removal technique has been replaced with minimally invasive (MI) techniques to preserve healthy natural teeth and to provide durable dental restorations. Each of these MI caries removal protocols is reported to be favorable in dealing with different caries conditions. The current study aimed to trace the residual bacteria that may remain in a prepared cavity following a visual-tactile (VT), caries detection dye (CDD), and chemo-mechanical caries removal (CMCR) protocol. Materials and methods: A total of 29 extracted human molar teeth with visible caries lesions were randomly divided into three groups. The cavity preparation and caries removal of each group was accomplished following one of the MI caries removal protocols. Swab samples (one from each specimen) were taken and inoculated onto a blood agar plate and incubated for 48 hours. The growth of the bacterial colony was observed under a microscope and the specific genome of the bacteria was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Results: The maximum number of traceable bacteria was observed following the chemo-mechanical caries removal group followed by the caries detection dye group and the least in the visual-tactile group. The PCR test revealed the presence of Streptococcus mutans in all the observed colonies; however, Streptococcus sobrinus was absent completely. The Chi-square test reveals a statistically insignificant (p = 0.646) difference among the tested groups. Conclusion: All of the MI caries removal protocols used in this study showed a trace of microbes in certain teeth. The cavity prepared following a visual tactile protocol showed the least amount of traceable bacteria in the prepared cavity. Clinical significance: Cavity that is prepared following individual MI protocol has a risk of leaving microbes in it.

Adolescence is closely associated with a high risk of caries. The identification of specific bacteria in an oral microniche, the interdental space of the molars, according to carious risk can facilitate the prediction of future caries and the anticipation of the progression or stabilization of caries in adolescents. A cross-sectional clinical study according to the bacteriological criteria of interdental healthy adolescents and carious risk factors—low and high—using a real-time polymerase chain reaction technique was conducted. The presence of 26 oral pathogens from the interdental microbiota of 50 adolescents aged 15 to 17 years were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Bacteria known to be cariogenic (Bifidobacterium dentium, Lactobacillus spp., Rothia dentocariosa, Streptococcus cristatus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus wiggsiae) did not present differences in abundance according to carious risk. Periodontal bacter...

Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengembangkan metoda diagnosa infeksi cacing pita 1pada ayam melalui pemeriksaan antigen cacing pita dalam tinja (koproantigen) dengan menggunakan metoda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antigen dari cairan eskretori ...

A full-mouth radical dental treatment under general anesthesia is a common approach for treating severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). However, previous study showed recurrence of the disease in 80% of cases within 12 months. The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in microbial composition of the dental biofilm of these children following treatment. Dental biofilm samples from five children (mean age 45.4 ± 10.1 months) were taken before and three months after treatment and analyzed for microbial composition using Next Generation Sequencing of the microbial DNA extracted from these samples. Although some reductions in the abundance of caries-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Rothia dentocariosa and Scardovia wiggisiae) were seen in the post-treatment follow up samples, these reductions were for the most part not statistically significant, and these bacteria remained well above detection levels. Taken together, the results of th...

The four species, each represented by two strains, all produced high levels of fissure caries in the upper and lower jaws of gnotobiotic Fisher rats. Streptococcus rattus strains and Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832 gave low levels of approximal caries, whereas Streptococcus cricetus, Streptococcus sobrinus and Strep. mutans NCTC 10449 gave high levels. The only strains to produce buccal surface lesions were Strep. sobrinus and Strep. cricetus. All strains were able to form dense plaque in the central fissure of the second molar. Strep. cricetus, Strep. rattus and Strep. sobrinus strains were capable of producing smooth-surface plaque. This difference in plaque-forming ability did not correlate precisely with differences in cariogenicity, and such differences occurred between strains of the same species. Streptococcus mutans was first isolated from a dental carious lesion (Clarke, 1924) and has since been extensively studied, as it is believed to play a major role in the aetiology of caries. The cariogenicity of Strep. mutuns has been determined in the hamster (Fitzgerald and Keyes, 1960) and in gnotobiotic rats (Drucker and Green, 1981; Drucker, Fitzgerald and Green, 1981; Tanzer, 1979). Work with experimental animals has been complemented by epidemiological studies, some of which have demonstrated a positive correlation of Strep. mutans with human dental caries (Shklair, Keene and Cullen, 1974; Huis in t'Veld, van Palenstein-Helderman and Backer-Dirks, 1979). However, Loesche and Straffon (1979) found that most tooth sites with high Strep. mutans levels did not develop caries, while in many Third World countries high levels of Strep. mutans occur without caries. Although Strep. mutans was originally regarded as a homogeneous species, it is now known that there are at least seven species within the mutans group, viz, Strep. mutans, Strep. rattus, Strep. sobrinus, Strep. cricetus, Strep. ferus, Strep. macacae and Strep. downei (Coykendall, 1977; Coykendall and Gustafson, 1986; Whiley et al., 1988). The seven species are collectively known as the 'mutans streptococci'. The most common species of mutans streptococci isolated from the human mouth is Strep. mutans, although polyclonal antibodies to Strep. sobrinus, Strep. cricetus and Strep. rattus have detected antibody-positive cells in human dental plaque (Thomson et al., 1980).

Streptococcus sunguis I gave a significantly greater percentage coverage (cell-pellicle attachment) of saliva-coated glass in the presence of sucrose than did Strep. songuis II (p < 0.025), and both these gave greater percentage coverages than the other species tested, between which no significant differences were noted. There was a large number of significant differences in clump size (cell-cell attachment) between species-pairs. Among the mutans streptococci, there were significant differences in the percentage coverage between Streptococcus rattus/Streptococcus mutans (p < 0.05) and Strep. ruttus/Streptococcus sobrinus (p < O.Ol), and in clump size between all species-pairs with the exception of Streptococcus cricetus or Strep. sobrinus and Strep. mutans. The rank order of species in relation to fissure caries was mutans streptococci > Streptococcus salivarius > Streptococcus milleri > Strep. sanguis > Streptococcus faecalis > Streptococcus mitis > Streptococcus lactis. There was a significant correlation between percentage coverage in vitro and fissure caries in vivo for strains of Strep. sanguis (p < 0.05) and pooled strains of Strep. mifis and Strep. sanguis (p < 0.01). On comparing data for adherence in the presence or the absence of sucrose, the sugar had no effect on the percentage coverage of the seven species tested, but significantly increased the clump size of the mutans streptococci (p < 0.01) and Strep. sanguis (p < 0.05).

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and the association of the two in a random sample (n=614) of the child population of the region of Valencia (Spain). Saliva samples were analyzed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to study the relation of these bacteria to caries prevalence and the DMFT index. The prevalence of S. mutans was 35.4% at age 12 and 22.9% at age 15, that of S. sobrinus 18.9% and 8.4% and that of the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association 18.2% and 6.8% respectively. At both 12 and 15 years of age, the caries prevalence rates were lower in the Streptococcus-free group of children (37.6% and 48.5% respectively) and higher in the S.mutans-only group (67.3% and 74.0%). At the age of 12, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the mutans-only carriers (2.1) than in the Streptococcus-free and S. mutans-S. sobrinus association groups (both 0.9). At the age of 15, the DMFT index was significantly higher in the S. mutans-S. sobrinus association (3.71) and mutans-only (3.1) carrier groups than in the Streptococcus-free group (1.4). Determination of S. mutans and S. sobrinus by real-time quantitative PCR can provide valuable information for caries risk assessment in epidemiological studies.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photoactive-dye (5-aminolevulinic acid) in inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus by using different light emitting diode wavelengths (Red light 635 nm and Blue light 440 nm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by using 96-well plate in a dark room. The result of the study exhibited that both types of bacteria were inactivated but at different concentration, the S. mutans was inhibeted at 64.5 mM whereas, the S. sobrinus show inhibition at 32.25 mM, both types of light were capable to activating the 5-aminolevulinic acid and lead to significant reduction in Mutans Streptococci and Sobrinus Streptococci. But the Mutans Streptococci need more concentration to be in activated this may be due to the type of bacterial gene.

Highlights  Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to act as main character on minimally invasive procedures in advanced cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  Partial removal of carious tissue associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a novel approach for dental home care services.  Combination of both therapies to serve as an effective alternative to tooth decay within the context of home care services in disabled persons.

Serum antirabies (S A R) yang diproduksi pada kuda, disebut antibodi 1 (Abl) digunakan sebagai antgigen untuk mengimunisasi ayam. Imunoglobulin ayam (IgY) yang bereaksi sccara khas dengan Abl. merupakan antibodi anti-idiotipe dan selanjutnya disebut sebagai Ab2. Ab2 dipanen dari darah ayam setiap nlinggu selama 10 minggu. Titer Ab2 tertingp diperoleh pada minggu ketiga dan keempat pasca vaksinasi. Pemurnian IgY (Ab2) dilakukan melalui pengendapan dengan amonium sulfat jenuh konsentrasi 60% dan 50%, dilanjutkan dengan dialisis meng~wnakan PBS pH 8 , O selama 24 jam pada suhu 2-8 "C. Pemurnian tahap berikutnya dilakukan dengan kolom krornatografi afinitas spesifik terhadap IgY, menghasilkan protein dengan berat molckul185.000,95.000 dan 49.000 dalton. Sebanyak 3 ekor kelinci New Zealand White diimunisasi dengar1 Ab2 dan 3 ekor kelinci lainnya sebagai kelompok kontrol. Antibodi anti-Ab2 dalam serum kelinci, selanjutnya disebut Ab3, diperiksa dengan teknik Agar Grl Presipitntio~z Test (AGIyr) dan uji AGPT menunjukkan bahwa Ah3 mengenali secara homolog Ab2 dan virus rabies. Uapat disimpulkan, bahwa antiboch anti-idiotipe (AWL) dapat menginduksi respon imun Ab3 gang mengenali antigen virus, sehingga terdapat kemungkinan antibodi anti-idiotipc (Ab2) digunakan sebagai antigen pengganti untuk in~unisasi anti-rabies.

Dental caries is among the more prevalent chronic human infections for which an effective human vaccine has not yet been achieved. Enolase from Streptococcus sobrinus has been identified as an immunomodulatory protein. In the present study, we used S. sobrinus recombinant enolase (rEnolase) as a target antigen and assessed its therapeutic effect in a rat model of dental caries. Wistar rats that were fed a cariogenic solid diet on day 18 after birth were orally infected with S. sobrinus on day 19 after birth and for 5 consecutive days thereafter. Five days after infection and, again, 3 weeks later, rEnolase plus alum adjuvant was delivered into the oral cavity of the rats. A sham-immunized group of rats was contemporarily treated with adjuvant alone. In the rEnolase-immunized rats, increased levels of salivary IgA and IgG antibodies specific for this recombinant protein were detected. A significant decrease in sulcal, proximal enamel, and dentin caries scores was observed in these animals, compared with sham-immunized control animals. No detectable histopathologic alterations were observed in all immunized animals. Furthermore, the antibodies produced against bacterial enolase did not react with human enolase. Overall, these results indicate that rEnolase could be a promising and safe candidate for testing in trials of vaccines against dental caries in humans.

In this study, women who had recently given birth were very likely to have dental problems. In girls, 28.1% had dental caries and 27.3% had gingivitis. The number of APOs was also high: LWB was 22.5 percent, PTB was 21.7 percent, and preeclampsia was 11.6%. After giving birth, women with oral problems, poor oral hygiene, or APOs were more likely to have high levels of S. mutans (p0.0001) and S. sobrinus colonisation. Even though S. mutans and S. sobrinus are the most common bacteria that cause cavities, S. mutans was found in only a small number of samples (BK1=0.004%, BK2 and BKC2=0.001%, and BKC1=0.004%) when tested without a culture. Instead, Streptococcus, Yersinia, Haemophilus, Prevotella, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, Gemella, Prevotella, Aggregatibacter, Rothia, Veillonella, Granulicatella, and Actinomyces were found to be most common in females with dental caries and gingivitis. This suggests that these isolates may play a role in causing dental caries. Using the culture-based m...

RESUMEN: Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sobrinus han sido indicados como los principales agentes etiológicos de la caries dental. Sin embargo, los métodos microbiológicos y bioquímicos, disponibles actualmente en Chile, no permiten la rápida detección e identificación de estas bacterias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue implementar la metodología de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para detectar la presencia de S. mutans y S. sobrinus en saliva. Participaron de este estudio 51 escolares (5 a 17 años), provenientes de cinco diferentes colegios de la ciudad de Temuco; a los cuales se les realizó recuento de estreptococos del grupo mutans en saliva por método microbiológico y la diferenciación de especies por la técnica de PCR. Los resultados mostraron que la sensibilidad para la técnica de PCR fue 1000 UFC/mL de saliva, diez veces superior a la sensibilidad del método microbiológico utilizado (10.000 UFC/mL). Además, el análisis de la especificidad de la amplificación, evaluada por restricción enzimática, confirmó la presencia de las bacterias investigadas. La prevalencia de S. mutans fue de 88.2% y para S. sobrinus de 11.8%. La presencia conjunta de ambas bacterias fue observada en 7.8% de los individuos. En conclusión, podemos señalar que la metodología implementada es útil para la detección rápida de S. mutans y S. sobrinus en saliva.

Background: Probiotics which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. The role of probiotics is the replacement of pathogenic species with non-pathogenic species. Dairy food like cheese, curd and milk are considered as useful vehicles to carry probiotic bacteria. Aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the efficacy of various probiotics against different Streptococcus species.Methods: Three probiotic products viz probiotic milk, probiotic yogurt and probiotic capsules were used. Streptococcus species i.e. S. mutans, S. sanguinis and S. sobrinus were isolated from the saliva of children with moderate to high caries. 0.2 ml of each probiotic product was transferred to the blood agar plates coated with Streptococcus species.  Results: The zone of inhibition was observed in all the test groups, for all the Streptococcus species against all the probiotics, highest for S. mutans against probiotic milk. The growth of S. mutans, S. sanguinis and S. sob...

The variation of response on the production of specific IgY to tetanus toxoid among chickenin serum and egg yolk was observed in this study. Chicken showed relatively late response inproducing specific IgY in serum, around 59 days were needed to have a positive precipitationreaction of complex IgY-tetanus toxoid in the immunodiffusion test (agar gel precipitation test/AGPT). The presence of IgY in egg yolk could be detected one week after positive reations inserum was observed. The positive reaction in AGPT mostly related with the positive reaction inELISA, eventhough the variation of titer values were observed among chicken sera and egg yolk.This response variation might be related with the different of physiological status of the chicken.